Suchergebnisse

This paper focuses on former & current strategies & regional policies in Austria. The process of European integration including the perspective of enlargement of the European Union has thoroughly changed the framework for regional development & regional policy in Austria. "New Regions," cross-border-cooperation & urban-rural interaction are responsible for structural changes & newly established formal cooperation structures in regional planning. Networking, Regional Management, the EU structural funds & other EU-regulations (regional community initiatives) together create a "new comprehension" of regional policy & regions in general. Nowadays, regional policy constitutes a link between the governmental & the local levels. Regional policy & development in the ongoing 21st century means to go beyond traditional borderlines of territories & competences. The core task of future regional policy in Austria will be the integration & coordination of variable programs & actions together with rural & urban areas, border regions, & the new member states of the European Union in order not to sharpen social & economic disparities between different regions. 1 Table, 49 References. Adapted from the source document.

The problem of this research is how the European Union is a regional organization that is in the European region, has a policy of enlargement, which is a policy where the EU is trying to expand the area of cooperation to do so will be more extensive. Balkan region did not escape the attention of Europe. for this region, the European Union issued a Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) which merupaka a policy that contains the promise of the EU to the Western Balkan countries for the opportunity to become a member. That's why Kosovo had finally become part of the SAP. After becoming a part of SAP, Kosovo received assistance from the EU as a potential candidate candidate. Program assistance provided by the EU is the IPA program which is a program set up to create a single framework to assist candidate countries and potential countries to join the EU premises. Through this IPA, the EU provides financial assistance to Kosovo to build its economy. This type of research is qualitative. The method used is descriptive analysis techniques. Most of the data collected through literature, as well as the search website. The results of this study indicate that the funds provided by the European Union through the IPA program provided through economy of Kosovo has been quite successful with demonstrated through improvements to the economy of Kosovo, the provision of this assistance has resulted in significant improvements in economic growth and development of Kosovo.

The purpose of this article is to explore the ways in which the European Union (EU)'s counter-terrorism discourse, the 'fight against terrorism', is constructed, and the ways in which it functions both rhetorically and in practice. It argues that 'EU identity' is constituted through and is central to the constitution of EU counter-terrorism policy. The approach taken is constructivist in nature, drawing on a discourse analysis of primarily European Council policy documents, as well as the reports and speeches of the EU Counter-Terrorism Co-ordinator. In particular, it identifies three strands of the discourse that, it is argued, play a key role in the construction of a terrorist 'other'. These three strands include terrorism as crime and as an emotive act of violence; terrorism as an act perpetrated solely by non-state actors; and terrorism as a 'new' and 'evolving' threat. The article proceeds in three steps. First, it outlines the theoretical considerations that underpin this research, including its empirical application. Second, it demonstrates how each strand of the discourse is constructed. Third, it discusses the functioning of the discourse, including the contested nature of the 'terrorism knowledge' that underpins the EU's counter-terrorism approach. The article concludes by reflecting on what this case study contributes to our understanding of EU counter-terrorism policy, as well as explaining how the notion of the terrorist 'other' could provide the basis for a future research agenda that deepens our understanding of how the identity of the EU is constituted.

Türkiye, güvenilir bir NATO müttefiki olarak, Soğuk Savaş süresince Avrupa güvenliğine büyük katkı yapmıştır. Türkiye'nin aynı katkıyı AB üyesi olması durumunda da yapacağı bir gerçektir. AB'nin Avrupa Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası (AGSP) Soğuk Savaş sonrası koşulların yarattığı yeni güvenlik ve savunma parametrelerine göre şekillenmektedir. Şekillenme de Türkiye'nin bir müttefik olarak katkısı olabilir. Türkiye AB içinde geliştirilen AGSP'nın ve AB Lizbon antlaşmasının 2009 yılında onaylanması ile birlikte AB Ortak Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikasının gelişimini desteklemiştir. Aynı zamanda NATO, Türkiye ile AB arasındaki stratejik işbirliğini desteklemektedir. Dünya'daki güvenlik ile ilgili olaylar, AB ile Türkiye'nin güvenlik ve savunma alanındaki stratejik ortaklığının daha da derinleşmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. ; Turkey, as a reliable NATO ally, made a great contribution to the security of Europe during the Cold War. It is a truth that Turkey will make the same contribution in case it is accepted to the EU. The EU's Europe Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) has been shaped in relation to the new security and defense parameters which aroused after the Cold War. Turkey can have an impact on the new policy as an ally. Turkey has backed up the development of the EU Common Security and Defense Policy with the approval of ESDP created in the EU and the EU Lisbon Treaty in 2009. Meanwhile, NATO supports a strategic cooperation between Turkey and the EU. The problems about security on earth make it an imperative for Turkey and the EU to improve their strategic cooperation on security and defense areas.

Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic sparked unprecedented political responses dramatically affecting societies, markets, and the lives of individuals. Under great uncertainty and turbulent conditions, governments adopted far-reaching political interventions to curb the pandemic. These interventions might therefore be expected to challenge key ideas underpinning liberal democracy. We analyze and compare how the political interventions seeking to curb the spread of the coronavirus in Denmark and Sweden challenged and possibly adapted three key ideas underpinning liberal democracy, namely, constitutionality, parliamentarism, and public responsiveness. When ideas are adapted in ways that advance their ability to stay relevant when faced with turbulence, we understand them as robust. Our study found both similarities and differences between the two countries. The idea of constitutionality was challenged in Denmark but remained robust in Sweden. The idea of parliamentarism appeared robust in both countries, whereas the idea of public responsiveness was adapted in neither country but challenged further in Sweden than in Denmark. Paradoxically, Denmark saw fewer adaptations to the liberal democratic ideas than Sweden yet appeared better prepared to protect lives during turbulent times. Our study suggests that liberal democracies must very carefully balance trade-offs between individual liberties and the protection of public health to preserve the core public ideas of constitutionality, parliamentarism, and public responsiveness.

"Since the mid-1990s the German system of collective bargaining with its traditional dominance of sector-level agreements has been faced by a process of creeping ero-sion. While the bargaining coverage has shown a steady decline, a far-reaching de-centralisation has increasingly undermined the system of multi-employer bargaining. Compared with other European countries, the development in Germany seems to be rather ex-ceptional, as many countries were able to continue with a rather stable collective bargaining system and a relatively high bargaining coverage. This holds true also for countries where - as in Germany - the unions were faced by a significant decline of organisational power. The latter indicates that there are other political factors which seem to compensate for the decline of unions' organisational power and keep their institutional power basis relatively stable. In discussing German collective bargaining in a European perspective it is the aim of this paper to identify the factors which support a stable and encompassing collective bargaining system. Our arguments are developed in three steps: First, we describe the recent developments in German collective bargaining and the accompanying changes in the organisational and structural power of German trade unions. Sec-ondly, we compare the German situation with the development in other European countries and analyses the factors which are conducive for a stable bargaining sys-tem. Considering the different experiences in Europe, we thirdly discuss the possibili-ties for a restabilisation of German collective bargaining." (author's abstract)

[EN] The main objectives of this research were to analyze the role of the fruit and vegetables producer organizations (FVPOs), the recent developments in the fruit and vegetables sector, and the performance of these organizations in achieving one of the main objectives in the F&V Common Market Organizations (CMO) framework (i.e., to concentrate supply or marketed turnovers in the F&V sector), with special emphasis in the Valencian Community, in Spain. A set of indicators and variables were examined in order to study FVPOs dynamics and performance through operational programs (OP) aimed to increase the organization level as a necessary condition to balance the market power within the horticultural value chain. The study has been divided into six chapters, as follows: Chapter 1 summarizes the background research (referring specifically to the evaluations of operational programs by the EU Court of Auditors in 1996 and 2001, research on producer organizations of fruits and vegetables in Spain and / or some specific autonomous community, as well as DEA models to evaluate efficiency). Chapter 2 provides the frame of reference and methodological aspects of the thesis. Chapter 3 develops the theoretical framework widely referred to as the CMO (as instruments of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union), the nature of producer organizations, the value chain and the role of producer organizations under EU legislation to rebalance the power within value chain, and also the chronology of judicial-legal framework governing the fruit and vegetables sector. Chapter 4 briefly presents and discusses recent facts and the main trends of horticulture (referred to agricultural areas, production, prices, value of production and trade variables), within the EU, Spain, and the Valencian Community. Chapter 5 examines the dynamics of producer organizations (and organization or concentration of supply behavior) in the three regions mentioned above, with an emphasis on producers integrated to associations under the ...

The transition phase to EMU has been accompanied by considerable monetary & fiscal consolidation efforts in the EU. This paper analyzes this consolidation process & its effects on economic activity in the EU. It is tested to what extent fiscal retrenchment efforts have depressed or stimulated private spending. In the case of the latter, non-Keynesian effects dominate the traditional Keynesian expenditure effects of government spending, taxation, & transfer payments. 3 Tables, 2 Figures, 1 Appendix, 33 References. Adapted from the source document.