Bu çalışmada, 1950-2014 döneminde, Türkiye'de hükümet biçimlerinin iktisadi ve mali çıktıları etkileyip etkilemediği araştırılmıştır. Karar alma ve hesap verebilirlik sorunları temelinde, hükümetler, tek parti/koalisyon hükümeti şeklinde sınıflandırılmıştır. Aynı zamanda koalisyon hükümetleri, koalisyon partilerinin ideolojik uzaklığına göre bir ayrıma tabi tutulmuştur. Hükümet biçimlerinin ekonomik istikrarı ya da mali disiplini etkilediğine dair bir bulguya ulaşılamamıştır. Çeşitli hükümet dönemlerinde gözlemlenen ekonomik ve mali iyileşmelerin, hükümetlerin biçiminden değil, istikrar programlarından kaynaklandığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. ; This paper explores whether forms of government affected economic and fiscal outputs in Turkey during the period of 1950 to 2014. Based on the issues of decision-making and accountability, governments are classified as a one party/coalition government. At the same time, coalition governments are separated according to the ideological distance of coalition parties. It has not been found that forms of governments affect economic stability and fiscal discipline. The results show that economic and fiscal recovery observed during the terms of miscellaneous governments are not affected by forms of governments, but are affected by stabilization programs.
1990'lu yıllarda 32 sayılı karar etkisinde, döviz kurları cari işlemler hesabındaki hareketlerden koparak, sermaye hareketlerinin etkisine girdi. Spekülatif sermaye girişleri, ekonomideki döviz arzını arttırarak Türk Lirasının yabancı paralar karşısında değer kazanmasına ve sonuçta ülkenin dış ticaret açıklarının giderek büyümesine neden oldu. Diğer yandan, kamu kesiminin artan dengesizliği iç borçlanma ile aşılmaya çalışıldı. Fakat yurtiçi tasarrufların yetersizliği ve yurtdışı maliyetlerin daha cazip olması nedeniyle dış borçlanmada da artış oldu. Türkiye, 2000'li yıllara bozuk bir kamu maliyesi, artan iç ve dış borçlar, dış dengesizlikler ve enflasyon ile girerken, IMF destekli, kur çapasına dayanan bir istikrar programını uygulamaya koydu. Fakat programın öngördüğü enflasyon tutturulamayınca Türk Lirası aşırı değerlenerek cari işlem açığı, GSHM'nin %4.8'ine ulaştı. Bu düzeyde bir cari açığın sabit kurda sürdürülemez olduğunu gören finansal yatırımcılar ülkeyi terk etmeye başladılar. Sıcak para kaçışları ile birlikte ülke Kasım 2000 ve Şubat 2001'de finansal krize girdi. Sonuçta, 22 Şubat 2001'de Türk Lirası dalgalanmaya bırakıldı. Çalışmada, 1995 Tekila, 1997 Güneydoğu Asya ve 2000 Arjantin Krizleri de irdelenmiştir. Tüm finansal krizlerin ortak yapısı, bu ülkelerin, sıcak paraya, düşük kur artış oranı - yüksek faiz politikasıyla sürdürülemeyecek düzeyde yüksek arbitraj kârı sunmaya çalışmalarıdır. Sonuçta aşırı değerlenen ulusal para yüzünden cari açıkları yükselen ülkelerden kaçmaya başlayan spekülatif sermaye, ülkelerin krize girmelerine yol açmakta ve dahası krizlerin ülkelerarası yayılmasına neden olmaktadır. Sermaye hareketlerinin istikrarsızlık yaratıcı etkisini bile bile IMF, hâlâ ülkeleri finansal serbestleşmeye teşvik etmektedir. Çalışmada IMF, bu yanlış tutumu nedeniyle eleştirilmektedir ve bunun dayanakları ülke örnekleri ve ekonomik göstergelerle ortaya konmaya çalışılmaktadır.GENERAL KNOWLEDGEName and Surname : Ayhan UçakField : EconomicsProgramme : Economic TheorySupervisor : Prof. Dr. Kıvanç ERTOPDegree Awarded and Date : Master - February 2003Keywords :IMF, Financial Crises, Stabilization Policies, Short Term Capital FlowsABSTRACTTURKEY'S 2000 ECONOMIC STABILIZATION POLICY AND ECONOMIC CRISEUnder the Decree Number 32 implemented in 1989, foreign exchange has no direct ties with the current account balances but has the relation with the capital account balances. Speculative capital inflows increased the foreign currency supply in Turkey and caused the value of TL to revalue. At the end, the foreign trade deficit started to increase. In addition, the public sector's borrowing requirement was financed through the domestic debt. The shortage of domestic sources and cheaper external sources caused the foreign debt to soar. Printing the money for public finance was the main cause of the high inflation rates.Turkey entered 2000s with a worsened public finance, increased foreign and domestic debt, external imbalances and high inflation rates. Turkey implemented a stabilization program with an exchange anchor. The targeted inflation rates were not achieved and TL started to revaluate. At the end of 2000, current account deficit reached at 4.8 percent of GNP, which was impressively high figure. The financial investors started to transfer their money abroad since they noticed that such an account deficit could not be managed with the fixed exchange rate. The outflow of the sources was the main reason of November 2000 and February 2001 crises. At the end, Turkey allowed Lira to float freely at February 22, 2001.In the study, the Tequila crisis of Mexico in 1995, Southeast Asian crisis of 1997 and Argentinean crisis of 2000 were examined. The common structure of these crises is the revaluation of the domestic currencies due to the foreign currency inflows, which entered to the country as a result of financial liberalization policies. As a result, the countries cannot continue with the increased current account deficits. The foreign capital, which notices this negative outcome, starts to leave the country to cause the financial crisis. IMF still advices the countries for more financial liberalization. In the study, IMF was criticized for the wrong policies.
1980'li yıllar neoliberalizm açısından Türkiye'de dönüm noktası olmuştur. 1970'lerde yaşanan dünya ekonomik bunalımının akabinde refah devleti anlayışı terk edilerek yeni sağ ideoloji uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. 1980'lerde ortaya çıkan yeni sağ politikaların uygulayıcıları; ABD'de Ronald Reagan, İngiltere'de Margaret Thatcher, Türkiye'de ise Turgut Özal olmuştur. ABD'de Reaganizm, İngiltere'de Thatcherizm, Türkiye'de ise Özalizm olarak adlandırılan yeni sağ politikalar çerçevesinde birtakım gelişmeler yaşanmıştır. 1980'lerde, Türkiye'de, devletçilik politikalarının rafa kaldırılıp neoliberal politikaların uygulandığı bir dönem yaşanmıştır. Türkiye'de yaşanan toplumsal sorunlar ve siyasal istikrarsızlıklar ekonomik sıkıntılarla birleşince, 1980 sonrasında neoliberal bir dönüşüm başlamıştır. Süleyman Demirel hükümetinin Türkiye ekonomisini iyileştirmeye ve geliştirmeye dönük hazırladığı "24 Ocak 1980 ekonomik istikrar programı" ile Turgut Özal, bu neoliberal dönüşümü Türkiye'de başlatan kişi olmuştur. Türkiye'de yeni sağ ideoloji, "24 Ocak Kararları" ile uygulama alanı bulabilmiştir. Bu kararlarla Türkiye'de yapısal dönüşüm sürecine girilmiştir. Neoliberal ekonomi programının uygulanmasıyla liberal ekonomi dönemi başlamış, Türkiye ekonomisi dış rekabete açık bir hale getirilmiş, özelleştirme uygulamaları yapılarak devletin küçültülmesi sağlanmıştır. Ancak bu gelişmeler ilk başta olumlu olsa da ilerleyen dönemlerde olumsuz sonuçlar yaratmıştır. Ayrıca bu dönemde ihracatta artış yaşanırken, piyasa ekonomisine yönelik gereken altyapı hazırlanamamıştır. ; 1980 has been a turning point in Turkey in terms of neoliberalism. Following the crisis of the world in the 1970s, the welfare state concept was abandoned and the new right ideology began to be applied. The practitioners of the new right politics that emerged in the 1980s; the United States Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher in Britain, has been the case of Turkey, Turgut Ozal. US Reaganism, Thatcherism in Britain, a number of new developments under the right policies in Turkey have called Ozalizm. In the 1980s, in Turkey, there was a period where implementation of the rack lifted statist policies of neoliberal policies. Social problems and political instability coupled with economic difficulties experienced in Turkey, began in 1980 after a neoliberal transformation. Süleyman Demirel government prepared to reform and improve Turkey's economy "January 24, 1980 economic stabilization program" by Turgut Ozal, it was the first political leader of the neoliberal transformation started in Turkey. New right-wing ideology in Turkey, "24 January Decisions" was able to find applications. This decision was entered into the process of structural transformation in Turkey. Neoliberal economic era has begun for the implementation of liberal economic program, Turkey has become an open economy to foreign competition, downsizing of the state has been achieved by making privatization process. However, these developments were positive at first, but they had negative consequences in the following periods. Moreover, while there was a positive increase in exports during this period, the infrastructure needed for free market economy was not prepared.
Ülkelerde barış koşullarını oluşturmak güvenlik ile ilgili sorunlara karşı belirli bir zaman aralığında girişilen siyasi bir uğraş iken, kalkınma stratejileri ise istikrar koşulları altında yürütülen uzun vadeli bir stratejidir. Barış ve kalkınma ikilisi hem bir ülkede, hem de bir bölge veya küresel ölçekte birbirini destekleyen süreçleri kapsamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, barış ve kalkınma ilişkisi ampirik olarak test edilmiştir. Çalışmada, ekonomik kalkınma ve barış ilişkisi, 93 ülkenin 2007-2013 yılları arasındaki yıllık verileri esas alınarak, panel veri analiziyle en küçük kareler yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Yapılan analiz sonucunda sosyo-politik istikrar, yani barış koşullarının varlığı ile ekonomik kalkınma arasında doğrusal ve istatistiksel olarak da anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur ; While forming the conditions of peace in countries is a political occupation which is undertaken in a specified time period against the problems concerning security, development strategies are long term strategies which are conducted under stabilization conditions. Peace and development involve the processes which prop up themselves both in a country and in the scale of regional or global. In this study, the relationship between peace and development are tried to test as empirical. The relationship between economic development and peace are examined with panel data analysis by using the least square method on the basis of the data between the years of 2007-2013 related to 93 countries in the study. As a result of the analysis which is applied it is found that there are statistical and linear relationships between socio-politic stabilization - namely the availability of peace conditions- and economic development
Breaking down the natural gas export monopoly of Russia against to the European countries is one the very challenging issues of European authorities in the past thirty years. Despite the introduction of the Norwegian and Algerian gas to the European market in recent years, European countries are still in search of the alternative gas exporter countries to meet their increasing gas consumption. When the expectations of European countries were combined with the relative stabilization of political structure in both South Eastern European and Caucasian countries, the alternative Eurasian natural gas pipeline projects came to the European agenda gradually. In this study, it will be analyzed that both the economic and political situation of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia in terms of their participation to the ongoing Eurasian natural gas projects that plans to deliver natural gas resources of the Caspian Basin to Europe. Within this context, after the brief introduction to explain what those Eurasian natural gas projects are, it will be given information, analyzed and discussed that the current positions of the Caucasian countries against these projects. It is important that the evaluation of the Eurasian Natural Gas Pipeline Projects in the case of the Caucasian countries makes the final step more reliable which will strengthen the economic integration and regional cooperation of Caucasian countries.
ÖZETENERJİ SEKTÖRÜNÜN AZERBAYCAN EKONOMİSİ VE TÜRKİYE İLİŞKİLERİNDEKİ YERİ (1991-2018)SSCB'nin çöküşünden sonra, 1991 yılında bağımsızlık kazanan Azerbaycan`da uluslararası bir ekonomik ve politik istikrar faktörünün oluşumu ile birlikte, günümüze kadar serbest piyasa koşulları için ekonomik liberal bakış açısıyla bir ekonomik sistem kurulmaya başlandı. 1994 yılında "Yüzyıl Sözleşmesi"`nin imzalanması Azerbaycan ekonomisine, özellikle enerji sektörüne yapılan yabancı yatırımların sayını artırdı. 2003'ten bu yana, diğer sektörlerde yerel ve yabancı yatırımları teşvik etmek için geliştirme programları başlatılmıştır. Azerbaycan bağımsızlığını kazandıktan sonra siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik büyüme, kalkınma ve bağımsızlık açısından olumlu adımlar attı. Azerbaycan'ın dış ekonomik ilişkiler oluşturmadaki potansiyel ortaklarından biri bu süreçte Türkiye olmuştur. Türkiye-Azerbaycan hem siyasi, hem ekonmik açıdan bir çok ortaklıklara imza atmışlardır. Özellikle enerji sektöründe yapılan sözleşmeler her iki devletin, özellikle genç bir devlet olan Azerbaycan`ın ekonomik kalkınmasında önemli bir yere sahiptir. --- ABSTRACTThe Place of Energy Sector in Azerbaijan Economy and Turkey Relations (1991-2018)After the collapse of the USSR, the formation of an international economic and political stabilization factor in Azerbaijan, which gained independence in 1991, has begun to establish an economic system from an economic liberal point of view for free market conditions to the present day. The signing of the "Century Convention" in 1994 increased the number of foreign investments made in Azerbaijani economy, especially to the energy sector. Since 2003, development programs have been initiated to encourage local and foreign investments in other sectors. After Azerbaijan gained its independence, it took positive steps in terms of political, social and economic growth, development and independence. One of the potential partners in creating Azerbaijan's foreign economic relations was Turkey in this process. Turkey and Azerbaijan have signed many partnership agreements both in political and economic means. In particular, contracts in the energy sector have an important place in the economic development of both states, especially of Azerbaijan, which is a young state.
Bu çalışmada, Osmanlı'dan 1960 yılına kadar Türk-Amerikan ilişkilerinin gelişimi iki tarafın temel amaç ve motivasyonları bağlamında analiz edilecektir. İlişkilerde ortaya çıkan işbirliği ve sorun alanlarına odaklanılacaktır. Tarihsel analizde esas olan ilişkilerde gözlenen süreklilik ve değişimi incelemektir. Değişime yol açan faktörler ve günümüze tevarüs eden ana örüntüler geleceğe yönelik beklentilerin nasıl şekillendiğinin anlaşılmasına yardımcı olacaktır. Osmanlı'da 19. yüzyılda ticari ilişkilerle başlayan ilişkiler, Kurtuluş Savaşı ve Atatürk döneminde durgunluk dönemi yaşamış ve İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra yeniden temellendirilerek stratejik işbirliği ve güvenlik ittifakı çerçevesine oturmuştur. 1960 yılına gelindiğinde Türk-Amerikan ilişkilerinde güvenlik ve ekonomik çıkarlar açısından Türkiye aleyhine tam bir bağımlılık ilişkisi ortaya çıkmıştır. ; In this paper, it will be analyzed the development of Turkish-American relations within the context of basic goals and motivations of both sides from the Ottoman period to the year of 1960. Mainly, it will be focused on the trends of cooperation and the aspects of problematic issues. In an hictorical analysis, the basic attempt is to clarify the continuity and change within the development of bilateral relations. The factors that lead to change and the main patterns enduring from the past will be helpful to understand how they shape the expectations about the future. While the relations begin with commercial basis in the Ottoman period of 19th century, proceeding with stabilization period in Atatürk era, after the World War II it is refounded by the new framework of strategic cooperation and security alliance. When it comes to the year of 1960, Turkish-American relations regarding the security and economic interests the dependency was occured unfavor to Turkey.
Bağımsızlığından sonra, Makedonya Cumhuriyeti'nin anayasal adı başta Türkiye olmak üzere bütün ülkeler tarafndan kabul görülmüştür. 2005 yılında adaylık statüsü kazanması ile Makedonya, IPA fonlarından yararlanarak AB adaylık sürecinde bir çok engel ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. AB'ye üye olmayı bir ana politika olarak hedefleyen Makedonya, Kopenhag kriterlerini yerine getirmiş ve komşu ülkelerinden olan Yunanistan ile isim sorununu ortadan kaldırarak AB ile NATO üyeliğinde önemli bir adım atmıştır. Politik sorunların dışında ekonomik istikrarsızlıklarda düzenlemeler meydana gelmiştir. 2000'li yıllarda AB ile İstikrar ve Ortaklık anlaşmasının imzalanması ile Türk yatırımcılarının mağdur durumda düşmesine rağmen, günümüzde ülkeye en çok yabancı yatırımlar gönderen ülkeler arasında Türkiye'de bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı adaylık statüsü kazanan Makedonya'nın üyelik süreci öncesinde ekonomik durumunu ve adaylık statüsü kazandıktan sonra AB'nin Makedonya'ya etkilerinden bahsetmektir. Ayrıca bu süre zarfında Makedonya ile Türkiye Cumhuriyeti arasındaki ekonomik ilişkilerinin zamanla nasıl şekillendiğini görebilmektir. ; After independence, the constitutional name Republic of Macedonia recognized by many countries, but primarily by Turkey. In 2005, by gaining candidate status, Macedonia benefiting from IPA funds, faced some obstacles in the EU candidacy process. Aiming to become a member of the EU as a main policy, Macedonia has fulfilled the Copenhagen criteria and has taken a significant step towards EU membership by eliminating the name problem with its neighboring country, Greece. Apart from political problems, economic instability has occurred. With the signing of the Stabilization and Association Agreement with the EU in the 2000, despite the decline of the situation of Turkish investors, actually Turkey is between the countries, which sends the most investments in this country. The aim of this study is to mention about Macedonia, who gained the status of candidate, its economy before the process of its membership and the effects of EU to Macedonia after it gained the candidacy status. In addition, we could see how over the time they are strengthening the economic relations between Turkey and the Republic of Macedonia during this period.
ÖZETGünümüz büyüyen ve gelişen ekonomik koşullarında istikrarlı ve ivmeli büyümeyi yakalamanın en büyük şartlarından biri dışa uyumlu bir ihracat politikası ve uluslar arası standartları yakalamaktan geçmektedir. Küreselleşme sonucu farklılıkların daha çok ortadan kalkarak birbirine entegre ekonomiler yoğun global dünyada devletlerin makro anlamdaki büyümeleri artık daha çok ekonomilerine yön veren büyük ve çok uluslu şirketlerin performansları da büyük etki katmaktadır. Ancak gelişmekte olan ekonomiler için uluslar arası rekabetle yarışabilmeleri ve standartlara uygun performans sergileyebilmeleri açısından devlet tarafından verilecek olan teşvikler ve yardımlar oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Türkiye'nin altmışlı yıllar ile beraber uygulamaya koyduğu Planlı Kalkınma Politikası tarihsel gelişim olarak bakıldığında ilk teşvikler olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Teşvik ve yardımlar günümüze kadar çeşitlenerek geniş bir yelpazede farklılaşmış ve birden fazla türdeki faaliyetlerde yürürlükte olmaya devam etmektedir.Bu bağlamda başarı için kalite ve istikrarın yanı sıra stratejik planlamanın ve ileriye dönük bir vizyonun sağlanması ilk adımdır. Bu çalışmada da faaliyet türlerine ve çeşitlerine göre teşvik ve yardımların yanısıra dünyanın devlet destekli ilk ve tek markalaşma programı olan Turquality projesi ele alınarak incelenmiş, faydaları ve beklentiler genel değerlendirme kapsamında araştırmaya dahil edilmiştir. ABSTRACTIn the globalized circumstances of world's growing economic conditions one of the most crucial issue to reach to the accelerated and stable growth is an integrated implementing regulation and to have the international qualifications in foreign trade.As a result of the phenomenon of globalization which provides the elimination of discrepancies between national economies by integration process of markets, businesses and regulations the world has confronted the importance of the performance of multinational companies that lead macroeconomics. However, for developing countries, it is needed a high effort in order to show off an adequate performance and to compete with developed countries and international competitive economical climate without government supports and incentives.In the beginning of sixties Turkey applied to four different Development Plans which can be assessed as the first historical steps for government supports. As of today they diversified and are now valid in many types with the differentiation in various operating and business activities which are approved by the government in accordance with the regulation of communiqués in government supports. In order to speak of the achievement it is needed to provide not only quality and stabilization but also strategic planning and a forward-looking vision for the first step of growth.Therefore in this study, the government supports and incentives are examined according to the types of operating and business activities. In addition to that Turquality, which is the first and unique brand programme supported by a government in the world, is analyzed and both the advantages and the expectations about the regarding programme are inquired with an authorized person and included within the study with an overall evaluation.
AB SÜRECİNDE TÜRKİYE TARIMIAvrupa Birliği (AB); siyasi ve ekonomik anlamda uluslararası bir bütünleşmedir. Avrupa'da siyasi ve ekonomik bütünleşme Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu'nun (AET) kurulmasıyla başlamıştır. 1951 yılında kurulan Avrupa Kömür ve Çelik Birliği (CECA) bütünleşme yolunda atılmış ikinci adımdır. Ekonomik yönden birleşme fikrine yoğunlaşılması sonucunda 25 Mart 1957 tarihinde Avrupa Atom Enerjisi Topluluğu (EURATOM) kurulmuştur. Bu topluluklar AB'nin temelini oluşturmaktadır. 1 Ocak 1958 tarihinde kurucu altı ülke (Almanya, Fransa, İtalya, Belçika, Hollanda, Lüksemburg) tarafından imzalanarak yürürlüğe giren Roma Anlaşması ile Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu bugünkü adıyla Avrupa Birliği kurulmuştur. AB, Avrupa'da yaşanan savaşların tekrardan çıkmasını engellemek, ekonomi alanında yaşanan işsizlik sorunu çözmek, az gelişmiş bölgelerin kalkındırılması ve yaşam standartlarının yükseltilmeyi amaçlamaktadır.Avrupa Birliğinin İç politikalarının temeli, 'Serbest Piyasa Düzeni' oluşturmakla beraber birçok korumaya yönelik önlemler ve birlikte hareket etme prensibine önem verilmektir. Dış Politikaları ise, Topluluğun çıkarlarını temel almaktadır. Dış Politikalar; Ortak Tarım Politikaları, Ortak Ticaret Politikaları, Ortak Sanayi Politikaları ve Ortak Sosyal Politikalardan oluşmaktadır.Haziran 1993 tarihinde düzenlenen Kopenhag Zirvesinde, AB'ne üyelik koşulları belirlenmiştir. Bu koşullar üyelik için başvuran tüm aday ülkelerin yerine getirmesi gereken asgari koşullar olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Bu koşullar, siyasi, ekonomik kriterler ve müktesebat uyumu olmak üzere üç grupta toplanmaktadır.Türkiye AB ilişkileri 31 Temmuz 1959 tarihinde Türkiye'nin AETye ortaklık başvuru ile başlamıştır. Gümrük Birliği ve tam üyeliğe yönelik ilk adımlar 1 Aralık 1964 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren Ankara Antlaşması ile atılmıştır. Türkiye Avrupa Topluluğu (AT) ile 1963 yılında imzaladığı Ankara Anlaşması ve 1970 yılında imzalanan Katma Protokol ile; Topluluğa tam üyeliği amaçlanmakta ve taraflara bazı yükümlülükler getirilmektedir.Bu yükümlülüklerden birisi, Türkiye ile AT arasında emeğin serbest dolaşımı konusudur. Emeğin serbest dolaşımı konusu, Ankara Anlaşması ve Katma Protokol ile 1976-1986 tarihleri arasında aşamalı olarak gerçekleşmesi öngörülmüş olsa da bu durum AT tarafından kabul edilmemiştir. Türkiye AB' ne katılım süreci içerisindeki aday adayı ülke konumundan 1999'da düzenlenen Helsinki Zirvesi ile aday ülke konumuna geçmiştir. Ayrıca AB, bu süreçte Türkiye'nin diğer aday ülkelerle aynı şartlara sahip olacağını belirtmiştir.1923-1950 yılları arasında tarımsal KİT'ler kurulmuştur. Türkiye ekonomisinde 1960'lı yıllardan sonra planlı döneme geçilmiştir. 1960-1970 yılları arasında tarımsal girdi kullanımının teşviki ve sulama alanlarına yönelik yapılan yatırımlarla sağlanan verim artışı sonucunda destekleme alımları yapılmış ve desteklenen ürünlerin sayısı arttırılmıştır. Bu dönemde yaşanan sosyal ve siyasal istikrarsızlık, Kıbrıs Savaşı, petrol krizi ve döviz darboğazından dolayı ekonomide durgunluk yaşanmıştır. Bu gelişmeler sonucunda Hükümet önlemler almaya başlamış, 1978 yılında "istikrar programı "nı açıklamıştır. İstikrar programı içerisinde yer alan ve uygulanan önlemler; KİT açılarlını kapatmak amacıyla KİT ürünlerine zam yapılmış, ithalat zorlaştırılmış ve devalüasyon yapılmıştır. 1979 yılında uygulana yeni bir program ile KİT ürünlerine yönelik zam uygulamasına devam edilmiş, faiz oranları yükseltilmiş ve Türk Lirası yeniden devalüe edilmiştir. Enflasyona engel olunamamasından ve durgunluğun devam etmesinden dolayı 24 Ocak1980 Kararları alınmıştır. 1980 sonrası dönemde 24 Ocak 1980 Kararlarıyla; devletin tarım sektörüne sağladığı destek azalmıştır. Fiyat yoluyla desteklenen ürün sayısı, 1980 yılında 24 iken, 1981 yılında 20'ye, 1985 yılında 18'e,1990 yılında ise 10'a düşmüştür. Nisan 1994'de yaşanan ekonomik kriz nedeniyle desteklenen ürün sayısı azaltılmış Bu süreç 2001 yılı sonuna kadar devam etmiştir. 2000'li yıllara gelindiğinde etkinliğini yitiren tarım politikalarının yerini, rekabete dayalı, adil, çiftçinin gelir düzeyini yükseltmeyi amaçlayan çevreci olan daha etkin tarım politikaları almıştır. Yeni tarım politikalarının hedeflerine ulaşmak için kullanılan araç, Doğrudan Gelir Desteği Uygulaması'dır. Bu uygulama AB'nde uygulanan Tek Çiftlik Ödeme Yöntemi için temel oluşturma niteliğindedir.1980'li yıllarda AB üyelik sürecine yönelik atılan önemli adım Gümrük Birliği Anlaşması olmuştur. Gümrük Birliği sayesinde Türkiye ekonomisi AB pazarında rekabet edebilme gücünü deneme fırsatı bulmuştur. Ayrıca Gümrük Birliği ile rekabet, fikri sınai mülkiyet hakları, tüketicinin korunması gibi bir çok konuda gerçekleştirilen mevzuat uyumu sayesinde Türkiye küreselleşme sürecinde yol kat etmiştir.Türkiye toprakları içerisinde dağlık alanların geniş yer kaplamasına rağmen mevcutta tarıma elverişli alanların etkin kullanılması durumunda tarımsal üretimimiz kendimize yeterlilik düzeyini de aşarak dış ticaretimiz içinde önemli bir yere sahip olmasını sağlayacaktır.TURKEY AGRİCULTURE İN THE PROCESS OF EUROPEAN UNİONEuropean Union (EU), an international political and economic integration. Political and economic integration in Europe, the European Economic Community (EEC) began with the establishment. Founded in 1951, the European Coal and Steel Community (Ceca) towards a second step of integration. Economic aspects to the idea of combining the results concentrate on the March 25, 1957 the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) was established. These communities form the foundation of the EU. On January 1, 1958 the six founding countries (Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) signed by the Rome Treaty enters into force today with the European Economic Community was founded with the name of the European Union.EU to leave Europe to avoid repetition of recent war, the economy experienced in the field to solve the unemployment problem, to the development of underdeveloped areas and living standards are intended to be promoted.The European Union's internal policies based on the 'Free Market Order' measures aimed at protecting and creating together with many moving important principle. Foreign policy, the Community's interests are based. Foreign policies, the Common Agricultural Policy, Common Commercial Policy, Common Industrial Policy and Social Policy is made up of partners.Held on June 1993 in Copenhagen, the EU membership requirements have been identified. These conditions of all candidate countries applying for membership must meet the minimum requirements are being considered. These conditions, the political, economic criteria and the acquis compliance are to be grouped under three.EU-Turkey relations on July 31, 1959 began with Turkey's application for association AETye. Customs Union and the first steps towards full membership, which came into force on December 1, 1964 have been taken by the Treaty of Ankara.Turkey and the European Community (EC) signed in 1963 with the Ankara Agreement and Additional Protocol, signed in 1970, aimed at being a full member of the community and are parties to certain responsibilities.One of these obligations, Turkey and the EC is a matter between the free movement of labor. The issue of free movement of labor, with the Ankara Agreement and Additional Protocol between 1976 to 1986 was predicted to occur in phases, although this was not accepted by the EC.Turkey EU accession process and in what position the nominated candidate countries held in Helsinki in 1999 and became a candidate country. The EU, Turkey and other candidate countries in this process will have the same conditions stated.Agricultural state enterprises has been established between the years 1923-1950. Turkey's economy was in the late 1960s, after the planned period. Between 1960-1970 the use of agricultural input subsidies and investment in irrigation areas provided for an increase in productivity as a result of purchases made to support and increase the number of products are supported. The social and political instability experienced in this period, Cyprus, War, oil crisis and recession in the economy has experienced due to foreign exchange bottlenecks. As a result of these developments the Government has started to take measures, in 1978, "stabilization program" for oxychlorination. Stabilization program in place and implemented measures, in order to close açılarlını Kit Kit allowance made products, imports have been customized and made devaluation. Kit with a new program implemented in 1979 hike application was continued for products, interest rates raised and the Turkish lira was devalued again. Prevent inflation and recession because of the ongoing 24th Ocak1980 decisions taken. In the period after 1980 to January 24, 1980 Decision of the State to provide support to the agricultural sector has declined. The number of supported products through the price in 1980 was 24 in 1981 to 20 in 1985 to 18 in 1990, while 10 declined. April 1994 due to the economic crisis reduced the number of supported products until the end of this process has continued in 2001. When it comes to events in the 2000s to replace lost agricultural policy, competitive, fair, aiming to raise the income level of farmers with environmentalists was more effective agricultural policies. New agricultural policy tools used to achieve their goals, Uygulaması'dır Direct Income Support. This application of EU Single Farm Payment Methods applied for the basic building characteristics.In the 1980s, the important steps taken towards EU membership process has been the Customs Union Agreement. Customs Union with Turkey's economy to compete in the market power of the EU had the opportunity to experiment. Moreover, the Customs Union with the competition, intellectual and industrial property rights, consumer protection legislation is carried out a lot about the way the process of globalization has come through Turkey.Turkey in the mountainous area of land available in spite of the large space to be used effectively in the case of arable fields, our agricultural production ourselves in our foreign trade to exceed proficiency levels also have an important place will ensure that .
Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti bağımsızlığını kazandığı tarihten itibaren, İran tarafından önemli ve varoluşsal bir tehdit olarak görülmüştür. Kendi iç güvenliği açısından bir tehlike olarak gördüğü için İran'ın, Azerbaycan'a yönelik adımları da bu ülkenin bölgede güçlü ve bağımsız bir aktör olarak varlığının engellenmesine hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmada "Ümmet" ülküsü ile kendini İslam ülkeleri arasında lider olarak konuşlandırmak isteyen İran'ın, bu amaç çerçevesinde Azerbaycan'la arasında bir merkez-çevre ilişkisi kurma çabalalarını analiz edeceğiz. Çalışma, Laik ve Batı yönlü bir ilerleme yolu seçen Azerbaycan'ın, İran'ın zaman zaman müdahaleci politikaları nedeniyle sınır komşusundan kendi iç güvenliğine, enerji güvenliğine ve hatta toprak bütünlüğüne karşın algıladığı tehditleri ve bunun Azerbaycan'ın dış politikasına ve İran'la ilişkilerine yansımalarını gözden geçirmektedir. Yüzyıllar süren tarihi bağlara ve ortak mezhepsel aidiyetlerine rağmen, iki ülke arasında devletlerin yapısal özelliklerinde iç politik yönelimler ve ideolojik açıdan oldukça keskin farkların nedenini neoklasik realist çerçeve dâhilinde açıklamaya çalışacağız. Araştırmada Güney Azerbaycan meselesini de göz önüne alarak, farklı liderler döneminde değişiklik gösteren ideoloji ve söylemlerin zaman zaman ilişkilerin gerginleşmesine veya stabilleşmesine nasıl etki ettiğini ve ortaya çıkan siyasi düğüm nedeniyle, iki ülke ilişkilerinde ortaya çıkan inişli çıkışlı tabloyu detaylı bir şekilde inceleyeceğiz. Çalışmada bahsedilen bu farklılıklar ve çıkar çatışmalarına rağmen, bu iki ülkenin, bölgedeki önemli ekonomik partnerler olarak kurdukları işbirliği hususuna da değinilmektedir. ; Since Azerbaijan Republic gained its independence, it was seen as an important and existential threat by Iran. As İran accepts Azerbaijan as a danger in terms of internal security, the steps towards Azerbaijan have been calculated to prevent the existence of this country as a strong and independent actor in the region. We will analyze the efforts of Iran to establish a center-periphery relationship between Azerbaijan and Iran within the framework its this goal of deploying itself as a leader among the Islamic countries with "Ummah" ideal. This research is aiming to review the threats from its border neighbor Iran perceived by Azerbaijan, which has chosen to pursue a secular and western progression way, and reflections of Iran's interventionist policies against its internal security, energy security and even territorial integrity on the foreign policy of Azerbaijan and bilateral relations with Iran. We will try to explain the reason for the sharp differences between the two countries in terms of internal political orientations and ideological aspects of the structural features of the states, despite centuries of historical bonds and common religious affiliations within the neoclassical realist framework. Taking into account the issue of South Azerbaijan in thesis, we will examine in detail the turbulent picture of the relations between the two countries, because of how the ideologies and discourses that changed during the different leaders sometimes affected the tension or stabilization of relations and the emerging of the political node. Despite these differences and conflicts of interest mentioned above, these two countries' cooperation which they have established as important economic partners in the region will be referred in this research.
SUMMARYA great changement was occurring after fell down the Berlin Wall in East Europe, in 1989.The countries had begun to new period with high debts and inflation by these changements.East European countries have a common feature by carry out the transition period politics by rapidly in this process. So, it was necessity on stabilization politics but not easy.At result, privatization and restructure got an importance.I – THEORICAL AND CONSEPTIONAL FRAME OF MARKET ECONOMYFree market economy has the same philosophy and idea with liberalism. Economical liberalism is defended the free competition, reducing the customs taxes, import freedom and resisted to interference of state on the economy.Classical economy's base is economical freedom and market economy. Market economy is relying on free competition and private enterprise. Price mechanism and world prices are important. Interference of state must be in minimum levels. Public sector must be reduced. Basic factors such as wage, capital and foreign currency must reflect the real market prices, must get an importance to external trade.1-DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET ECONOMY1.1. CLASSIC REVIEWFree trade, specialization only on one field, annihilate the obstacles such as customs and quotas, interferences of state on the market are most important according to Adam Smith, which lived in 18th century.A specialization between nations must be obtained according to Ricardo. So, it must be an exchange on the entire world. 1.2. NEO-CLASSIC REVIEWAlfred Marshall, Leon Walras and Carl Menger is an echol. The state must be more active to improve the poor part of community and must create the opportunities on the market, get the taxes from revenues and wealth, finance the education, health, park and city planning, defence the personal freedom, private property and open markets, manufacture the public commodities.1.3. ORDO-LIBERALISM REVIEWIt is different from classic liberalism. Economical regularity is social which emerges in an evident process, not natural. Social and juridical standards emerge the economical system.Price, monetarily stability, sciences, stability and durability on economical politics are important to emerging of market economy.Basic aim is bring to existence an economical constitution.2- BASIC ELEMENTS OF MARKET ECONOMYBasic factors are enterprising, competition, economical ideas and attitudes.Enterprising is a person which makes unity the manufacturing factors, makes direct the investments, begins to motion by utilize the signals from internal and external markets, gets the share on productivity and determines the firm profit. Basic aim is profit.Competition is social event, protects the personal, which works with high productivity against to personal, which works with low productivity, uses the sources most effectively. Buyer and seller number must be too much in this system. Competition is opposed to monopolization but necessity laws and politics have to support it. ECONOMICAL IDEAS AND ATTITUDESIt includes price, wage, interest, hire and foreign currency. Price system occurs freely according to rate of request and demand conditions. At this straight, firms and consumers must carry out their decisions freely.3- MARKET MECHANISM FLOW AND ROLE OF SOURCE DISTRIBUTIONConsumers and producers have activities on the market economy. The prices are determined according to the lowest cost and to the highest profit.Ideal special future is high productivity, low profit and high production. Competition reduces the profit to the lowest level.Main mechanism on free market is price. If the relative scarcity is enough, request and demand is more or less equal.Producers and consumers may have a decision according to the price indicator and request and demand. This case makes lead the manufacturing, increases the alternatives, also economical activities make an harmony against to conditions.The evident features of market economy are free decision, liberty on preferences, a great price mechanism and competition. So, economical stability is obtainable.Interferences may apply on the market economy for public health, regulations on economical activities, protect the consumers. These motions are generally precautions to control of drugs and drink manufacturing and consumption, annihilation of harmful on public health, growth the power on economic morals, make grow the quality, regulation on manufacturing and marketing. The state may meddle with economy to development rapidly. For example, the state may encourage the saving, increase the rates of interest, decrease the taxes to get on the saving, provide the precautions on investment.The buyers and sellers cannot determine the price on one's own on free competition market. Otherwise monopoly, trust and cartels may occur, stability may out of order between commodity and services.Market economy may deviate from the rules on two main categories.Manufacturer, buyer and seller may make deviate from the rules. Especially trade unionization is effective on this deviation.The state may interfere in economy by taxes, if social and individual advantages different, it may deviate from competition market.The state is exist in every kind of economy and serves to people with harmony and politics and social philosophies of our age. Also it provides security, education and health services but it doesn't determine the prices. It is one of the biggest manufacturers at the same time.II – HISTORICAL WIEW TO BULGARIAN ECONOMY IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD OF FREE MARKET ECONOMY1. BASIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL INDICATORS1.1. GENERALThe form of government is republic, capital is Sofia, Population is 8.297.000(1997), increasing of population is %0. 7, distinctive characteristics in common with Turkishs, Pomaks, Russians, Gipsies, Tatars, Jewishes are in 16 percent.Estimated agricultural area is 1/3 and woodland is 1/3 of all the land. Charcoal, petroleum, natural gas, ferrum and sources except metal are too much. Bulgaria can't use the money too much on surroundings cause of economical lacks.Too many people are migrated to Turkey reason of economical lacks after communism regime. Population is decreased year by year, but unemployment.2. BULGARIA BEFORE 1989Ottoman empire had governorship on the Bulgaria more 500 years till 1908. Then, Bulgarian Kingdom is founded in 1908. Stamboliyski is in powered from Farmer Party in 1920. A new fascism supporter government is founded but communists and farmers were outside of government.Bulgaria is allied with Germany in 1941. Although a new government was found in 1944, the republican regime with referendum is founded in 1946. The new constution is validated in 1947. Cercenkov is in powered in 1950, relations with U.S.A. were out of order and membership of United Nations was validity in 1955.The new constitution is validated in 1971. T.Jivkow is in powered continually, became arrested cause of irregularity in 1990 and then, again a new constitution is validated. Communist Party is made to take out of only one party. In that year, state's name is changed to Republic of Bulgaria and removed the communist symbols from flag. Privatizational laws are validated with Jelev in 1992. The Government of Videnov is contraried the privatization in 1994.Peter Stoyanov is Nato's supporter and he was president in 1996. United Democratic Forces is in powered with 52 percent of vote after selections in 1997.2.1. COMECON AND COLLAPSING OF SYSTEMComecon is a union that emerged by East European Countries. Bulgarian economy has begun to transition period with some negative ness like other East European countries causes of political incompetence and dissociating end of 1980s.Bulgaria which had more than 60 percent of export to associate but it had couldn't find the new markets cause of inadequate ship of quality standards and had an old technology. Foreign currency reserves are high level. It has too many debts, political incompetent ship in the land. Financial system is not conformity to market economy and also could not claim 2 million dollars of money owing from Iraq because of golf war. So, Bulgaria couldn't save from crisis because of above reasons.2.2 GENERAL ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SECTORSBulgarian manufacturing industry basically is founded on textile, wooden engrave, leather products and food prep rationing sectors.Bulgaria had realisation the attacks on the heavy industry that supported by S.S.C.B. after 2nd world war.Production of electro-mechanic and electronic goods in manufacturing sector is reached to an important share since 1970s.The biggest natural wealth of Bulgaria is productive earths. There are not important minerals in Bulgaria.In the following period of 2nd world war, metallurgy and chemical production had an importance. Industry sector had old technology. Its competition is losted the power with disunited of the Comecon.Productivity rates on industry are grown with economical reforms that started in 1979. Economical growing is dynamically continued in spite of reducing the productivity on agriculture sector, building sector and investments in Bulgaria. Especially, price volatility on agriculture sector is a reason of suspicion about real value of growth in 1988 according to 1987.Productions on agriculture and industry of Bulgaria are reduced according to statistics. Main problem on agriculture sector is delivery prices of goods.A stagnation indicator on Bulgarian economy is weakness of building and construction sector. Manufacturing products such as cement and weawing is in necessity. Manufacturing level is inadequate on that area and also unqualificationed organisations have been affected.2.3 - FOREIGN TRADEThere are no definite results on foreign trade reason of inadequate of numerical data's.However, export is increased up to the rate of 4 percent in 1988 and import is reduced to the rate of 1.8 percent. Bulgaria finance deficit is 600 million dollars result of trade with west countries in 1998. Tourism revenues are positive. Trade connections with Turkey are weak according to another East European countries.2.4 – PERESTROICA POLITICSThe new age on economy with state council's decision is started in January 9,1989. Activities to get the indepences of firms are velocitied. At the same time, this decision is more benefit to foreign investors too.3. 1989 – 1997 TRANSITION PERIOD3.1 – ECONOMICAL REFORM ACTIVITIESAlteration is started in east block countries after 1989 and together with this alteration. Comecon is losted the activity. So, idle capacities are commenced and Bulgaria is losted the production markets.The reforms are making started by new government in February 1991. External trade regime is liberalisation in one direction; this is one of the import nest factors of the reforms. With a decision is accepted in 1989, basic of economical reforms are occurred. Firms had equal rights to execution of economical activities. The laws related to foreign investment are validated in 1992.Commercial banks have gone to consolidation. Prices had freed except 11 basic consumption. Economical activities, government status on economy, foreign trade and foreign exchange regime, price regulations, privatization, tax systems are reorganized about foreign investors.3.2. SECTORAL CONSTITUTIONIndustrial sector had the over 50 percent of share on economy until 1990s. 11 private sector's share with service and trade sector approached to 60 percent between 1992 and 1997.SECTORSProductivity with old technologies on industrial sector is at low level. Engineering sector is developed. Products of textile sector are manufactured at high quality.CHEMICALSChemical products that have an important mark on export of Bulgaria. They were 1,096 milliard dollars with 22,3 percent in 1997 and 983 million dollars with 19.4 percent of total export in 1998.AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND TOBACCORate of plan tablelands are 34 percent in Bulgaria. Totally 304 firms are active on food, drink and tobacco sector.METALLURGY AND MINERSHIPIron product is 6.2 percent and other than iron is 6.8 percent on all of industry in 1998. In 1997, metallurgy sector is grown up to 117.2 percent with 529 million dollars in total amount of export in Bulgaria.MACHINEShare of machine sector is 13.8 percent in all of industry. Principal are; Machine parts, tractor, bus, ship, building and auto spare parts.CONSTRUCTIONPrivate firms in the sector have share with 13 percent in 1991. That share is grown to 62 percent in 1995 but then; it is reduced reason of financial inadequate ships.TOURISMTourism revenues are approximately 280 million dollars in 1995.4.5 million of transits and totally 8 million tourists are visited the Bulgaria in 1996.3.3. TRADE AFTER ECONOMICAL REFORMSExport of Bulgaria is totally 4.9 milliard dollars in 1997. The import nest export products are fuel oil, other fuels, cooper and its products and nuclear reactors. Import is 4.5 milliard dollars in 1997 and included the product such as mineral fuels, nuclear reactor heaters and spare parts, electric machines, mineral substances, cotton, synthetic fibres, cereals, auto and tractors.3.4. EXTERNAL DEBTSRate of the external debts to export revenues were 249.9 Percent in 1993 but then, back to 188.2 percent in 1994.Official external debts were 10.363 dollars in the end of 1997.3.5. FOREIGN INVESTORS EXTERNAL CAPITALMost investments with 636.2 million dollars by foreigners are made in 1997. This amount is 526 million dollars in 1998. Principal foreign investors are European countries and U.S.A. A new foreigner investment law is prepared in Oct 1997. Main sectors to investment are industry, trade, finance and tourism.3.6. COMMERCIAL BANKINGState banks are privatization by associate. Regulations relate to control of banking are valitidied by government. In the middle of 1997, a new law on banking are validated after economical crisis in 1996, Central Bank Law are rebuilt. High levels of capital and capital qualifications are obligationed.3.7. PRIVATIZATIONPrivatization is started with foundation transformation and privatization belongs to state and municipalities in April 1992. Privatization Agency is built-up. Privatization is realization with totally 836 million dollars between Jan 1,1993 and Dec 30,1998. Its part of 421.4 million dollars is in 1997 and part of 116 million dollars is realization in 1998.Foundations like ports, telecommunication and, etc.are out of privatization by laws. 95 percent of state firms transformed to form of private limited or nationalization. Share of these firms are belong to state.III. BULGARIA IN EUROPAN UNION AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEY1. BULGARIAN ECONOMY AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEYTest and certification operations, metal products except iron, chemical products, cereals, operational petroleum. Products are important substances from Bulgaria to Turkey.Although weaving products, food, chemical products, leather and stout leather products, glass, ceramics, brick products are ones of important from Turkey to Bulgaria.1.1. CONTENTS OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN TURKEY AND BULGARIAAll taxes and restrictictions on industrial products by signed on European Agreement between European Union and Bulgaria in Mar 8,1993 and validated in Dec 31,1993 will be removed till 2002.Turkey and Bulgaria made easy to particularization into agricultural products market by reduced the taxes for between their selves.End of signed acts, 131 products of 446 that stated to Turkey and 1141 goods of existing on European Union Agreement are liberalization by remove from list of sensitive products.Foreign companies had a partnership rights with corporations and individuals and also foreign individuals had a right on economical activities by law of keeping foreign investors, which is validated in 1992. Same economical rights are recognized between foreigners and Bulgarians and also getting unlimited share from exist companies and companies that will be found.2. CONNECTIONS WITH EUROPEAN UNION AND FINANCIAL PORTREIT OF BULGARIA2.1. CONNECTION WITH EUROPEAN UNION OF BULGARIAIn the autumn 1989, Berlin wall is demolished and this motion make united the European that had divided to east and west after 2nd world war. Comecon's mean is continuing the economical dependent ship to Soviet Union. But, most east and west European countries reject it. After these European Union augmented economical and political supports to that countries reason of carry out and conclude the reform, which is started in middle and east European countries.Firstly, a group includes the Turkey is formed by 24 of OECD countries. G24s are transferred to entrust with coordination of support to the European Union Commission.That commission is functionizationed the Phare program that helps on financial and technical areas to Poland and Hungary. Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania in Sept.1990, Albanian, Estonia, Leetonia and Livonia in Jan.1992 and Slovenia in Aug.1992 are included by Phare program.Military regulations on security of West European losted the importance but they are already securely areas.Main political aims that related to Middle and East European countries of European Unions are explained below;a- Encouragement of liberal democratic system with respectful of law's superiority.b- to be sense on surroundingsc- to prevent the ethnical collidesd- to prevent the migration to foreign countries at the west.e- Phare program and encouragement of free market economy from planned economy.2.2. WHAT IS THE PHARE PROGRAM?Phare program's aim is build the encourage mental conditions to the market economy and to take pains about investments on economies of Middle and East Europe countries. This program includes unfinancable fields by traditional external supports. That supports on the program is formed by credits and encouragements and used for pilot projects related to reorganization of associations.Bulgaria is taken a support of 10.6 millions ECU by include of Phare program.European Union don't use only Phare program as a tool on politics related to Middle and East Europe countries, except itIncludes the programs within own constitution such as ERASMUS and COMETT.2.3. FIRST PERIOD (before 1989)In this period; trading is developed between Middle and East European countries that named as COMECON COUNTRIES but couldn't show the same developments against to West Europe in European Union.Soviet Union takes the priority on exporting with countries. Bulgaria is the develop pest country on trade with Soviet Union.2.4 TRANSITION PERIOD (1989-1992)The great changements occurred on trade in Soviet Union and Middle and East Europe countries from starting the reforms in 1989 to 1992.From 1989,trade and partnership agreements signed with Hungary and Poland then, with Czechoslovakia in 1990,also Bulgaria and Romania in 1991. At the same time, rejection is started on amount of restrictions. Exporting is increased between Middle and East European countries, Soviet Union and European Union other than below too;Devaluation in the countries other than Hungary,- Workings to join into the West European markets reason of re-emerging the losted ones in East European- Import is on peak-level from those countries to Germany after unitized the East and West Europe.2.5. EUROPEAN AGREEMENTSEuropean agreements are acted end of 1991.Bulgaria-Europe agreement's date of signature: Mar8, 1993Date of being inforce: Dec 31,1995Temporarily agreement: Dec 31,1992European agreement has been in force in Bulgaria, end of 1995. European agreements are partnership agreements that signed by based on 238th paragraph of Roma agreement and Maastricht agreement. According to that state, increasing of export is an prestipulation to growth the economy with stability.3. SUCCEED OF STABILITY PROGRAM IN BULGARIABulgaria signed on an agreement with IMF to pass over the economical hardships and started the reforms in 1991.Economy is grown at the rates of 2.1 percent in 1995.In 1997,economy has the new crisis related to Yugoslavia crisis and so, Bulgaria signed on a new agreement with IMF.Leva is fixed with 20 DM and 1000 Bulgarian Leva to 1 DM and constructral reforms is started to gain the speed.Economy in Bulgaria grown to positive from 1994 but to the 10.9 percent in 1996.- Inflation rates (%) in Republic of Bulgaria; 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 199882,2 72,8 96,2 62 123,1 1082,3 22,3After the stand-by agreement with IMF, inflation approached to 22.3 percent in 1998.Annual average of inflation is expected as 7.3 percent in 1999 and 9.0 percent in 2000.Bulgaria is the poorest country according to other east European countries candidate to membership of EU. Bulgarian Leva is determined by rejected the 3 zeros from Detsch Mark. So, new Leva is make related on euro at the rates of 1.95583:euro 1 (Lvl:DMI ).CONCLUSION:Bulgaria is declared the moratorium reason of hardness's to find an external debt, to refund the capital and interests of external debt.While external debt is 10.6-milliard dollars end of 1990,it has been 12.2 milliard dollars, end of 1993. So, started to paces towards to market economy in Feb 1991. Annual inflation is reduced from 338.5 percent in 1991 to 79.4 percent in 1992.The debts of managements of state are ruined the budget and also a reason to broken balance on economy too.The crisis on foreign currency is occurred in Mar 1994. Reforms have been out of control at the result of that crisis.Leva is devaluated as 100 percent and inflation is reduced to 90 percent on annual average. At this parallel, financial and revenue politics, money and its value are controlled. The debts to foreign countries are decreased to 9.8 milliard dollars with precautions in 1994 and end of 1996.Financial balance are obtained again in the first months of 1995, reduced the inflation and also rate of interests to 72 percent.Rate of exchange (Leva/$) was 503 percent between Jan 1 and Feb 12,1997. Especially, that increasing was 20-percent/each day in Feb 1997.Rate of interest was 300 percent in Sep.1996. 14 Banks are bankrupted in that period. Bulgaria had been 1st of the world from inflation increasing speed of view.Inflation, devaluation, unemployment and also wages are on the lowest level in transition period in Bulgaria. Incoming per person is decreased 50 percent between 1989 and 1995.Annual criminal events are increased 3 times more after 1990. Money committee had formed by advice of IMF in Jul 1997. 1Deutsche Mark is indexed on 1 Leva.Qualified personnel with educationed on technical areas is a great potential force of Bulgarian economy.Bulgaria will be completed the transition period when it became to membership of European Union.