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In this paper, we seek to explain the fundamental vulnerability of global value chains (GVCs) to sudden shocks, as revealed by the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, and outline ways for enhancing their adaptability to the increased uncertainty at both conceptual and policy levels. We consider the concept and a typical multi-structural model of GVCs, highlighting the network complexity of the system of distributed production and trade in value added. Not only does this system bring competitive advantages to GVC partner countries, but also it entails risks of cascading production disruptions. We examine these risks by analysing the ripple effect of supply disruptions in GVCs when a sudden local shock can propagate globally through inter-firm supplier links, generating growing output losses across industries and economies. From this perspective, we describe the pandemic-induced breakdown in the global just-in-time supply system in spring 2020 and its role in the escalating global recession. In analysing the mechanisms of post-pandemic GVC adaptation to uncertainty, we look at the concept of economic resilience and properties of resilient systems (robustness, flexibility, redundancy, and dynamic sustainability). We scrutinise the supply chain resilience model used by leading MNEs (GVC organisers) in their disruption risk management at pre-disruption and post-disruption stages. We classify resilience strategies devised by MNEs after 2020 into three interrelated categories: namely, multi-structural GVC optimisation (diversification and relocation of suppliers), operational optimisation (building redundancy and production flexibility), and GVC digitalisation. We conclude by outlining windows of opportunity to improve international specialisation and growth patterns, which may open in the 2020s for developing economies, including Russia, due to the ongoing restructuring of GVCs and their global supplier networks.

Protest music, when created and shared with intention and rooted in a social movement, can act as a force of disruption to systems of power. This paper focuses on the disruptive nature of the Solidarity Sing Alongs during the 2011 protests in my hometown of Madison, Wisconsin, that occurred in response to Governor Walker's proposed Act 10, which cut funding for education, healthcare, pensions, and childcare, as well as attacked collective bargaining rights and other union abilities. The Solidarity Sing Alongs act as a case study of how music, as a part of the protests, interrupted the political powers that targeted the rights of people in Wisconsin. The disruptive power of the Solidarity Sing Alongs is evident in four main ways. First, they forged connections between past and present social movements, specifically through the reuse of old labor movement songs. Second, the location of the rotunda in the Wisconsin State Capitol was intentionally chosen as a public, central gathering space that holds political significance. Third, the decentralized leadership and organization of the Sing Alongs ensured that it was rooted in the values of the people, in direct opposition to the hierarchical structures of leadership that capitalism enforces. Finally, the Solidarity Sing Alongs created a strong network of politically active community members. With an understanding of these disruptive qualities, the paper also acknowledges some of the limitations of the Solidarity Sing Alongs, specifically the lack of connections to struggles beyond the labor movement, and a lack of racial diversity among attendees. These limitations are reflective of issues in broader progressive movements in Madison, emphasizing the need for deeper cross-struggle solidarity between movements. By exploring both the strengths and limitations of the Solidarity Sing Alongs, and ultimately understanding the important role they played in the 2011 Wisconsin protests, I assert that protest music can continue to be a disruptive force when thoughtfully incorporated into movement strategies.

Purpose
This study aims to examine small-firm shifts in behavior during major supply chain disruptions that change supply chains permanently. The study focuses on small to mid-sized enterprise (SME) responses to suppliers' opportunistic behaviors within a larger disruptive environment. The study addresses two broad research questions: how do small businesses adapt to supply chain disruptions, and under what conditions are such adoptions warranted?


Design/methodology/approach
This study used mixed methods, a qualitative netnography and a quantitative analysis of survey data. It tested a model based on responses from members of an online business-to-business community. The model development was driven by the findings from netnography and two theoretical lenses.


Findings
The responses suggested a strong relationship between the two theoretical approaches. The conditions described by the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm led to many real options. Supply chain disruptions and deceptive suppliers triggered rapid adaptation through traditional marketing tactics and strategies. Changes in the supply chain, and place, led to responses in price, promotion and product. Respondents hoarded, developed relationships with new, nonopportunistic suppliers and changed prices, products and product mixes. They developed cooperative relationships – coopetition – to deal with shared problems.


Originality/value
This study interprets supply chain disruptions through the lens of marketing in SMEs; it combines qualitative and quantitative methods to better understand supply chain disruptions in a marketing context; it applies the real options theory and the RBV of the firm to marketing in the context of supply chain disruptions, and it reflects real-time small-firm behavior in a crisis.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Section I APC: Anthropogenic Chemicals and Activities -- 1 Food: Pesticide Contamination -- Introduction -- Before Registration -- After Registration -- Food Processing -- Trade Issues -- Analytical Methods for Pesticide Residues -- Future -- References -- 2 Human Health: Consumer Concerns to Pesticides -- Introduction -- Pests and Pesticide Safety in Homes and Gardens -- Food Residues -- Towards Residue-Reduced Food Crops -- NGO Initiatives-Ranking Residue Contents -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Human Health: Endocrine Disruption -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of Endocrine Disruption -- Endocrine Disruption with Occupational Exposure in Women -- Endocrine Disruption with Occupational Exposure in Men -- Endocrine Disruption with In Utero Exposure -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 4 Human Health: Pesticides -- Introduction -- Exposure to Pesticides -- Acute Effects: Pesticide Poisonings -- Chronic Effects: Cancer and Other Health Concerns -- Effects on Children -- Economic Costs and Conclusions -- References -- 5 Nanoparticles -- Introduction -- Physical Chemistry of Nanoparticles -- Nanoparticles in Soil and Water -- Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere -- Nanoparticles in Sediments, Rocks, and the Deep Earth -- Nanoparticles beyond the Earth -- Nanoparticles and Life -- Conclusions -- References -- Bibliography -- 6 Pharmaceuticals: Treatment -- Introduction -- Occurrence and Impacts of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment -- Treatment of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Systems -- Removal Efficiencies in Municipal WWTP Systems -- Removal Efficiencies in Drinking Water Treatment Systems -- Conclusion -- References -- Section II COV: Comparative Overviews of Important Topics for Environmental Management.

Sustainable development has been given special attention worldwide regarding the environment and preservation of natural resources. However, sustainable community development remains a little-explored area, specifically concerning power-dominant economies and as an ethical representation of managing a country's law and order situations. Therefore, the current study aims to determine the influence of power disruptions, that is, human and governance factors, on sustainable community development directly and indirectly via an underlying mechanism of public sector performance. To achieve the study objectives, the study adopted a quantitative research methodology with a random sampling technique by surveying 720 citizens of Indonesia. A statistical data analysis using structural equation modeling in SmartPLS showed that power disruptions negatively impacted public sector performance, leading to underdeveloped communities. The results also showed that high levels of social connections between public sector employees and citizens mitigated the negative influence of power disruptions on public sector performance leading to the sustainable development of culture and community. The current study adds value to the government science literature by combining the critical issue of power disruptions and sustainable community development in a single consolidated framework that considers the ethics of governing a nation. The results will also help policymakers and project-executing agencies discourage power disruptions and find solutions to damages caused at the planning stages.

One of the key arguments put forward for the benefits of kinship placements is that they are likely to provide permanency for children. However, little is known about the factors which promote placement stability or the reasons for placement disruption. Eleanor Lutman, Joan Hunt and Suzette Waterhouse examine placement stability and disruption for a cohort of children placed in kinship care through care proceedings (Hunt et al, 2008). When compared with disruption rates for other forms of care, it appears that for younger children kinship care can be a positive option but the figures are less positive for older children. However, after disruption over half of the kinship-placed children remained within their family networks and many kinship carers retained a positive relationship with the child. The findings indicate placements of older children, placements with aunts/uncles and placements where the carer and child are less familiar with each other are more likely to disrupt and thus may need more support.

Testimony issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "Since the early 1990s, growth in the use of the Internet has revolutionized the way that our nation communicates and conducts business. While the Internet originated as a U.S. government-sponsored research project, the vast majority of its infrastructure is currently owned and operated by the private sector. Federal policy recognizes the need to prepare for debilitating Internet disruptions and tasks the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) with developing an integrated public/private plan for Internet recovery. GAO was asked to summarize its report being released today--Internet Infrastructure: DHS Faces Challenges in Developing a Joint Public/Private Recovery Plan, GAO-06-672 (Washington, D.C.: June 16, 2006). This report (1) identifies examples of major disruptions to the Internet, (2) identifies the primary laws and regulations governing recovery of the Internet in the event of a major disruption, (3) evaluates DHS plans for facilitating recovery from Internet disruptions, and (4) assesses challenges to such efforts."

Testimony issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "Since the early 1990s, growth in the use of the Internet has revolutionized the way that our nation communicates and conducts business. While the Internet originated as a U.S. government-sponsored research project, the vast majority of its infrastructure is currently owned and operated by the private sector. Federal policy recognizes the need to prepare for debilitating Internet disruptions and tasks the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) with developing an integrated public/private plan for Internet recovery. GAO was asked to summarize its report--Internet Infrastructure: DHS Faces Challenges in Developing a Joint Public/Private Recovery Plan, GAO-06-672 (Washington, D.C.: June 16, 2006). This report (1) identifies examples of major disruptions to the Internet, (2) identifies the primary laws and regulations governing recovery of the Internet in the event of a major disruption, (3) evaluates DHS plans for facilitating recovery from Internet disruptions, and (4) assesses challenges to such efforts."

Das Buch beschreibt die Transformation der Gesundheitswirtschaft in disruptiven Zeiten. Ganz konkret werden in dieser herausfordernden Zeitenwende der Digitalisierung die Konsequenzen, d. h. die Dekonstruktion von Geschäftsprozessen und die Disruption von Geschäftsmodellen sowie Empfehlungen, d. h. die strategischen Aktionsfelder der einzelnen Akteure, dargestellt. Den Akteuren der Gesundheitswirtschaft werden die Auswirkungen der digitalen Disruption auf den regionalen und überregionalen Wettbewerb aufgezeigt, auch und gerade unter Berücksichtigung völlig neuer Player sowie internationaler Sichtweisen bei der Patientenversorgung. Zudem werden Aktivitäten dargestellt und empfohlen, um aus der Veränderung erfolgreich hervorzugehen.

During 2015, and in the span of six-months, Nepal was hit by two major shocks. The first one was the April 2015 earthquakes that caused a huge loss of life and assets. The second shock has come in the form of a near complete disruption of external trade following the adoption of the new Constitution. Reflecting both the earthquake and trade related disruptions, inflation spiked to over 12 percent (y/ y) by mid-January rising 5 percentage points in just four months from mid-September 2015. This was the highest inflation level since FY2009, with increases in food and non-food prices contributing equally to the spike. As the trade disruptions ended, inflation has eased to back to single digits.

AbstractWe study the disruption of food supply to households and reduced farm‐to‐market arrivals in India's food supply chain during the COVID‐19 lockdown. We focus on the relationship between logistics quality (and performance) and the intensity of disruptions across India's states. We find four policy‐relevant findings: (1) Food consumption expenditure was higher in states with better logistics quality; (2) These states recovered more quickly from farm‐to‐market disruptions with higher agricultural market arrivals in the later phases of the lockdown; (3) Rural food supply chains turned out to be as vulnerable as urban ones; and (4) Expenditure on cereals and pulses faced large reductions.

Evidence from past earthquakes suggests that damage inflicted to buried natural gas (NG) pipelines can cause long service disruptions, leading to unpredictably high socioeconomic losses in unprepared communities. In this review paper, we aim to critically revisit recent progress in the demanding field of seismic analysis, design and resilience assessment of buried steel NG pipelines. For this purpose, the existing literature and code provisions are surveyed and discussed while challenges and gaps are identified from a research, industrial and legislative perspective. It is underscored that, in contrast to common belief, transient ground deformations in non-uniform sites are not necessarily negligible and can induce undesirable deformations in the pipe, overlooked in the present standards of practice. It is further highlighted that the current seismic fragility framework is rich in empirical fragility relations but lacks analytical and experimental foundations that would permit the reliable assessment of the different parameters affecting the expected pipe damage rates. Pipeline network resilience is still in a developing stage, thus only few assessment methodologies are available whereas absent is a holistic approach to support informed decision-making towards the necessary mitigation measures. Nevertheless, there is ground for improvement by adapting existing knowledge from research on other types of lifeline networks, such as transportation networks. All above aspects are discussed and directions for future research are provided.

Muchas son las acepciones que el elemento textil ha adoptado a lo largo de su historia: traje, atuendo, vestido, atavío y ropaje son solo algunas de ellas. Sin embargo, existen tres que recogen el objetivo del presente estudio; éstas son: moda, indumentaria y vestuario. Se nos presenta imprescindible matizar esta diferenciación inicialmente ya que estos tres términos vertebran el presente análisis, cuyo principal objetivo es reflexionar sobre el poder discursivo y disruptivo que las modas propagadas, las indumentarias consensuadas y los vestuarios diseñados han tenido en España, dentro de un contexto popular, artístico y de vanguardia. Según esto, consideraremos que la moda recrea el juego de difusión de usos, tanto normativos como disidentes, de ciertas prendas y complementos; la indumentaria ejecuta la asimilación bajo el consenso social, asociando significado a significantes textiles; y finalmente, el vestuario idealiza el elemento textil con fines artísticos. Con estas premisas, hemos estructurado un estudio examinando las capacidades discursivas del acto de vestir a través de dos bloques interconectados. En el primero bloque, analizamos las acciones populares disruptivas en las que se utilizó la indumentaria, desde el Motín de Esquilache hasta el estallido de la guerra civil española. En el segundo bloque, trasladamos el interés a la escena artística y de vanguardia española, subrayando aquellas acciones de la proto-performace en la que el vestuario sirvió para enfatizar el acto plástico, en un período que va desde la primera década del siglo XX hasta el estallido de la contienda civil. Este recorrido entorno a la vida civil, política y artística de la sociedad española a través del traje nos demuestra que, tanto la regulación vestimentaria como las acciones en contra de su cumplimiento, son un punto de partida fascinante para reconocer la valía que el "acto de vestir" tiene en el análisis filosófico, conceptual y sociológico del mundo que nos rodea. ; The textile element has adopted many meanings throughout its history: suit, outfit, dress, attire, clothing, are just some of them. However, there are three that reflect the objective of this study, these are: fashion, clothing and costume. It is essential to clarify this differentiation initially, since these three terms build the present analysis, whose main objective is to reflect on the discursive and disruptive power that propagated fashions, consensual clothing and designed costumes have had in Spain, within a popular, artistic and avant‐garde context.Henceforth, we will consider that fashion recreates the game of diffusion of uses, both normative and dissident, of certain garments and accessories; clothing executes assimilation under social consensus, associating meaning with textile signifiers; and finally, the costumes idealize the textile element for artistic purposes.According to this distinction, we have structured a study examining the discursive capacities of the act of dressing, through two interconnected blocks. In the first block, we analyze the disruptive popular actions in which clothing was used, from the Mutiny of Esquilache to the outbreak of the spanish civil war. In the second block, we move the interest to the Spanish art and avant‐garde scene, highlighting those proto‐ performance's actions where costumes served to emphasize the plastic act, in a period that goes from the first decade of the 20th century to the outbreak of civil strife. Considering civil, political and artistic aspects of the spanish.The study of the civil, political and artistic aspects of the spanish society through the suit, shows us that the clothing regulation and the actions against its compliance are a fascinating starting point to recognize the value that the "act of dressing" has in the philosophical, conceptual and sociological analysis of the world that surrounds us.