The aim of the research: international trade is one of the most important instruments in the modern globalized economy which is used to achieve wealth and economic growth in all countries of the world that belong to the free trade and open market system governed by such international organizations as World Trade Organization (WTO) or World Customs Organization (WCO). This year (in February 2021) the European Commission also presented and outlined the EU future guidelines/strategy of the international trade and customs policy ("Trade Policy Review", COM (2021) 66 final (European Commission, 2021). Having this in mind, the author of the article reviews the provisions of the above-mentioned document regarding the planned changes in the EU trade policy towards specific third countries (major EU trading partners) and analyses their significance for the EU Member States (including Lithuania)
The aim of the research: international trade is one of the most important instruments in the modern globalized economy which is used to achieve wealth and economic growth in all countries of the world that belong to the free trade and open market system governed by such international organizations as World Trade Organization (WTO) or World Customs Organization (WCO). This year (in February 2021) the European Commission also presented and outlined the EU future guidelines/strategy of the international trade and customs policy ("Trade Policy Review", COM (2021) 66 final (European Commission, 2021). Having this in mind, the author of the article reviews the provisions of the above-mentioned document regarding the planned changes in the EU trade policy towards specific third countries (major EU trading partners) and analyses their significance for the EU Member States (including Lithuania)
The article reviews the transformations and changes of the EU's international trade policy (Common Commercial Policy) since 2021 when the European Commission adopted the new strategic document, which outlines the future guidelines for the trade policy - communication called "Trade Policy Review - An Open, Sustainable and Assertive Trade Policy" (2021). The author examines its provisions by using systemic, historical, linguistical, comparative methods, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis, and concludes that the Trade Policy Review (2021) doesn't intend to completely change the existing trade regulatory framework in the EU or proposes to introduce major innovations regarding trade policies towards specific third countries. However, based on this document we should expect that the EU will continue to actively conclude bilateral free (preferential) trade agreements with the third countries and will implement a protectionist trade regime with the People's Republic of China. Besides, the research, presented in the article shows that the Trade Policy Review (2021) does not, in principle, offer any new fundamental ideas on how the EU's international trade with its other major trading partners (BRICS) should and will be developed - - this can be considered a critical feature of this document
The aim of this paper is to analyse the implementation of EU asylum policy in Lithuania by institutional and legal aspects. This paper analyses the legal basis of EU asylum policy, marking the main laws which regulate EU asylum policy and its implementing institutions. It also examines the current situation of Lithuanian asylum policy and how the legal basis of EU asylum policy is harmonized and implemented in Lithuanian system. The empirical research was aimed at evaluating the problemical aspects of institutional and legal basis in the implementation of EU asylum policy in Lithuania. At the moment the second stage of common EU asylum policy system is being exercised. In conformity with it, the main asylum system procedures in EU member states should be equalized by July 2015. Lithuania's EU memebership was not a significant criterion for the increase of refugees' flows in the country but Lithuania has become attractive as a transit country. The main part of the provisions of EU asylum directives reflect in the law on the legal status of foreigners, though they also reflect in secondary legislation acts. The most of provisions are transfered correctly, however in some areas directives has had a negative impact, especially concerning the provisions about additional refugee status. On the other hand, the implementation of EU asylum directives has provided a positive effect in such areas as the validation of free legal assistance to asylum seekers, introducing wider opportunities to use education and health care system and etc. There is noticed the demand of the redistribution of functions in some asylum policy implementing institutions in Lithuania, especially in Migration department. Despite the fact that Lithuania does not experience the significant burden of refugees, th EU funding for asylum policy in Lithuania is not enough, it's also worth mentioning the lack of finance in the area of human resources. At the moment one of the most important initiatives is the renovation of Foreigners' registration centre in Pabradė, which is necessary due to the very poor material conditions. The main institutional issue is the absence of foreigners' integration system and the lack of its coordinating body.
The analysis of the EU becoming a great power revealed that three leaders such as EU, China and USA are highlighted in the international trade context. Maximum utilization of the advantages of a liberal trade affects and economic growth indicators strengthen the EU's position in the world. Therefore, significant issue defines the labor problem - whether the economic potential of the EU and held influence in the global trading system enables the EU to be synonymous with the most power? The main claims are discussed: • External economic relations through the EU's power in the world market establish a permanent increase in the influence of the international trading system; • The EU and other major powers effects (especially economic) compete with China and the U.S., where China's growing role is observed in global arena. The object is the EU and the global power. The aim is to analyze the EU's potential to become a great power in the world arena, based on the economic power indicators. The analysis and comparison of the EU, the U.S. and China trade relations and cooperation stipulates that the EU, U.S. and China are not only considered as the major economic power in the global arena, but also with each other are closely related in trade relations. This situation is further determined by the strengthening of the EU's powers, as both the United States, China seeks to strengthen trade relations with the EU Member States. The evaluation of the EU's position in the global arena shows the different parts of the world position regarding the global power. Utmost confidence in the country as the major powers support the position of different nationalities directs China, the United States, as well as the EU. World Trade Organization statistical data shows that the economic situation in the EU, trade policy provides a stable situation in the EU and strengthening capacity in comparison with the U.S., China and Japan. The defined statements were confirmed during the analysis. First of all, it is possible to confirm that the extensive external economic relations through the EU's and growing power in the global arena are strengthening the EU in the international trading system. It also emerged that the EU and other major powers are most competing with China and the United States, where the most prominent role of China's is ever-growing in the global arena.
This paper examines EU's migration policy development. The paper presents a short review of literature and current discussions about the appropriate balance of powers between EU institutions and member states in migration issues. The paper argues that mechanical shift of the responsibility from national to supranational agencies, will not provide satisfactory solutions to the challenges related to migration issues both within the EU area and the world in general. Migration is changing our understanding of regional integration processes, challenging the idea of a united states of Europe. It is almost impossible to regulate migration, especially by hard measures such as border control. Instead concentration upon migration limitations, mass deportations, \"border-walls\", active migrant detention and assimilation, EU has to examine other possible alternatives of police measures to provide better and more effective aid directed towards the reasons for migration. Migration issues must to a larger degree be incrementally transferred from security issues and connected to the development and neighbourhood policy agenda as well as Lisbon strategy objectives (problems of competitiveness, demographical tensions etc.). Especially when it comes to the developing world EU should increase their effort on poverty reduction, brain drain and facilitate political stability and circular migration. The neo-liberal dominance on political and economical policies, lead to a perception of the world without borders, but this has to be confronted by the realities and further a more diverse understanding of the state's role in redistribution of the global economy. Human beings are not goods, although they are also free to move anywhere. The nation-state still provides the only effective protection to the individuals in terms of human rights and especially social rights criteria. This should be taken into account when shaping future migration regulations.
This paper examines EU's migration policy development. The paper presents a short review of literature and current discussions about the appropriate balance of powers between EU institutions and member states in migration issues. The paper argues that mechanical shift of the responsibility from national to supranational agencies, will not provide satisfactory solutions to the challenges related to migration issues both within the EU area and the world in general. Migration is changing our understanding of regional integration processes, challenging the idea of a united states of Europe. It is almost impossible to regulate migration, especially by hard measures such as border control. Instead concentration upon migration limitations, mass deportations, \"border-walls\", active migrant detention and assimilation, EU has to examine other possible alternatives of police measures to provide better and more effective aid directed towards the reasons for migration. Migration issues must to a larger degree be incrementally transferred from security issues and connected to the development and neighbourhood policy agenda as well as Lisbon strategy objectives (problems of competitiveness, demographical tensions etc.). Especially when it comes to the developing world EU should increase their effort on poverty reduction, brain drain and facilitate political stability and circular migration. The neo-liberal dominance on political and economical policies, lead to a perception of the world without borders, but this has to be confronted by the realities and further a more diverse understanding of the state's role in redistribution of the global economy. Human beings are not goods, although they are also free to move anywhere. The nation-state still provides the only effective protection to the individuals in terms of human rights and especially social rights criteria. This should be taken into account when shaping future migration regulations.
The aim of this Master's work is to make analysis of EU investment policy for business establishment in Lithuania. The aim is reached after presenting theoretical EU investment policy base, also analyzing basic environment and conditions for business in Lithuania as part of EU, and ascertaining factors of EU investment policy implementation. Empirical research shows the importance and evaluation of measures of EU investment policy for business establishment in Lithuania. After the analysis of the theoretical foundations of public policy there was found the insights of the EU investment policy for business establishment in Lithuania, which was the subject of this paper, it is appropriate to assess the impact of policies on a particular field, which is business establishment. The preferred method in this case is the decision-theoretical evaluation, an ex-ante, taking into business needs. Analysis of business environment and business conditions showed that Lithuanian economic development is lower than the EU average, and although business conditions are not very poor, the tax system is not conducive to the establishment of businesses. The empirical study confirms defended statements: 1. the investment policy is not focused on direct business start-up financing. Business investment in the establishment of policies have only an indirect impact on the improvement of business conditions and the attractiveness of the setting up of new companies. 2. The measures offered for the business in Siauliai region, such as financial instruments (loans), guarantees and partial compensation of interest, provided consulting and information services, project of development of industrial park and improve road and energy infrastructure, they increases the attractiveness of the region for business establishment, but they are not enough to develop entrepreneurship. Based on the findings of the research the recommendations were offered for national and local institutions. Core of the recommendations is the promotion of entrepreneurship, improve business environment and implementation of projects dealing with the improvement of the business establishment issues.
The aim of this Master's work is to make analysis of EU investment policy for business establishment in Lithuania. The aim is reached after presenting theoretical EU investment policy base, also analyzing basic environment and conditions for business in Lithuania as part of EU, and ascertaining factors of EU investment policy implementation. Empirical research shows the importance and evaluation of measures of EU investment policy for business establishment in Lithuania. After the analysis of the theoretical foundations of public policy there was found the insights of the EU investment policy for business establishment in Lithuania, which was the subject of this paper, it is appropriate to assess the impact of policies on a particular field, which is business establishment. The preferred method in this case is the decision-theoretical evaluation, an ex-ante, taking into business needs. Analysis of business environment and business conditions showed that Lithuanian economic development is lower than the EU average, and although business conditions are not very poor, the tax system is not conducive to the establishment of businesses. The empirical study confirms defended statements: 1. the investment policy is not focused on direct business start-up financing. Business investment in the establishment of policies have only an indirect impact on the improvement of business conditions and the attractiveness of the setting up of new companies. 2. The measures offered for the business in Siauliai region, such as financial instruments (loans), guarantees and partial compensation of interest, provided consulting and information services, project of development of industrial park and improve road and energy infrastructure, they increases the attractiveness of the region for business establishment, but they are not enough to develop entrepreneurship. Based on the findings of the research the recommendations were offered for national and local institutions. Core of the recommendations is the promotion of entrepreneurship, improve business environment and implementation of projects dealing with the improvement of the business establishment issues.
One of the most important changes in the development of population in European Union (EU) is demographic ageing - due to remarkable reductions in fertility levels and increasing life expectancy, the proportion of persons aged 60 and over is increasing very rapidly. The actual size of the elderly population in several EU countries already exceeds the projected estimations for 2010. These demographic challenges confirmed the importance of social affairs for its policy agenda. In combination with technological, structural and political change, Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the prospects for further enlargement of the Union to the East, socio-demographic trends had intensified pressures on welfare systems, raising questions about the feasibility and desirability of achieving a common social policy and about the future shape of the "European social model". The emphasis placed on workers' rights in the Community's and Union's treaties and charter signalled that European social policy was only indirectly concerned with categories of the population who did not gain entitlements to social protection as active members of labour force. The Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, later the Single European Act and the Treaty on European Union made no reference to older people. A statement on European policy for this potentially disadvantaged category of former or would be workers was, however, introduced into the Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers and a new article on non-discrimination in the Treaty of Amsterdam identified age among the areas where discrimination was to be eliminated. ; Spartus ES valstybių demografinis senėjimas XX–XXI amžių sandūroje bei šio proceso prognozės kelia didelį susirūpinimą socialinės politikos kūrėjams: kaip užtikrinti lygias galimybes visoms kartoms ir integruoti pagyvenusius žmones į visuomenę. Siekiant spręsti šias problemas, nauji uždaviniai kyla socialinių paslaugų, pensijų, darbo rinkos politikos ir kitoms sritims. Straipsnio tikslas – įvertinti visuomenės demografinio senėjimo padarinius ir aptarti socialinės politikos pagyvenusiems formavimąsi ES valstybėse. Šiuo tikslu aptariami gyventojų amžiaus struktūros pokyčiai ir demografinio senėjimo veiksniai ES valstybėse, analizuojama socialinės politikos pagyvenusiesiems raida nuo Europos Bendrijos sukūrimo iki paskutiniosios Europos Sąjungos plėtros į Vidurio ir Rytų Europą bei išryškinamas jos vaidmuo integraciniuose procesuose.
This paper explores the application of human rights in the EU asylum policy. The prevention of terror and the strengthening of the area of Justice, Freedom and Security require tighter border controls, which consequently reflect negatively on asylum seekers and their human rights. Therefore this paper sets the aim to explore the application of human rights for EU asylum policy in respect to international obligations. There are three main objectives to be attained in the paper: to determine if the treatment of asylum seekers, Conventional Refugees and persons granted Subsidiary Protection in the EU corresponds to human rights obligations; to explore how certain rules regarding asylum are used for the purpose of migration controls; to assess the impact of such policies for the people in the need of international protection. The research has to determine the correctness of the hypothesis claiming that the application of human rights in the EU asylum policy is often oriented to migration controls rather than humanitarian obligations. The research is based on a theoretical analysis and uses primary as well as secondary data sources. The research determines that the hypothesis has been approved. Theoretical analysis based on the social-constructivist neo-institutionalism indicates the need for the incorporation of human rights into the EU asylum rules, the application of which is currently very vague. A remarkable part of the rules related to the EU asylum policy does not correspond to human rights obligations. The means of the non-entrée policies and the Subsidiary Protection regime are used for the purpose to diminish the number of new asylum arrivals and to promote voluntary repatriation. It is very likely, that in the future, the Common European Resettlement programme will be used for the same ends. As a result, various barriers are being created to prevent asylum seekers from reaching the country of asylum, from receiving appropriate status and respectful rights. In a number of cases, as a result of the mentioned policies, they have to live separately from their families or even become subjected to destitution without any other alternatives.
Majority of social relations is moving to the virtual space. People are using electronic communications more actively not only for finding important information on the web, but also for ordering and purchasing goods, paying for services and transferring money, watching TV and etc. Development in electronic devices and data transfer technologies allows connectivity to services anywhere anytime. Government institutions, service providers are searching for more ways to provide their services for citizens via the Internet. Information society development is highly related to network and information security. This paper addresses Lithuanian information security policies before EU enlargement and after it. The main goal is to evaluate the impact of EU on the Lithuanian information and network security, safer internet, information technology and development. The paper also proposes qualitative research on Lithuanian information security issues and EU impact of new policies. Governmental and business companies that participated in the research do not relate EU enlargement with IT security progress in Lithuania. They emphasized some factors, that have impact on information and network security. It is IT development, economy, legislation, user friendly information society. Information and network security is also influenced by better financing after the EU enlargement, international cooperation, best practice examples and others.
Majority of social relations is moving to the virtual space. People are using electronic communications more actively not only for finding important information on the web, but also for ordering and purchasing goods, paying for services and transferring money, watching TV and etc. Development in electronic devices and data transfer technologies allows connectivity to services anywhere anytime. Government institutions, service providers are searching for more ways to provide their services for citizens via the Internet. Information society development is highly related to network and information security. This paper addresses Lithuanian information security policies before EU enlargement and after it. The main goal is to evaluate the impact of EU on the Lithuanian information and network security, safer internet, information technology and development. The paper also proposes qualitative research on Lithuanian information security issues and EU impact of new policies. Governmental and business companies that participated in the research do not relate EU enlargement with IT security progress in Lithuania. They emphasized some factors, that have impact on information and network security. It is IT development, economy, legislation, user friendly information society. Information and network security is also influenced by better financing after the EU enlargement, international cooperation, best practice examples and others.
Majority of social relations is moving to the virtual space. People are using electronic communications more actively not only for finding important information on the web, but also for ordering and purchasing goods, paying for services and transferring money, watching TV and etc. Development in electronic devices and data transfer technologies allows connectivity to services anywhere anytime. Government institutions, service providers are searching for more ways to provide their services for citizens via the Internet. Information society development is highly related to network and information security. This paper addresses Lithuanian information security policies before EU enlargement and after it. The main goal is to evaluate the impact of EU on the Lithuanian information and network security, safer internet, information technology and development. The paper also proposes qualitative research on Lithuanian information security issues and EU impact of new policies. Governmental and business companies that participated in the research do not relate EU enlargement with IT security progress in Lithuania. They emphasized some factors, that have impact on information and network security. It is IT development, economy, legislation, user friendly information society. Information and network security is also influenced by better financing after the EU enlargement, international cooperation, best practice examples and others.
Majority of social relations is moving to the virtual space. People are using electronic communications more actively not only for finding important information on the web, but also for ordering and purchasing goods, paying for services and transferring money, watching TV and etc. Development in electronic devices and data transfer technologies allows connectivity to services anywhere anytime. Government institutions, service providers are searching for more ways to provide their services for citizens via the Internet. Information society development is highly related to network and information security. This paper addresses Lithuanian information security policies before EU enlargement and after it. The main goal is to evaluate the impact of EU on the Lithuanian information and network security, safer internet, information technology and development. The paper also proposes qualitative research on Lithuanian information security issues and EU impact of new policies. Governmental and business companies that participated in the research do not relate EU enlargement with IT security progress in Lithuania. They emphasized some factors, that have impact on information and network security. It is IT development, economy, legislation, user friendly information society. Information and network security is also influenced by better financing after the EU enlargement, international cooperation, best practice examples and others.