The impact of the higher education policy on the development of human-centric innovation ecosystems is evaluated in this dissertation, thus addressing the need evolving to support the management and strategic use of human-centric innovation ecosystems to strengthen the competitiveness of the higher education sector. Empirically testing the relevance and correctness of the developed conceptual theoretical framework of human-centric innovation ecosystems as a strategic resource, suitably assesses human-centered type innovation through the human capital possessing higher education. Human-centric innovation ecosystem was evaluated qualitatively according to how it serves the purpose of the higher education sector as a strategic resource aligned with the objectives, missions and functions of its stakeholders and beneficiaries. This dissertation defends that: 1. Applying human-centric innovation ecosystems effects cooperation networks through the strategies developed; 2. Human-centric innovation ecosystems supports a harmonious ecosystem environment in the higher education sector; 3. Using human-centric innovation ecosystems makes visible qualitative tools to measure the tangible outcomes of the higher education sector contribution to innovation in the knowledge and commercial economies; 4. The quality assurance indicators set by the higher education sector for monitoring human-centric innovation ecosystem discloses its levels of input value to the knowledge and commercial economies.
The impact of the higher education policy on the development of human-centric innovation ecosystems is evaluated in this dissertation, thus addressing the need evolving to support the management and strategic use of human-centric innovation ecosystems to strengthen the competitiveness of the higher education sector. Empirically testing the relevance and correctness of the developed conceptual theoretical framework of human-centric innovation ecosystems as a strategic resource, suitably assesses human-centered type innovation through the human capital possessing higher education. Human-centric innovation ecosystem was evaluated qualitatively according to how it serves the purpose of the higher education sector as a strategic resource aligned with the objectives, missions and functions of its stakeholders and beneficiaries. This dissertation defends that: 1. Applying human-centric innovation ecosystems effects cooperation networks through the strategies developed; 2. Human-centric innovation ecosystems supports a harmonious ecosystem environment in the higher education sector; 3. Using human-centric innovation ecosystems makes visible qualitative tools to measure the tangible outcomes of the higher education sector contribution to innovation in the knowledge and commercial economies; 4. The quality assurance indicators set by the higher education sector for monitoring human-centric innovation ecosystem discloses its levels of input value to the knowledge and commercial economies.
Summary Juridicial regulation over (of) private forests usage, management and protection Private forests are bliss for soul and wealth as well. They "control" humidity balance of the atmosphere and are named lungs of the planet not without necessity- they absorb carbon dioxide and enrich the air with oxygen. The forests also are source of resuming energy. They provides not only wood, but unfailing reserves for the rest and morale blessing as well. Juridistical regulation of the private forests clearing and usage persists the one of the main instruments of the forestry politics, supporting secure realization of society interests in the national forests owned by proprietorship right and also supporting conserve of these forests for the generations yet unborn. Forests must be exploiting under the statutes and other law acts, which regulates forest usage, clearing and security, also protect them from harmful action and results. Forest is special proprietorship object in possession of importance to the all society, atmosphere and other vital factors of planet being. The main problems of forestry today are to keep biodiversity of the forests, their productivity, succession, potential of regenerative, vitality and potential today and in the future to do ecological, economical and social functions in the local, national and general level without detriment to other ecosystems.
Summary Juridicial regulation over (of) private forests usage, management and protection Private forests are bliss for soul and wealth as well. They "control" humidity balance of the atmosphere and are named lungs of the planet not without necessity- they absorb carbon dioxide and enrich the air with oxygen. The forests also are source of resuming energy. They provides not only wood, but unfailing reserves for the rest and morale blessing as well. Juridistical regulation of the private forests clearing and usage persists the one of the main instruments of the forestry politics, supporting secure realization of society interests in the national forests owned by proprietorship right and also supporting conserve of these forests for the generations yet unborn. Forests must be exploiting under the statutes and other law acts, which regulates forest usage, clearing and security, also protect them from harmful action and results. Forest is special proprietorship object in possession of importance to the all society, atmosphere and other vital factors of planet being. The main problems of forestry today are to keep biodiversity of the forests, their productivity, succession, potential of regenerative, vitality and potential today and in the future to do ecological, economical and social functions in the local, national and general level without detriment to other ecosystems.
The key goal of this work is to identify the main problems and their causes in prevention of safety of the surface water in the Venta River Basin District. The whole territory of Lithuania is divided by four River Basin Districts as specified by Water framework directive. In order to manage the water bodies in a right manner as a first step it is needed to establish the main problems related to the water resources. For this reason to answer the key questions the data acquired within multiple years of governmental monitoring has been accumulated and analyzed. By using Geographic Information Systems the main factors of water pollution were estimated; the effect of hydroelectric power stations and very modified water bodies on water ecosystems, also the problems mentioned in the questionnaires provided by the local municipalities were evaluated. Discussion about risk water bodies and causes of their ascription to this group takes place in this final master work. Furthermore, it was estimated, why water state in observed water bodies is so poor. The funding of this work was that the quality of the surface waters in a high degree is related to the waterworks systems which are not operated by the regulated norms, which are governed by the legal acts of Lithuania Republic. Almost in every water body downstream such waterworks systems water quality has been especially poor. Also the condition of water bodies is related to the territories used by the agricultural needs but it is more difficult to establish its direct effects in these cases. After assessment of problems mentioned in the questionnaires about implemented or planning of implementation (till 2015 year) water management, environment and other projects/programmes, provided by the local municipalities, was identified, that the most important place undertakes problems with water pollution in majority of municipalities. Considering all problems which were mentioned in this work it is possibility to start implementation of water management projects in case to achieve good water quality until 2015 year as specified by Water Framework Directive.
The key goal of this work is to identify the main problems and their causes in prevention of safety of the surface water in the Venta River Basin District. The whole territory of Lithuania is divided by four River Basin Districts as specified by Water framework directive. In order to manage the water bodies in a right manner as a first step it is needed to establish the main problems related to the water resources. For this reason to answer the key questions the data acquired within multiple years of governmental monitoring has been accumulated and analyzed. By using Geographic Information Systems the main factors of water pollution were estimated; the effect of hydroelectric power stations and very modified water bodies on water ecosystems, also the problems mentioned in the questionnaires provided by the local municipalities were evaluated. Discussion about risk water bodies and causes of their ascription to this group takes place in this final master work. Furthermore, it was estimated, why water state in observed water bodies is so poor. The funding of this work was that the quality of the surface waters in a high degree is related to the waterworks systems which are not operated by the regulated norms, which are governed by the legal acts of Lithuania Republic. Almost in every water body downstream such waterworks systems water quality has been especially poor. Also the condition of water bodies is related to the territories used by the agricultural needs but it is more difficult to establish its direct effects in these cases. After assessment of problems mentioned in the questionnaires about implemented or planning of implementation (till 2015 year) water management, environment and other projects/programmes, provided by the local municipalities, was identified, that the most important place undertakes problems with water pollution in majority of municipalities. Considering all problems which were mentioned in this work it is possibility to start implementation of water management projects in case to achieve good water quality until 2015 year as specified by Water Framework Directive.
According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is becoming increasingly popular around the world and Portugal is one of those popular countries, where 3.7 million of tourists visited in 2016 and it is 3.9% more than in 2015. There is no doubt that tourism has significant economic benefits and usually it is the main economic driver of regions. Algarve region is precisely the place, where abandonment of tourism would make the majority of population unemployed and the region would suffer from an economic downturn, and therefore maintaining and developing tourism is vitally important. Despite economic benefits of tourism, researchers have found that large tourist flows strongly affect ecosystems, destroy natural landscape, cause habitat fragmentation and also have a negative social and cultural impact. The question of the conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities is of increasing concern. Conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities are the questions which are of great concern. Unfortunately, tourism growth has not been sufficiently organized, accurately planned and predicted long-term future forecasts. In addition, climate change has a major impact on the coast, and also on tourism and one of the most aggressive consequences is sea level rising, resulting in reduction of sandy beach carrying capacity and intensified coastal erosion. More and more legislation is being issued globally and at European level with countries committing to develop sustainable coastal management aimed at preserving ecosystems and reducing climate change. However, researches have found that there are many barriers to meeting those targets. Portugal is one of those countries where integrated coastal management is not fully implemented due to certain obstacles. In face of negative effects of tourism and the threats of climate change, it is necessary to assess the present quality of the beaches and to identify priorities for sustainable beach management. Objective – to assess the quality of coastal zones and tourism and to identify priorities and measures to improve sustainable tourism management. Object – four different types of beaches in Algarve region, Portugal: urban beach "Praia dos Pescadores", resort "Praia de Santa Eulalia", rural "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" beach and remote "Praia de Falesia" beach. The methodology for assessing beach quality and management priorities has been compiled and comprised of three methods: initial SWOT analysis, which evaluates the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. Following BARE (Bath Area Registration and Evalaution) analysis, which evaluates five parameters of each beach (safety, water quality, litter, landscape and facilities). For obtaining quantitive data, 50 questionnaires at each beach are conducted in order to get objective opinion of beach users. A detailed analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which assessed: the current coastal situation on coasts of Algarve region; an overview of the implementation of sustainable coastal development strategies in Portugal, as well as an overview of the legal acts applicable to coastal protection and the implementation of sustainable development strategies; researches and the most commonly used methodologies for assessing beach quality. SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, increasingly coastal urbanization, ecosystem and dunes degradation, coastal erosion and reduced beach carrying capacity due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. After followed the evaluation of the beach quality by using Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), where "Praia dos Pescadores", "Praia de Santa Eulalia" and "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" obtained three-star ratings and Praia de Falesia site obtained four-star rating. The quantitative research data obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and respondents expressed the need for public toilets, showers, trails and broadwalks, garbage facilities, renewable energy, clean sand and vegetation health. The average age of respondents was 47,7 years and the majority (85%) were international tourists. After conducting SWOT, BARE and beach user questionnaires, one of conclusions was done that solar panel system need to be installed on beach objects. It was calculated that solar panel system on restaurant in urban beach (with government support (50%)) would cost 11 361 Eur and would pay off within 5 years, while calculations for the restaurant in resort showed that price of solar panel system would be 13 773 Eur and would pay off within 6 years. The paper presents recommendations for beach managers and municipalities: pay more attention to raising public education and awareness, combine beach nourishment with maritime structures, control urbanization on the coast by releasing a minimum distance law, set up wooden stairs and paths for tourists to walk, use solar energy in ships / restaurants, restrict light use during the night, integrate biofilic design into the interior and exterior of buildings, enter beach entry fees and fees for toilets and showers usage, use advertisements for waste prevention, recruite officers of dog control, plant shrubs and trees on beaches / slopes, increase cooperation with stakeholders.
According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is becoming increasingly popular around the world and Portugal is one of those popular countries, where 3.7 million of tourists visited in 2016 and it is 3.9% more than in 2015. There is no doubt that tourism has significant economic benefits and usually it is the main economic driver of regions. Algarve region is precisely the place, where abandonment of tourism would make the majority of population unemployed and the region would suffer from an economic downturn, and therefore maintaining and developing tourism is vitally important. Despite economic benefits of tourism, researchers have found that large tourist flows strongly affect ecosystems, destroy natural landscape, cause habitat fragmentation and also have a negative social and cultural impact. The question of the conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities is of increasing concern. Conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities are the questions which are of great concern. Unfortunately, tourism growth has not been sufficiently organized, accurately planned and predicted long-term future forecasts. In addition, climate change has a major impact on the coast, and also on tourism and one of the most aggressive consequences is sea level rising, resulting in reduction of sandy beach carrying capacity and intensified coastal erosion. More and more legislation is being issued globally and at European level with countries committing to develop sustainable coastal management aimed at preserving ecosystems and reducing climate change. However, researches have found that there are many barriers to meeting those targets. Portugal is one of those countries where integrated coastal management is not fully implemented due to certain obstacles. In face of negative effects of tourism and the threats of climate change, it is necessary to assess the present quality of the beaches and to identify priorities for sustainable beach management. Objective – to assess the quality of coastal zones and tourism and to identify priorities and measures to improve sustainable tourism management. Object – four different types of beaches in Algarve region, Portugal: urban beach "Praia dos Pescadores", resort "Praia de Santa Eulalia", rural "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" beach and remote "Praia de Falesia" beach. The methodology for assessing beach quality and management priorities has been compiled and comprised of three methods: initial SWOT analysis, which evaluates the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. Following BARE (Bath Area Registration and Evalaution) analysis, which evaluates five parameters of each beach (safety, water quality, litter, landscape and facilities). For obtaining quantitive data, 50 questionnaires at each beach are conducted in order to get objective opinion of beach users. A detailed analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which assessed: the current coastal situation on coasts of Algarve region; an overview of the implementation of sustainable coastal development strategies in Portugal, as well as an overview of the legal acts applicable to coastal protection and the implementation of sustainable development strategies; researches and the most commonly used methodologies for assessing beach quality. SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, increasingly coastal urbanization, ecosystem and dunes degradation, coastal erosion and reduced beach carrying capacity due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. After followed the evaluation of the beach quality by using Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), where "Praia dos Pescadores", "Praia de Santa Eulalia" and "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" obtained three-star ratings and Praia de Falesia site obtained four-star rating. The quantitative research data obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and respondents expressed the need for public toilets, showers, trails and broadwalks, garbage facilities, renewable energy, clean sand and vegetation health. The average age of respondents was 47,7 years and the majority (85%) were international tourists. After conducting SWOT, BARE and beach user questionnaires, one of conclusions was done that solar panel system need to be installed on beach objects. It was calculated that solar panel system on restaurant in urban beach (with government support (50%)) would cost 11 361 Eur and would pay off within 5 years, while calculations for the restaurant in resort showed that price of solar panel system would be 13 773 Eur and would pay off within 6 years. The paper presents recommendations for beach managers and municipalities: pay more attention to raising public education and awareness, combine beach nourishment with maritime structures, control urbanization on the coast by releasing a minimum distance law, set up wooden stairs and paths for tourists to walk, use solar energy in ships / restaurants, restrict light use during the night, integrate biofilic design into the interior and exterior of buildings, enter beach entry fees and fees for toilets and showers usage, use advertisements for waste prevention, recruite officers of dog control, plant shrubs and trees on beaches / slopes, increase cooperation with stakeholders.
According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is becoming increasingly popular around the world and Portugal is one of those popular countries, where 3.7 million of tourists visited in 2016 and it is 3.9% more than in 2015. There is no doubt that tourism has significant economic benefits and usually it is the main economic driver of regions. Algarve region is precisely the place, where abandonment of tourism would make the majority of population unemployed and the region would suffer from an economic downturn, and therefore maintaining and developing tourism is vitally important. Despite economic benefits of tourism, researchers have found that large tourist flows strongly affect ecosystems, destroy natural landscape, cause habitat fragmentation and also have a negative social and cultural impact. The question of the conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities is of increasing concern. Conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities are the questions which are of great concern. Unfortunately, tourism growth has not been sufficiently organized, accurately planned and predicted long-term future forecasts. In addition, climate change has a major impact on the coast, and also on tourism and one of the most aggressive consequences is sea level rising, resulting in reduction of sandy beach carrying capacity and intensified coastal erosion. More and more legislation is being issued globally and at European level with countries committing to develop sustainable coastal management aimed at preserving ecosystems and reducing climate change. However, researches have found that there are many barriers to meeting those targets. Portugal is one of those countries where integrated coastal management is not fully implemented due to certain obstacles. In face of negative effects of tourism and the threats of climate change, it is necessary to assess the present quality of the beaches and to identify priorities for sustainable beach management. Objective – to assess the quality of coastal zones and tourism and to identify priorities and measures to improve sustainable tourism management. Object – four different types of beaches in Algarve region, Portugal: urban beach "Praia dos Pescadores", resort "Praia de Santa Eulalia", rural "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" beach and remote "Praia de Falesia" beach. The methodology for assessing beach quality and management priorities has been compiled and comprised of three methods: initial SWOT analysis, which evaluates the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. Following BARE (Bath Area Registration and Evalaution) analysis, which evaluates five parameters of each beach (safety, water quality, litter, landscape and facilities). For obtaining quantitive data, 50 questionnaires at each beach are conducted in order to get objective opinion of beach users. A detailed analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which assessed: the current coastal situation on coasts of Algarve region; an overview of the implementation of sustainable coastal development strategies in Portugal, as well as an overview of the legal acts applicable to coastal protection and the implementation of sustainable development strategies; researches and the most commonly used methodologies for assessing beach quality. SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, increasingly coastal urbanization, ecosystem and dunes degradation, coastal erosion and reduced beach carrying capacity due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. After followed the evaluation of the beach quality by using Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), where "Praia dos Pescadores", "Praia de Santa Eulalia" and "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" obtained three-star ratings and Praia de Falesia site obtained four-star rating. The quantitative research data obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and respondents expressed the need for public toilets, showers, trails and broadwalks, garbage facilities, renewable energy, clean sand and vegetation health. The average age of respondents was 47,7 years and the majority (85%) were international tourists. After conducting SWOT, BARE and beach user questionnaires, one of conclusions was done that solar panel system need to be installed on beach objects. It was calculated that solar panel system on restaurant in urban beach (with government support (50%)) would cost 11 361 Eur and would pay off within 5 years, while calculations for the restaurant in resort showed that price of solar panel system would be 13 773 Eur and would pay off within 6 years. The paper presents recommendations for beach managers and municipalities: pay more attention to raising public education and awareness, combine beach nourishment with maritime structures, control urbanization on the coast by releasing a minimum distance law, set up wooden stairs and paths for tourists to walk, use solar energy in ships / restaurants, restrict light use during the night, integrate biofilic design into the interior and exterior of buildings, enter beach entry fees and fees for toilets and showers usage, use advertisements for waste prevention, recruite officers of dog control, plant shrubs and trees on beaches / slopes, increase cooperation with stakeholders.
According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is becoming increasingly popular around the world and Portugal is one of those popular countries, where 3.7 million of tourists visited in 2016 and it is 3.9% more than in 2015. There is no doubt that tourism has significant economic benefits and usually it is the main economic driver of regions. Algarve region is precisely the place, where abandonment of tourism would make the majority of population unemployed and the region would suffer from an economic downturn, and therefore maintaining and developing tourism is vitally important. Despite economic benefits of tourism, researchers have found that large tourist flows strongly affect ecosystems, destroy natural landscape, cause habitat fragmentation and also have a negative social and cultural impact. The question of the conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities is of increasing concern. Conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities are the questions which are of great concern. Unfortunately, tourism growth has not been sufficiently organized, accurately planned and predicted long-term future forecasts. In addition, climate change has a major impact on the coast, and also on tourism and one of the most aggressive consequences is sea level rising, resulting in reduction of sandy beach carrying capacity and intensified coastal erosion. More and more legislation is being issued globally and at European level with countries committing to develop sustainable coastal management aimed at preserving ecosystems and reducing climate change. However, researches have found that there are many barriers to meeting those targets. Portugal is one of those countries where integrated coastal management is not fully implemented due to certain obstacles. In face of negative effects of tourism and the threats of climate change, it is necessary to assess the present quality of the beaches and to identify priorities for sustainable beach management. Objective – to assess the quality of coastal zones and tourism and to identify priorities and measures to improve sustainable tourism management. Object – four different types of beaches in Algarve region, Portugal: urban beach "Praia dos Pescadores", resort "Praia de Santa Eulalia", rural "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" beach and remote "Praia de Falesia" beach. The methodology for assessing beach quality and management priorities has been compiled and comprised of three methods: initial SWOT analysis, which evaluates the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. Following BARE (Bath Area Registration and Evalaution) analysis, which evaluates five parameters of each beach (safety, water quality, litter, landscape and facilities). For obtaining quantitive data, 50 questionnaires at each beach are conducted in order to get objective opinion of beach users. A detailed analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which assessed: the current coastal situation on coasts of Algarve region; an overview of the implementation of sustainable coastal development strategies in Portugal, as well as an overview of the legal acts applicable to coastal protection and the implementation of sustainable development strategies; researches and the most commonly used methodologies for assessing beach quality. SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, increasingly coastal urbanization, ecosystem and dunes degradation, coastal erosion and reduced beach carrying capacity due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. After followed the evaluation of the beach quality by using Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), where "Praia dos Pescadores", "Praia de Santa Eulalia" and "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" obtained three-star ratings and Praia de Falesia site obtained four-star rating. The quantitative research data obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and respondents expressed the need for public toilets, showers, trails and broadwalks, garbage facilities, renewable energy, clean sand and vegetation health. The average age of respondents was 47,7 years and the majority (85%) were international tourists. After conducting SWOT, BARE and beach user questionnaires, one of conclusions was done that solar panel system need to be installed on beach objects. It was calculated that solar panel system on restaurant in urban beach (with government support (50%)) would cost 11 361 Eur and would pay off within 5 years, while calculations for the restaurant in resort showed that price of solar panel system would be 13 773 Eur and would pay off within 6 years. The paper presents recommendations for beach managers and municipalities: pay more attention to raising public education and awareness, combine beach nourishment with maritime structures, control urbanization on the coast by releasing a minimum distance law, set up wooden stairs and paths for tourists to walk, use solar energy in ships / restaurants, restrict light use during the night, integrate biofilic design into the interior and exterior of buildings, enter beach entry fees and fees for toilets and showers usage, use advertisements for waste prevention, recruite officers of dog control, plant shrubs and trees on beaches / slopes, increase cooperation with stakeholders.
Climate change is caused by global warming, an increase in the average air temperature of the world. Continued warming can harm the economy of certain regions and damage ecosystems. The adoption of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 was a major step forward in tackling the problem of global warming. Yet as greenhouse gas emission levels continued to rise around the world, it became increasingly evident that only a firm and binding commitment by developed countries to reduce emissions could solve the problem of climate change. The Kyoto Protocol of the UNFCCC was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997. The major distinction between the two, however, is that while the UNFCCC encouraged developed countries to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions, the Protocol commits them to do so. The Protocol requires developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions below levels specified for each of them in the Treaty. These targets must be met within a five-year time frame between 2008 and 2012, and add up to a total cut in greenhouse gas emissions of at least 5 % against the baseline of 1990. In order to give Parties a certain degree of flexibility in meeting their emission reduction targets, the Protocol developed three innovative mechanisms - known as Emissions Trading, Joint Implementation (JI) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The detailed rules for its implementation were adopted in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the "Marrakesh Accords." The European Union is a part to the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol. The EU has put legislation and policies in place to meet their commitments to cut greenhouse gas emissions at 8 % against the baseline of 1990 and has created The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme - the first carbon market in the world. The EU is a leading regional organisation in fighting the climate change. Also it is implementing a number of domestic legal instruments, such as green certificate system. Lithuania as the EU member state has ratified the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol, and has transposed the EU directives regarding the greenhouse gas emission reduction regime and the trade of emissions credits. However Lithuania has failed to fully implement the legislation mentioned above. The Climate Change Law, which is believed to establish thorough legal regulation of climate change management, is being drafted.
Climate change is caused by global warming, an increase in the average air temperature of the world. Continued warming can harm the economy of certain regions and damage ecosystems. The adoption of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 was a major step forward in tackling the problem of global warming. Yet as greenhouse gas emission levels continued to rise around the world, it became increasingly evident that only a firm and binding commitment by developed countries to reduce emissions could solve the problem of climate change. The Kyoto Protocol of the UNFCCC was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997. The major distinction between the two, however, is that while the UNFCCC encouraged developed countries to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions, the Protocol commits them to do so. The Protocol requires developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions below levels specified for each of them in the Treaty. These targets must be met within a five-year time frame between 2008 and 2012, and add up to a total cut in greenhouse gas emissions of at least 5 % against the baseline of 1990. In order to give Parties a certain degree of flexibility in meeting their emission reduction targets, the Protocol developed three innovative mechanisms - known as Emissions Trading, Joint Implementation (JI) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The detailed rules for its implementation were adopted in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the "Marrakesh Accords." The European Union is a part to the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol. The EU has put legislation and policies in place to meet their commitments to cut greenhouse gas emissions at 8 % against the baseline of 1990 and has created The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme - the first carbon market in the world. The EU is a leading regional organisation in fighting the climate change. Also it is implementing a number of domestic legal instruments, such as green certificate system. Lithuania as the EU member state has ratified the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol, and has transposed the EU directives regarding the greenhouse gas emission reduction regime and the trade of emissions credits. However Lithuania has failed to fully implement the legislation mentioned above. The Climate Change Law, which is believed to establish thorough legal regulation of climate change management, is being drafted.
Climate change is caused by global warming, an increase in the average air temperature of the world. Continued warming can harm the economy of certain regions and damage ecosystems. The adoption of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 was a major step forward in tackling the problem of global warming. Yet as greenhouse gas emission levels continued to rise around the world, it became increasingly evident that only a firm and binding commitment by developed countries to reduce emissions could solve the problem of climate change. The Kyoto Protocol of the UNFCCC was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997. The major distinction between the two, however, is that while the UNFCCC encouraged developed countries to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions, the Protocol commits them to do so. The Protocol requires developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions below levels specified for each of them in the Treaty. These targets must be met within a five-year time frame between 2008 and 2012, and add up to a total cut in greenhouse gas emissions of at least 5 % against the baseline of 1990. In order to give Parties a certain degree of flexibility in meeting their emission reduction targets, the Protocol developed three innovative mechanisms - known as Emissions Trading, Joint Implementation (JI) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The detailed rules for its implementation were adopted in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the "Marrakesh Accords." The European Union is a part to the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol. The EU has put legislation and policies in place to meet their commitments to cut greenhouse gas emissions at 8 % against the baseline of 1990 and has created The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme - the first carbon market in the world. The EU is a leading regional organisation in fighting the climate change. Also it is implementing a number of domestic legal instruments, such as green certificate system. Lithuania as the EU member state has ratified the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol, and has transposed the EU directives regarding the greenhouse gas emission reduction regime and the trade of emissions credits. However Lithuania has failed to fully implement the legislation mentioned above. The Climate Change Law, which is believed to establish thorough legal regulation of climate change management, is being drafted.
Climate change is caused by global warming, an increase in the average air temperature of the world. Continued warming can harm the economy of certain regions and damage ecosystems. The adoption of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 was a major step forward in tackling the problem of global warming. Yet as greenhouse gas emission levels continued to rise around the world, it became increasingly evident that only a firm and binding commitment by developed countries to reduce emissions could solve the problem of climate change. The Kyoto Protocol of the UNFCCC was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997. The major distinction between the two, however, is that while the UNFCCC encouraged developed countries to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions, the Protocol commits them to do so. The Protocol requires developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions below levels specified for each of them in the Treaty. These targets must be met within a five-year time frame between 2008 and 2012, and add up to a total cut in greenhouse gas emissions of at least 5 % against the baseline of 1990. In order to give Parties a certain degree of flexibility in meeting their emission reduction targets, the Protocol developed three innovative mechanisms - known as Emissions Trading, Joint Implementation (JI) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The detailed rules for its implementation were adopted in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the "Marrakesh Accords." The European Union is a part to the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol. The EU has put legislation and policies in place to meet their commitments to cut greenhouse gas emissions at 8 % against the baseline of 1990 and has created The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme - the first carbon market in the world. The EU is a leading regional organisation in fighting the climate change. Also it is implementing a number of domestic legal instruments, such as green certificate system. Lithuania as the EU member state has ratified the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol, and has transposed the EU directives regarding the greenhouse gas emission reduction regime and the trade of emissions credits. However Lithuania has failed to fully implement the legislation mentioned above. The Climate Change Law, which is believed to establish thorough legal regulation of climate change management, is being drafted.
The dissertation investigates issues related with the assessment of impact of agri-environmental measures on agricultural sector in absence of theoretical foundation for addressing the practical problem of matching between private economic and public policy interests. The aim of the research is to create and approve the methodology for assessing the impact of agri-environmental measures on agricultural sector. The area of application of the prepared methodology and the developed model is simulations of agricultural policy. The prepared model may also be used as a practical and methodical tool. The dissertation addresses the following key objectives: having analysed the scientific literature, to pursue the most appropriate methods for the methodology for assessing the impact of agri-environmental measures, to create the methodology for assessing the impact of agri-environmental, based on neoclassical theories of microeconomics and economy of ecosystems mathematical programming model, and validate it empirically under the conditions of Lithuania, to carry out sensitivity analysis by using different scenarios, to prepare recommendations for the improvement of agri-environmental measures aimed at contributing to the sustainable development of the agricultural sector in Lithuania. The dissertation consists of the introduction, three chapters, general conclusions, references and the list of scientific publications on the topic of the dissertation. The introduction presents the problem, relevance of the topic, describes the object, formulates the aim and objectives of the re-search, describes the research methodology, highlights the scientific novelty, practical value, significance of the results and statements to be defended. Scientific publications of the author and presentations at conferences on the topic of the dissertation, and the structure of the thesis are presented at the end of the introduction. The first chapter reveals the matter of agri-environmental measures, theoretical assumptions of their introduction, historical and political developments in the European Union and Lithuania, discussing the impact of agri-environmental measures on agricultural sector, and impact assessment methods. The second chapter offers the methodology of impact assessment of agri-environmental measures on agricultural sector, highlights problems, evaluates the effectiveness of compensatory payments and the benefit for the public interest. Describes the developed mathematical programming model, presents its structure, modeling assumptions, verification and modeled scenarios. The third chapter presents the analysis and evaluation of the modeled scenarios. The author has published one scientific study and three scientific articles on the topic of the dissertation, made three presentations at scientific conferences in Lithuania and one presentation abroad.
