Suchergebnisse

Manu, der alterhwürdige Gesetzesschreiber aus dem 2. oder 3. Jahrhundert n.Chr., hätte wohl nie eine Veranlassung zu einem Artikel über Frauen und Recht in Indien - oder bekräfigender ausgedrückt: das Recht der Frauen - verspürt. In seiner Zeit befand sich Indien nach dem Untergang des mächtigen Maurya-Reiches im Umbruch, und es bestand das Bedürfnis nach einer Normierung traditioneller sozialer Bräuche. In den Hindu-Gesetzesbüchern, deren eines das Gesetz des Manu war, sollten diese für alle Zeit festgehalten werden. Lange Zeit sah es so aus, als würden die Regeln des Dharmashastra für die Ewigkeit bestehen; doch spätestens mit dem Inkrafttreten der Verfassung des unabhängigen Indien hat die Benachteilgung der Frauen zumindest formell ein Ende gefunden.

Intro -- Series Editors' Preface -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Praise for Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- 1 Introduction -- Terminology and Spelling -- References -- 2 The Release of Cosmic Cows -- The Rigveda-Cows Ranging in Meaning -- The Upanishads-Cows and the Acquisition of Higher Knowledge -- The Mahabharata-Pursuing Dharma with Cows -- The Bhagavata Purana-Cows in the World of Bhakti -- Krishna and His Cows in Vraja -- Vraja Bhakti Poetry-The Buttery Sweet Language of Love -- Compilations-Trails Toward Modern Cow Care -- Concluding Reflections -- References -- 3 Cows in Contested Fields -- Hindus' Modern Concern for Cows -- Dayananda Saraswati: "Cow-Reservoir of Compassion" -- Mahatma Gandhi: "The Law of Our Religion" -- B. R. Ambedkar: Compassion Denied the "Untouchables" -- Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada: Cow Care for the World -- Ancient Texts, Modern Controversies -- Nonviolence Preferred in Dharmashastra -- Thinking Aloud in the Sacrifice of War -- Violence, Nonviolence-And Cows in the Bhagavad Gita and Bhagavata Purana -- Concluding Reflections -- References -- 4 Surveying the Cow Care Field -- Cows (Un)Sheltered -- The Economics of Reverence and Care -- Bovine Products as Added Value -- Milk -- Ghee -- Dung and Urine -- Panchagavya -- Male Bovine Care and the Issue of Violence -- Intangible Benefits of Bovine Care and Proximity -- Bovines as Purifying Agents -- Learning Lessons from Cows -- "Keeping Cows, You Keep Your Sanity" -- Go-seva and Bhakti -- Ritual Bovine Veneration: Creating and Affirming Community -- Concluding Reflections -- References -- 5 Cow Care and the Ethics of Care -- Dharma and Animal Ethics -- Dharma as Settled Duty -- Dharma as Deliberation on Right Action -- Dharma as Cultivation of Virtue -- From Dharma to Yoga -- From Yoga to Bhakti.

Cotton is one of the most important and ancient crop of the world. It plays a very signification role in the economic,political and social affairs of the world. In India, cotton is cultivated as an important cash crop and used as fabric since time immemorial. Ancient texts of India like Rig Veda, Dharmashastra etc. mention the use of cotton. There are evidences to indicate that India had been the centre of important textile industry as early as 1500 BC. At present, Indian textile industry with more than 1062 textile mills constitutes one of the largest contributor to the economy in terms of annual output and labour employed, both direct and indirect. A poverty line is the income required for a minimum consumption level of food,clothing, shelter, transport, health care, and other necessary items. In 1979, the Task Force on Projections of Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demand defined the poverty line as the per capita consumption expenditure level at which the average daily calorie requirement were met on the basis of the all-India consumption basket using 1973–1974 data from the National Sample Survey (NSS) 28th round. The task forceused the age/sex/activity-specific calorie allowances recommended by the Nutrition Expert Group to estimate the average dailyper capita requirement for rural and urban areas (2,400 kilocalories in rural areas and 2,100 kilocalories in urban areas), usingtheir respective population structures as projected for 1982–1983. Thus, to the extent the data permitted, the age, sex, andoccupational differentials in the population's daily calorie requirement were captured in the average norms.

Introduction -- Antecedents and Preview -- Early Vedic Era -- Vedic Scriptures, Janapadas, and Women -- Jaina and Buddhist Canon and Women -- Dharma Sūtras -- Mauryan Empire and Arthaśāstra -- Early Classical Era -- Arthaśāstra and Manu Smŗiti -- Pre-Guptan and Guptan Monarchs -- Yājňavalkya Smŗiti and Nārada Smŗiti