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Are racial slurs and pejorative words expressed by abusive ethnic designations in the French language pertinent in a dictionary? Isn't any pejorative word or expression, particularly when it is using an ethnic designation, derogatory? Our intention is not to treat the global problem of racism, only the linguistic words and expressions referring negatively to the nomenclature of people. Far from wanting to be the "language police" raising the "politically correct" flag, we are inquiring into the existence of some forty racist ethnic designations, particularly in two well known dictionaries: Le Petit Robert (PR) and Le Petit Larousse (PL). Although we briefly present the adversary position related to insults and racial designations, we will discuss to what extent those words and expressions are important, particularly for foreigners or second language learners. Their existence should not offend anybody since they innocently describe the meaning without hateful propaganda. Of course this position will be debated. The result of our search, after the analysis of some forty racist terms and expressions, concludes that these racist terms are found in different forms and structures. The above-mentioned dictionaries, although they mostly agree on the definitions, are lacking consistency in the labelling of these terms. Uniformity in the "chronological-register-notational" marking would be most beneficial for dictionary users.

A bilingual dictionary example is a verbal or non-verbal phrase or a grammatically complete sentence that includes the lemma and is translated from the source language to the target language or vice versa (Toope 1996). The use of examples in bilingual dictionaries has been an issue of discussion for many lexicographers like Al Kasimi (1977), Zofgen (1991), Jacobsen et al (1991), and Nielsen (2014) among others. This issue includes questions like 'What is an effective example?', 'Should examples be based on authentic material or should they be written (invented) by the lexicographer? This paper reviews metalexicographic literature on examples in bilingual dictionaries while focusing on two Igbo-English dictionaries with a view to finding out if certain considerations were taken into account in the use of examples. Consequently, it is observed that factors such as availability of space, dictionary type as well as idiosyncratic information, amount of information to be given and the need for generalization all influence the use of examples in both dictionaries thereby leading the researcher to conclude that the use of examples in Igbo-English dictionaries does not deviate but aligns with the norms reviewed in the literature.
Keywords: Bilingual Dictionary, Metalexicography, Lemma, Examples

The paper considers semantic categories presented in the ideographic discourse. Research material includes the information retrieval thesauruses reflecting scientific information activities and functional and ideographic dictionaries representing the discourse of training in writing school compositions and the epistolary discourse (letters of Russian writers). The author regards semantic categories as sign units (sign formations) whose content plane is general concepts, and denotation is various language (sign) means forming this general concepts. The article shows that semantic categories, as the result of categorization, reflect properties of the discourse - the functional and communicative field in which it appears, characteristics of the speech subject, character of the relation of the author of the text to its topic and to the addressee, interaction with the language code. The paper discusses the technique of semantic category choice, the formation of their list, their participation in creating the classification schemes of concepts, the opportunities of using ideographic dictionaries to solve linguistic and pedagogical tasks. The article provides the conclusions on the existence and nature of system communications of ideographic semantic categories with such cognitive aspects of the language as a problem situation in word using and understanding, classification of lexical units and concepts, psychology of thinking in language forms, specifics of extralinguistic factors in scientific and language activity in different private discourses.

Annotation: The great economic, cultural and political achievements of the Republic of Uzbekistan since independence have been reflected in the rich and ancient language of the Uzbek people. A number of words and phrases have become obsolete. At the same time, new words such as marketing, dealer, management, which express social relations in the conditions of independence, have been introduced. replaced by an Uzbek alternative.

The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Central America and the Caribbean Phil Gunson, Greg Chamberlain and Andrew Thompson; The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of South America Phil Gunson, Andrew Thompson and Greg Chamberlain; The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Southern Africa Gwyneth Williams and Brian Hackland

Sözlük bir milletin dil zenginliğidir; zamanla gelişir, değişir ve zenginleşir. Sözlük çalışmaları bir milletin dil varlığı, geçmişi ve kültürü gibi konuları araştırmada büyük önem arz eder. Günümüz dünyasında bir dilin farklı dillerle ilişkisini ortaya koymak ve o dilin diğer dillerle iletişiminin boyutlarını belirlemede de sözlük çalışmaları fikir verici mahiyettedir. Farklı alanlarda devreye giren dijital araçların gelişmesiyle birlikte bilgisayar teknolojisi ve yapay zekâ uygulamaları sözlüklerin dijital alana aktarımını ve bu alanda kullanımını kolaylaştırmaktadır. Bu kapsamda farklı dillerde otomatik çeviri işlemleri ve metin analizleri gibi durumlar sayesinde sözlük kullanımları daha da işlevsel hale gelmiştir. Bir dil üzerine sözlük çalışmaları yapılırken o dille ilgili yapılan çalışmaların derli toplu elimizin altında bulunması bir zarurettir. Şimdiye kadar Uygurca sözlük çalışmaları ile ilgili birçok makale yayınlanmıştır ve bunlar literatüre önemli katkı sağlamıştır. Bu makale daha önce yapılmış çalışmaları tamamlama amacı taşımaktadır. Bu sebeple ilgili literatür taranmış ve önceki çalışmalara girmeyen birçok sözlük tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda şimdiye kadar tespit edilen tüm sözcükler kategorilere göre analiz edilmiştir.

Abstract
Placed at the interface between metalexicography and gender studies, this short article discusses issues concerning gender representations in present-day dictionaries. Evoking recent controversies regarding the representation of gender-related terms such as "cisgender" or "woman" in The Oxford English Dictionary, the essay goes on to discuss the prescriptive/descriptive opposition concerning lexicographical representations, taking its cue from previous approaches, which suggest re-envisaging the prescriptive/descriptive dyad as a continuum (Straaijer, 2009; Wilton 2014), or replacing this traditional binary model with a nonbinary approach (Nossem, 2018; Turton, 2020).

There is a need to systematize the information represented by dictionaries in modern bilingual linguography. The microstructure of bilingual (Russian-Tatar, Tatar-Russian) dictionaries is analyzed in the article. The object of the study was more than 200 language reference books (1951-2015) published in Russia.The following system of concepts is considered as a dictionary microstructure: a dictionary entry, a header unit, a phonetic characteristic, a grammatical characteristic, a head unit semantization (interpretation, translation equivalent), compatibility, etymological information, lexicographic illustration and lexicographical litter. Traditional forms of a head unit are described in the course of the analysis, the cases of an initial form unequal submission are revealed, etc. Besides, phonetic characteristics, etymological data presentation methods are analyzed in modern bilingual language reference books. During the analysis of the Tatar dictionary microstructure, it was found that not all vocabularies contain all of the listed zones, an initial form of a header unit is not fed in the same way, several words can be used as a head unit, most of the dictionaries (56% of the total number) has no examples of use, dictionary marks (grammatical, terminological, etc.) within the same dictionary; they are presented inconsistently.
A comprehensive study of dictionary microstructure demonstrates the existence of various kinds of discrepancies and inaccuracies, which are associated mainly with the violation of one of the leading principles of linguography - the principle of uniformity.