The social actors and structural adjustment
In: CEPAL review, Heft 44, S. 35-50
ISSN: 0251-2920
In: CEPAL review, Heft 44, S. 35-50
ISSN: 0251-2920
World Affairs Online
In: IDS bulletin, Band 21, Heft 2, S. 1-83
ISSN: 0265-5012, 0308-5872
Lösungsmöglichkeiten für die Verschuldung der Staaten Afrikas und anderer Entwicklungsländer werden in einer Vielzahl von Aufsätzen aus der Perspektive der Gläubiger betrachtet. Einige Aspekte: Bedeutung des Brady-Plans; Rolle von IWF und Weltbank; Stellungnahmen von Bankiers, einiger Industriestaaten sowie von Nicht-Regierungs-Organisationen. (DÜI-Wsl)
World Affairs Online
In: Nord-Süd aktuell: Vierteljahreszeitschrift für Nord-Süd und Süd-Süd-Entwicklungen, Band 4, Heft 2, S. 215-219
ISSN: 0933-1743
Umwälzungen und Reformen zeigen ihre Folgen erst langfristig und scheibchenweise. Dies gilt auch für die schnellen Veränderungen in Osteuropa und deren Konsequenzen für die Entwicklungsländer. In den Entwicklungsländern verbinden sich Begeisterung und Befürchtungen, daß die traditionell eurozentrische Betrachtung der Welt in Westeuropa durch die Vorgänge in Osteuropa Auftrieb erhalten wird. Der Beitrag untersucht neben den aktuellen und dringenden Problemen der Ost-West-Zusammenarbeit auch die davon ausgehenden Folgen für die Entwicklungsländer. (DÜI-Sen)
World Affairs Online
In: The round table: the Commonwealth journal of international affairs, Heft 299, S. 220-232
ISSN: 0035-8533
World Affairs Online
In: International migration review: IMR, Band 19, Heft 3, S. 485-492
ISSN: 0197-9183
In: Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit: E + Z, Band 25, Heft 8/9, S. 11-22
ISSN: 0721-2178
World Affairs Online
In: The journal of modern African studies: a quarterly survey of politics, economics & related topics in contemporary Africa, Band 18, Heft 3, S. 443-468
ISSN: 0022-278X
World Affairs Online
In: Internationale Politik: Politik, Wirtschaft, Recht, Wissenschaft, Kultur, Band 25, Heft 571, S. 16-20
ISSN: 0535-4129
Aus jugoslawischer Sicht
World Affairs Online
In: Development Centre Studies
Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Table of contents -- Executive summary -- Key findings -- Key recommendations -- Chapter 1 Why we need bold action to secure livelihoods -- Progress on livelihoods: the end of an era? -- The outlook for livelihoods is fragile -- Economic growth is not benefitting everyone -- The trend of "jobless growth" -- The global economy remains vulnerable -- Population dynamics are shifting -- Environmental degradation will affect us all -- Technology is both threat and opportunity -- Insecurity and conflict have far-reaching consequences -- Governments are ill-equipped to meet the livelihood challenge -- Five possible livelihood futures -- Scenario 1: "Automated North" -- Automation proceeds faster than expected and affects ageing societies in particular -- Scenario 2: "Droughts and joblessness in the South" -- Droughts become widespread in large parts of the developing world, challenging livelihoods in regions with large youthful populations -- Scenario 3: "Global financial crash" -- A new, major financial crisis triggers a collapse of the global trading system and a shift to protectionism -- Scenario 4 "Regenerative economies" -- Technological innovations create enough new jobs for most people and economic activity becomes more sustainable -- Scenario 5 "Creative societies" -- Diverse experiments and initiatives at the local level focus on individual resilience and social well-being. -- Bold actions for a brighter future -- Global preventive and adaptive action -- Sustaining livelihoods calls for innovative national policies -- Local initiatives are central to resilient societies -- A call for action -- Note -- References -- Chapter 2 The state of the world's livelihoods -- Livelihoods are not just about surviving but also thriving.
In: The international library of critical writings in economics 350
In: Elgaronline
In: Edward Elgar books
In: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
In: The international library of critical writings in economics series
Recommended readings (Machine generated): Vol I. 1. Paul A. Samuelson (1939), 'The Gains from International Trade', Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 5 (2), May, 195-205 -- 2. Wolfgang F. Stolper and Paul A. Samuelson (1941), 'Protection and Real Wages', Review of Economic Studies, 9 (1), November, 58-73 -- 3. Rudiger Dornbusch, Stanley Fischer and Paul A. Samuelson (1977), 'Comparative Advantage, Trade and Payments in a Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods', American Economic Review, 67 (5), December, 823-39 -- 4. Rudiger Dornbusch, Stanley Fischer and Paul A. Samuelson (1980), 'Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory with a Continuum of Goods,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 95 (2), September, 203-24 -- 5. Edward E. Leamer (1980), 'Welfare Computations and the Optimal Staging of Tariff Reductions in Models with Adjustment Costs', Journal of International Economics, 10 (1), February, 21-36 -- 6. Jonathan Eaton and Samuel Kortum (2002), 'Technology, Geography, and Trade', Econometrica, 70 (5), September, 1741-79 -- 7. Arnaud Costinot, Dave Donaldson, Jonathan Vogel and Iv�an Werning (2015), 'Comparative Advantage and Optimal Trade Policy', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130 (2), February, 659-702 -- 8. Paul R. Krugman (1979), 'Increasing Returns, Monopolistic Competition, and International Trade', Journal of International Economics, 9 (4), November, 469-79 -- 9. Paul R. Krugman (1981), 'Intraindustry Specialization and the Gains from Trade', Journal of Political Economy, 89 (5), October, 959-73 -- 10. Gene M. Grossman and Elhanan Helpman (1990), 'Comparative Advantage and Long-Run Growth', American Economic Review, 80 (4), September, 796-815 -- 11. Luis A. Rivera-Batiz and Paul M. Romer (1991), 'Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (2), May, 531-55 -- 12. Alwyn Young (1991), 'Learning by Doing and the Dynamic Effects of International Trade', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (2), May, 369-405 -- 13. Sebastian Edwards (1992), 'Trade Orientation, Distortions, and Growth in Developing Countries', Journal of Development Economics, 39 (1), July, 31-57 -- 14. Dan Ben-David (1993), 'Equalizing Exchange: Trade Liberalization and Income Convergence', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108 (3), August, 653-79 -- 15. Jeffrey D. Sachs and Andrew Warner (1995), 'Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration', Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1 (25), January, 1-64 [64] -- 16. Ann Harrison (1996), 'Openness and Growth: A Time-Series, Cross-Country Analysis for Developing Countries', Journal of Development Economics, 48 (2), March, 419-47 -- 17. Sebastian Edwards (1998), 'Openness, Productivity and Growth: What Do We Really Know?', Economic Journal, 108 (447), March, 383-98 -- 18. Jeffrey A. Frankel and David Romer (1999), 'Does Trade Cause Growth?', American Economic Review, 89 (3), June, 379-99 -- 19. Alberto F. Ades and Edward L. Glaeser (1999), 'Evidence on Growth, Increasing Returns, and the Extent of the Market', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114 (3), August, 1025-45.
The traditional concept of development concerns the human actions that have modified the environment to create a space in which live adequately according to his needs. This development paradigm has begun to waver namely for the negative implications and damages for the environment and for the ecosystem, such as serious phenomena of global pollution and scarcity of resources available for future generations. The result is a more awareness on the importance of a correct management of natural resources and a review of production and consumption patterns, elements that represent the starting point for a correct economic and social development. In the last decades, human activities have led to negative output in many areas, for instance irrational use of renewable and non-renewable resources, climatic alterations, imbalances in natural ecosystems, air pollution, soil and water resources caused by chemical agents and organic residues. The consequences of these actions are harmful for different subjects, not only human beings but also environment and ecosystems. The negative effects of this economic model affect indifferently developed and developing countries. If we focus our attention on developing countries, we note that despite being very rich in natural resources and depending on these resources for the internal economy and growth, at local level, multiple environmental and social problems are registered. In fact, the irrational use of natural resources determines an environmental degradation that frequently involves an intertwining of other factors of underdevelopment such as poverty, rapid demographic growth, and social inequalities. An accelerated development not suitable and unsustainable causes itself a rapid degradation of the environment and the dramatic destruction of the same natural resources with negative consequences both for the well-being and for the health of the population. At the end of the Second World War, industrial development was rapid and overwhelming, but also full of imbalances and limits. Innovation of technology and processes have been fundamental for the process of development and growth, heading the maximum level never registered before (Leaning, 1993). From the other side, the investment on fields and agriculture registered a decrease and the abandonment of countryside lead to phenomena of urban drift with consequences of underdevelopment and concentration of population in urban neighbourhood. The imbalances pilot to significant increase in private consumption, with consequent stagnation in public consumption; imbalance between the progress of some sectors or economic activities with respect to the congenital backwardness in others; inability to bridge the gap between North and South. In the 1960s started to be manifested the first cases of pollution, deriving precisely from the huge and unruly technological progress. The spread and blind confidence that market and growth were limitless allowed to conduct investments without taking into account any environmental aspect and the unlimited exploitation of natural resources was normally accepted as a price to be paid to nourish economic development and provide employment. At this time of the history, environment had only an instrumental value and exploitation of natural resources was conducted without limits. With the emergence of the first economic crises linked to the problems of scarcity of natural resources, confidence in unlimited growth began to be unreal and defined the first political crisis at international levels. Almost immediately, was realized from international community that a common policy was needed for a new model of development to reconcile economic growth and fair distribution of resources. This new philosophy of conceiving the economy has begun to take hold since the end of the sixties thanks to the initiative of international conferences on the topic of development, linked to reduce and consider the natural systems to collapse. Economic growth in itself is not enough to create development: development is real only if it improves the quality of life in a lasting way.
BASE
Climate change is at the heart of discussions to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of 2030. Like the COP 21 held in 2015 in France, conferences and forums around the world determined the causes of climate change and proposed solutions to correct its anthropogenic component. The recommendations of the various scientific meetings bringing together academics, researchers, governments, practitioners, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have shown the transversal nature of the problem to fight against the harmful effects of climate change and ensure fair access of all the common property of mankind. In this world of communicating climatic change vases, we are entitled from now on to assert that "humanity rhymes with vulnerability". This social ethics debate can be constructive only with the prospect of the evaluation and the distribution of the social damage, the costs of the inferred multisectorial effects, the evaluation of the investments of solidarity to be implemented to decrease externalities in the context of major projects for the achievement of the 2030 SDGs. The case study of Pygmies and Mbororos peoples illustrates the vulnerability literally. It raises the challenges of the adaptation and highlights the importance of the social dimension as lever of the social inclusion. The Pygmies, who depend on the nature and manage it since millenniums, play an important role in the ecosystem protection. The first part will present the forms of vulnerabilities experienced by these populations. In the second place, on the basis of the acceptance of the diversity as richness, it will be question, to show the commitments of social inclusion taken by these developing countries at the national and regional levels as well as the strategies of social accompaniment which protect these populations victims of social upheaval (national parks, nature reserves, protected or complex areas of areas protected from the natural world heritage) and from the poverty. Finally, we will present the social dimension of development projects in the defence and the respect of the fundamental rights of these populations to face the adverse effects of climate change. ; Climate change is at the heart of discussions to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of 2030. Like the COP 21 held in 2015 in France, conferences and forums around the world determined the causes of climate change and proposed solutions to correct its anthropogenic component. The recommendations of the various scientific meetings bringing together academics, researchers, governments, practitioners, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have shown the transversal nature of the problem to fight against the harmful effects of climate change and ensure fair access of all the common property of mankind. In this world of communicating climatic change vases, we are entitled from now on to assert that "humanity rhymes with vulnerability". This social ethics debate can be constructive only with the prospect of the evaluation and the distribution of the social damage, the costs of the inferred multisectorial effects, the evaluation of the investments of solidarity to be implemented to decrease externalities in the context of major projects for the achievement of the 2030 SDGs. The case study of Pygmies and Mbororos peoples illustrates the vulnerability literally. It raises the challenges of the adaptation and highlights the importance of the social dimension as lever of the social inclusion. The Pygmies, who depend on the nature and manage it since millenniums, play an important role in the ecosystem protection. The first part will present the forms of vulnerabilities experienced by these populations. In the second place, on the basis of the acceptance of the diversity as richness, it will be question, to show the commitments of social inclusion taken by these developing countries at the national and regional levels as well as the strategies of social accompaniment which protect these populations victims of social upheaval (national parks, nature reserves, protected or complex areas of areas protected from the natural world heritage) and from the poverty. Finally, we will present the social dimension of development projects in the defence and the respect of the fundamental rights of these populations to face the adverse effects of climate change.
BASE
A puzzle in international economics is the high level of foreign exchange reserves accumulated by countries around the world. Such high levels of reserves represent a conundrum since they exceed all standard benchmarks of reserve adequacy, most notably in the case of leading emerging market economies (EMEs), such as Brazil, China, India, Russia, and South Korea. Unlike past studies that examined this phenomenon from a largely economic perspective, this study adopts a comprehensive political economy approach by focusing on both economic and political factors. The paper draws on an 'audience cost' argument to identify and examine various political economy factors in explaining why EMEs accumulate currency reserves, often beyond pure economic needs. The research focuses on a large-sample of over 100 developing and transition countries for the period 1980-2015. Fixed effects model estimates demonstrate support for the political economy thesis, particularly for strategic factors such as domestic political competition, mercantilism, and global political ambitions. Support is also found for institutional characteristics, namely, political system, central bank independence, and exchange rate system. The findings of the study advance our understanding of the motivations associated with international currency reserves and the drivers of policy choices in this domain.
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The Urban Operational Plan (UOP) 2012-2020 of the Asian Development Bank(ADB) supports ADB developing member countries in expanding their urban economies, improving environmental sustainability, and making pro-poor investments through a 3E approach (Economy, Environment, and Equity). This case study on the Philippines is based on thematic areas of the National Urban Sustainability Assessment framework for developing strategic policy options and targeted investments in the urban sector. This publication shows how the framework acts as a tool for conducting rapid urban assessments at both national and urban region levels for developing member countries.
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The Urban Operational Plan (UOP) 2012-2020 of the Asian Development Bank(ADB) supports ADB developing member countries in expanding their urban economies, improving environmental sustainability, and making pro-poor investments through a 3E approach (Economy, Environment, and Equity). This case study on the Philippines is based on thematic areas of the National Urban Sustainability Assessment framework for developing strategic policy options and targeted investments in the urban sector. This publication shows how the framework acts as a tool for conducting rapid urban assessments at both national and urban region levels for developing member countries.
BASE