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Meta-Economics suggests a new approach to the study of economies. Having run the gauntlet from political to mathematical, statistical, and pictorial economy, the science seems to have exhausted the available .media ofexpresion. Moreover, the further it has advanced themore It seems to have removed itsclf from the possibility of comprehensive presentation. To convey once more a complete picture, it is suggested that .economics return to the source from which it carnephilosophy, integrating the subject not with itself but with its philosophic hinterland. A trend to this effect is indicated by the renewed attention paid by scholars to elementary concepts, and their analysis of these concepts not so much on an elementary as an advanced level. But this seems not enough. For concepts may be elementary in economics, and yet be themselves nothing but derivations oí more fundamental laws. As a result, deeper undérstandíng of economic concepts can only be gained if we go beyond economics-hence the term JHeta-Economicsinto the realm where its laws link up with those of physics, chemistry, or biology. In this manner it will not only be possible for the economist to discern the basic unity underlying all disciplines but he will also be able to return into his own field with principies which were previously hidden, but whose existence in economics may now be revealed as a result of analogous laws in other areas. Though no university seems as yet ready to offer Meta-Economics either as a special subjeet or as a special approach, the more the field is disintegrated under the impact of zoth Century specialization, the more imperative it becomes as a general approach. This is particularly so because, as in other areas of scientific endeavor, the greatest advanees at all times have also been accomplished by those whose search for likenesses transcending all differences has led them beyond the limiting -confines of their original subjects. Thus, men such as Aristotle, Leonardo da Vinci, Keppler, Goethe or Einstein, made their tremendous contributions to scientific advance as a result of their conviction that the laws governing different disciplines were fundamenta'lly nothing but variations of a single theme; and that recognition of the universal law would automaticaUy reveal the nature of all special laws. But even in economics, the greatest contributions have come not so much from economists laboriously accumulating evidence or translating it into mathematics, as from speculative philosophers whose creative intuition was stimulated by their interdisciplinary knowledge and led to those famous hunches and guesses which were destined to transform their field. Meta-Economics proposes to resurrect this approach in a time when conventional economícs. seems to have come to the end of the lineo ; Resumen en inglés.

The aim of this paper is based on analyzing the Costa Rican economy in the face of covid-19 pandemic. For that purpose, it starts from the fact that the health measures imposed by governments produce effects on the economy. Faced with this, some relevant indicators are set out, made by institutions like Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos or Costa Rica's Central Bank; and some measures implemented on Costa Rica and the United States. The paper uses secondary information available about national or international authors and institutions. Positions of Joseph Stiglitz, Amartya Sen and Mariana Mazzucato are briefly presented as well as some economic policy measures with a sustainable and equitable vision as an opportunity to improve the current conditions. ; El objetivo de este artículo se basa en analizar la economía costarricense ante la pandemia por covid-19. Para dicho propósito se parte de que las medidas sanitarias impuestas por los gobiernos tienen afectaciones en la economía. Ante esto, se exponen algunos indicadores relevantes, elaborados por instituciones como el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos o el Banco Central, y algunas medidas implementadas en Costa Rica y en Estados Unidos. El artículo utiliza información secundaria disponible de autores o instituciones nacionales e internacionales. Se presentan brevemente las posiciones de Joseph Stiglitz, Amartya Sen y Mariana Mazzucato, y algunas medidas de política económica con una visión sostenible y equitativa como oportunidad para mejorar las condiciones actuales.

Investigadors de l'Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA) de la UAB han publicat a la revista Ecological Economics un dossier especial -Social Metabolism, Ecological Distribution Conflicts, and Valuation Languages- que analitza les relacions entre l'economia ecològica i l'ecologia política, fruit de recerques realitzades a indrets on l'extracció de recursos naturals i la contaminació produeixen conflictes econòmics, ecològics, culturals i socials importants. ; Investigadors de l'Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA) de la UAB han publicat a la revista Ecological Economics un dossier especial - Social Metabolism, Ecological Distribution Conflicts, and Valuation Languages- que analitza les relacions entre l'economia ecològica i l'ecologia política, fruit de recerques realitzades a indrets on l'extracció de recursos naturals i la contaminació produeixen conflictes econòmics, ecològics, culturals i socials importants. ; Researchers from the UAB Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA) and other universities have published a special section in the journal Ecological Economics analysing the link between ecological economics and political ecology. This issue stems from the institute's research on impacts and resistance at "commodity frontiers", where extraction of natural resources and disposal of toxic wastes produce a range of economic, environmental, cultural and social conflicts.

In this article of theoretical reflection, the following hypothesis is defended: conventional economists seek to control rational behaviors and expected behaviors of individuals with predictable, routine choices devoid of tragic and radical choices. They are concerned with studying monotonous and probable fluctuations and omit the great turbulences (tragic and unlikely phenomena, that is, black swans) and focus on normalized individuals, that is, devoid of freedom, passions and morality. Addressing this discussion may have positive repercussion for economics teaching and research. ; En este artículo de reflexión teórica se defiende la siguiente hipótesis: los economistas convencionales buscan controlar las conductas racionales y los comportamientos esperados de individuos con escogencias previsibles, rutinarias y desprovistas de escogencias trágicas y radicales. Se ocupan de estudiar monótonas y probables fluctuaciones y omiten las grandes turbulencias (fenómenos trágicos y poco probables, es decir, cisnes negros) y se enfocan en individuos normalizados, esto es, desprovistos de libertad, de pasiones y de moralidad. El abordaje de esta discusión podrá tener repercusiones positivas para la enseñanza y la investigación de la economía.

One of the more fascinating themes of the present debate about the role of the state in international relations is represented by the concept of human security. This concept was first introduced in the Human Development Report published in 1994 by the UNDP as one of the five pillars of a new "people-centred world order". In my contribution i will present the salient traits of theories of human security and security governance that operate on the foundation of proposals for global security in the official documents by UN, UNDP, OSCE in order to interprete human security as a part of a wider neo-liberal governmentality, putting both individuals and collectivities "at work" in a search for an economic self-governance. ; Uno de los temas más fascinantes del presente debate acerca del papel del estado en las relaciones internacionales está representada por el concepto de la seguridad humana. Este concepto fue introducido por primera vez en el Informe sobre desarrollo Humano publicado por el UNDP en 1994 como uno de los cinco pilares de un nuevo "orden mundial centrado en las personas". En mi intervención voy a presentar los rasgos sobresalientes de las teorías de la seguridad humana y la gestión de la seguridad que operan sobre la base de las propuestas de la seguridad global en los documentos oficiales de la ONU, el UNDP y la OSCE, a fin de interpretar la seguridad humana como parte de un contexto más amplio de la gubernamentalidad neoliberal colocando tanto individuos y colectividades "en el trabajo" en una búsqueda de una auto-gobernanza económica.

[ENG] This work analyses the main research trends (subjects, methodology used, countries of the authors and data) in the economics of irrigation water during the last 10 years (2000-2009). For this purpose, a quantitative methodology has been used which is new to this sphere, based on the review of a representative sample of 332 papers published in the 15 most important journals focused on this field of science indexed in the databases of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), the Science Citation Index (SCI) and the Social Science Citation Index (SCCI). The results obtained confirm: a) the notable growth in the number of papers published, especially in the last three years, b) the high degree of collaboration between authors, including those of different origin, for their performance c) the prominence of the USA, Australia, India and Spain as the countries of the first authors and origin of the data, d) the greater attention given to subjects related with «investment project analysis», «production planning» and, especially, «production function and productivity of water», and e) the predominance of empirical studies that use basic analysis approaches (cost analysis, investment evaluation, etc.).[ESP] El presente trabajo analiza las principales tendencias de investigación (temáticas, metodologías utilizadas, países de los autores y de los datos) en economía del agua de riego en los últimos 10 años (2000-2009). Para ello, se ha utilizado una metodología cuantitativa, novedosa en este ámbito, basada en la revisión de una muestra representativa de 332 artículos publicados en las 15 revistas más importantes en este ámbito científico, indexadas en las bases de datos del Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), el Science Citation Index (SCI) y el Social Science Citation Index (SCCI). Los resultados obtenidos confirman: a) el notable crecimiento del número de artículos publicados, sobre todo, en los tres últimos años, b) la elevada colaboración entre los autores para su realización, incluso de diferente procedencia, c) el protagonismo de EEUU, Australia, India y España como países de los primeros autores y de procedencia de los datos, d) la mayor atención prestada a los temas relacionados con el «análisis de proyectos de inversión», la «planificación de la producción» y, especialmente, a las «funciones de producción y la productividad del agua», y e) el predominio de los trabajos empíricos que utilizan técnicas de análisis básicas (análisis de costes, evaluación de inversiones, etc.). ; The authors are in debt to the anonymous reviewers for their precise and useful comments and suggestions that led to significant improvements in the paper. The research was co-financed by the European Union through the project SIRRIMED (European project on Sustainable Use of Irrigation Water in the Mediterranean Region, FP7-KBBE-2009-3, No. 245159) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund through the research project SUSTENAGRI (Evaluación de la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrarios, AGL2009- 12553-C02-02).

Historia de la evolución de la famosa escuela de ciencias políticas y económicas, London School of Economics and Political Sciencie, centrándonos en las actividades puramente académicas desde su nacimiento, y en las labores llevadas a cabo por los sucesivos directores: W. A. Hewins, Halford J. Mackinder, W. Pember Reeves, Sir William Beveridge y A. M. Carr-Saunders. ; Ministerio Educación CIDE ; Biblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín, 5 - 3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; biblioteca@mecd.es ; ESP