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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Transplantation is the life-saving therapy for patients suffering from end-organ failure, and as such, equitable access to transplantation (ATT) is of paramount importance. Unfortunately, gender/sex-based disparities exist, and despite the transplant community's awareness of this injustice, gender/sex-based disparities have persisted for more than two decades. Importantly, no legislation or allocation policy has addressed inequity in ATT that women disproportionately face. In fact, introduction of the model for end-stage liver disease-based liver allocation system in 2002 widened the gender disparity gap and it continues to be in effect today. Moreover, women suffering from kidney disease are consistently less likely to be referred for transplant evaluation and subsequently less likely to achieve a kidney transplant, yet they comprise the majority of living kidney donors. RECENT FINDINGS: Acknowledging gender/sex-based disparities in ATT is the first step toward interventions aimed at mitigating this long-standing injustice in healthcare. SUMMARY: This article provides a background of end-stage liver and kidney disease in women, summarizes the existing literature describing the issue of gender disparity in ATT, and identifies potential areas of intervention and future investigation.

How is gender implicated in our exploration of health disparities in Canada? Set against the backdrop of federal government policy, this review paper examines the ways in which gender intersects with other health determinants to produce disparate health outcomes. An overview of salient issues including the impact of gender roles, environmental exposures, gender violence, workplace hazards, economic disparities, the costs of poverty, social marginalization and racism, aging, health conditions, interactions with health services, and health behaviours are considered. This review suggests health is detrimentally affected by gender roles and statuses as they intersect with economic disparities, cultural, sexual, physical and historical marginalization as well as the strains of domestic and paid labour. These conditions result in an unfair health burden borne in particular by women whose access to health determinants is–in various degrees–limited. While progress has certainly been made on some fronts, the persistence of health disparities among diverse populations of women and men suggests a postponement of the vision of a just society with health for all that was articulated in the Federal Plan on Gender Equality. Commitment, creativity and collaboration from stakeholders ranging from various levels of government, communities, academics, non-governmental agencies and health professionals will be required to reduce and eliminate health disparities between and among all members of our society.

Economic and other outcomes differ vastly among individuals, groups, and nations. Many explanations have been offered for the differences. Some believe that those with less fortunate outcomes are victims of genetics. Others believe that those who are less fortunate are victims of the more fortunate. Discrimination and Disparities gathers a wide array of empirical evidence to challenge the idea that different economic outcomes can be explained by any one factor, be it discrimination, exploitation, or genetics. This revised and enlarged edition also analyzes the human consequences of the prevailing social vision of these disparities and the policies based on that vision - from educational disasters to widespread crime and violence.

The paper presents a legislative and institutional framework of regional development in Serbia, as well as the analysis of regional disparities across different geography, elaborated through six selected indicators: population and population density (analyzed as a single indicator), Regional GDP, Employment, Unemployment, Business Demography and Budgetary Revenues per capita. Indicators are analyzed at the all three NUTS, as defined by the Law on Regional Development, and at the local level (cities and municipalities). In the analysis, the paper applies the unweighted Gini index of regional disparity that was used in calculating disparities within each observed indicator. The results are presented within the tables and figures that show changes of the Gini index across years of observation. The paper showed that highest regional disparities in Serbia are at the local and NUTS 3 level. Disparities at those two levels are stable across the years. Disparities at NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 levels are also high, yet lower than at the bellow territorial levels (NUTS 3 and the local level). However, disparity at these two levels grows much faster than at the NUTS 3 and local level.