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This long-anticipated reference and sourcebook for California's remarkable ecological abundance provides an integrated assessment of each major ecosystem type-its distribution, structure, function, and management. A comprehensive synthesis of our knowledge about this biologically diverse state, Ecosystems of California covers the state from oceans to mountaintops using multiple lenses: past and present, flora and fauna, aquatic and terrestrial, natural and managed. Each chapter evaluates natural processes for a specific ecosystem, describes drivers of change, and discusses how that ecosystem may be altered in the future. This book also explores the drivers of California's ecological patterns and the history of the state's various ecosystems, outlining how the challenges of climate change and invasive species and opportunities for regulation and stewardship could potentially affect the state's ecosystems. The text explicitly incorporates both human impacts and conservation and restoration efforts and shows how ecosystems support human well-being. Edited by two esteemed ecosystem ecologists and with overviews by leading experts on each ecosystem, this definitive work will be indispensable for natural resource management and conservation professionals as well as for undergraduate or graduate students of California's environment and curious naturalists

21.3. Wetlands For FisheriesChapter 22 Watershed Forestry; Chapter 23 Managing Ecosystems for Tourism; 23.1. Natural Resources; 23.2. Pollution; Chapter 24 Ecosystem Resilience and Disaster Mitigation; 24.1. Factors Affecting Ecosystem Resilience; 24.2. Approaches to Disaster Mitigation; Chapter 25 Floods; 25.1. Types of Floods; 25.2. Major Floods in the History of Mankind; Chapter 26 Landslides; 26.1. Causes of Landslide; Chapter 27 Surges and Storms; 27.1. Major Historical Storm Surges In The World; Chapter 28 Fire; 28.1. Fire Ecology; 28.2. Causes of Fire

For several years there has been a growing interest in understanding the dynamics of parasites in ecosystems, as well as the diversity of ways in which they influence ecosystem functioning through their effects on host populations and communities. Ecologists, epidemiologists, evolutionary biologists, and other scientists are increasingly coming to realise that parasites must be taken into account when studying ecosystems. Parasitism and Ecosystems summarizescurrent knowledge on this topic, providing a comprehensive overview for researchers and students. It represents the first synthesis of both the roles and the consequences of pathogens in ecosystems, utilising well-documented case-studies to illustrate the main issues as well as identifying prospects forfuture research.

This book explains what an ecosystem is and how the plants and animals within an ecosystem rely on and affect the ecosystem's existence. Different types of ecosystems are described, as well as the food webs within them. Through its presentation of how some changes to an ecosystem can be good while others are harmful, students discover the important role they can play in keeping ecosystems alive and well.

"This long-anticipated reference and sourcebook for California's remarkable ecological abundance provides an integrated assessment of each major ecosystem type--its distribution, structure, function, and management. A comprehensive synthesis of our knowledge about this biologically diverse state, this book covers the state's oceans to mountaintops using multiple lenses: past and present, flora and fauna, aquatic and terrestrial, natural and managed. Each chapter evaluates natural processes for a specific ecosystem, describes drivers of change, and discusses how that ecosystem may be altered in the future. This book also explores the drivers of California's ecological patterns and the history of the state's various ecosystems, outlining how the challenges of climate change and invasive species and opportunities for regulation and stewardship could potentially affect the state's ecosystems. The text explicitly incorporates both human impacts and conservation and restoration efforts and shows how ecosystems support human well-being. Edited by two esteemed ecosystem ecologists and with overviews by leading experts on each ecosystem, this definitive work will be indispensable for natural resource management and conservation professionals as well as for undergraduate or graduate students of California's environment and curious naturalists"--Provided by publisher

Intro -- Biomes and Ecosystems - Volume 1 -- Contents -- Publisher's Note -- About the Editors -- Introduction -- Topic Finder -- List of Contributors -- Illustrations -- Marine and Oceanic Biome / Great Barrier Reef -- Inland Aquatic Biome / New England Pond -- Desert Biome / Sonoran Desert -- Forest Biome / European Boreal Forest -- Rainforest Biome / Amazon Basin Rainforest -- Grassland Biome / African Savanna -- Tundra Biome / Siberian Tundra -- Human (Anthropogenic) Biome / American Suburb -- Marine and Oceanic Biomes -- Coastal Seas -- Coastal Wetlands -- Continental Shelves -- Coral Reefs and Seagrass Beds -- Estuaries, Bays, Lagoons, and Coastal Rivers -- High Latitude Oceanic Regions -- Intertidal Zones -- Tropical and Subtropical Oceanic Regions -- Upwelling Ecosystems -- Inland Aquatic Biomes -- Freshwater Lakes -- Great Lakes -- Ponds -- Rivers -- Saline Lakes -- Streams -- Wetlands -- Desert Biomes -- Coastal Deserts -- Mid-Latitude Deserts -- Paleodeserts -- Polar Deserts -- Rain Shadow Deserts -- Trade Wind Deserts -- Forest Biomes -- Boreal Forests and Taiga -- Mediterranean Forests -- Montane Forests -- Plantation Forests -- Subtropical Forests -- Temperate Coniferous Forests -- Temperate Deciduous Forests -- Tropical Rainforests -- Tropical Seasonal Forests -- Grassland,Tundra, and Human Biomes -- Agroecosystems -- Montane Meadows -- Pasture Lands -- Temperate Grasslands -- Tropical and Subtropical Grasslands -- Tropical Savannas -- Tundra Ecosystems -- Urban and Suburban Systems -- Biomes and Ecosystems - Volume 2 -- Contents -- Acacia-Commiphora Bushlands and Thickets -- Acadia Intertidal Zones -- Ad Dahna Desert -- Aden, Gulf of -- Adriatic Sea -- Aegean Sea -- Alaska Peninsula Montane Taiga -- Albemarle-Pamlico Sound -- Albert, Lake (Africa) -- Albertine Rift Montane Forests -- Aldabra Atoll -- Allegheny Highlands Forests.

"Cover " -- "Half Title " -- "Title Page " -- "Copyright Page " -- "The Editors" -- "Contributors" -- "Preface" -- "Table of Contents " -- "PART ONE: IMPACT OF MULTIPLE STRESSES ON ECOSYSTEMS" -- "Chapter 1: Evaluation and Impact of Multiple-Stressors on Ecosystems: Three Classic Case Histories" -- "Chapter 2: Extrapolation and Scaling in Ecotoxicology" -- "Chapter 3: A Framework for Evaluating Organism Responses to Multiple Stressors: Mechanisms of Effect and Importance of Modifying Ecological Factors" -- "Chapter 4: Forest Ecosystems and Air Pollution: The Importance of Multiple Stress Interactions on a Regional and Global Scale" -- "Chapter 5: Multiple Environmental Stresses on the Fragile Lake Tahoe Ecosystem" -- "PART TWO: ESTABLISHING THE HEALTH OF ECOSYSTEMS" -- "Chapter 6: Ecosystem Health: Some Perspectives" -- "Chapter 7: Physiology and Ecological Health" -- "Chapter 8: Biomarkers: Are There Linkages to Ecological Effects?" -- "Chapter 9: Establishing the Health of Ecosystems" -- "Chapter 10: Establishing the Health of Ecosystems: The Role of Risk Assessment" -- "Chapter 11: Stressors in the Marine Environment" -- "Chapter 12: An Attempt to Explain Ecological Health with a Metaphor" -- "Chapter 13: Future Directions for Ecotoxicological Methods" -- "PART THREE: FUTURE METHODS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY" -- "Chapter 14: Development and Application of Immunoassays for Biological and Environmental Monitoring" -- "Chapter 15: Using Surface Probe Localized 31P NMR Spectroscopy to Understand Sublethal Environmental Actions

During February 2000, the Churchill Northern Studies Centre hosted the Fourth Circumpolar Ecosystems Conference and Workshop. ., the objective of the Circumpolar Ecosystems meeting was to bring together Northerners and scientists to exchange information and discuss relevant options for sharing indigenous knowledge and scientific research. This has been done in the traditional winter environment that dominates northern processes and lifestyles. A number of themes were developed at the meeting. One theme was adaptation to the changing climate. Although in general the ongoing warming has brought a decline in the period of annual snow and ice cover, the timing of seasons has become unpredictable. Changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation have been associated with a greater input of contaminants from southern latitudes, which is a major cause of concern. Another theme was that the approach to the coastal marine environments must be consolidated. For example, aspects of the Hudson Bay ecosystem involve the jurisdictions of three provinces and one territory, as well as aboriginal, federal, and international jurisdictions. It was suggested that a cooperative framework is needed in approaching systems like that of Hudson Bay. The final theme was that we need strong north-south communication and the establishment of a comprehensive northern ecological monitoring and assessment network in support of the issues relating to the other themes. The discussions relating specifically to Hudson Bay have been published by the Churchill Northern Studies Centre (2000) as a report entitled "Addressing Climate Change in Hudson Bay: An Integrated Approach." .

Part I: Introduction -- 1. Mesophotic coral ecosystems: Introduction and Overview -- Part II: Regional Variation in Mesophotic Corarl Ecosystems -- 2. Bermuda -- 3. The Bahamas and Cayman Islands -- 4. Pulley Ridge, Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A. -- 5. The Mesoamerican Reef -- 6. Discovery Bay, Jamaica -- 7. Puerto Rico -- 8. The United States Virgin Islands -- 9. Bonaire and Curaçao -- 10. Brazil -- 11. The Red Sea -- 12. The Chagos Archipelago -- 13. Ryukyus Islands, Japan -- 14. Taiwan -- 15. The Philippines -- 16. Palau -- 17. Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia -- 18. Papua New Guinea -- 19. North West Australia -- 20. The Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea -- 21. Fiji. -22. American Samoa. -23. Cook Islands -- 24. French Polynesia -- 25. The Hawaiian Archipelago -- 26. Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, Eastern Tropical Pacific -- 27. Chile and Salas y Gómez Ridge -- Part III: Environments, Biodiversity, and Ecology of Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems. - 28. The mesophotic coral microbial biosphere -- 29. Macroalgae -- 30. Symbiodinium genetic diversity and symbiosis with hosts from shallow to mesophotic coral ecosystems -- 31. Large benthic foraminifera in low-light environments -- 32. Sponges -- 33. Biodiversity of reef‐building, scleractinian corals -- 34. Reef‐building corals of the upper mesophotic zone of the central Indo‐west -- Pacific -- 35. Sexual reproduction of scleractinian corals in mesophotic coral ecosystems vs. shallow reefs. -36. Coral sclerochronology: similarities and differences in the coral isotopic signatures between mesophotic and shallow reefs -- 37. Antipatharians of the mesophotic zone: four case studies -- 38. Octocorals of the Indo‐Pacific -- 39. Gorgonian corals -- 40. Fishes: Biodiversity -- 41. Disease problems -- 42. Light, temperature, photosynthesis, heterotrophy, and the lower depth -- limits of mesophotic coral ecosystems -- 43. Bioerosion -- 44. Geology and geomorphology -- Part IV: Are Shallow and Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems Connected? -- 45. Beyond the 'deep reef refuge' hypothesis: a conceptual framework to characterize persistence at depth -- 46. Coral ecosystem connectivity between Pulley Ridge and the Florida Keys -- Part V: Conservation, Management, and Threats to Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems -- 47. Disturbance in mesophotic coral ecosystems nd linkages to conservation and management -- 48. Invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles ): distribution, impact, and Management -- 49. Ecosystem Services of mesophotic coral reefs and a call for better accounting -- Part VI: Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems Research: Technologies and Future Directions -- 50. Advanced Technical Diving -- 51. Underwater robotic technology for imaging mesophotic coral ecosystems -- 52. Key questions for research and conservation of mesophotic coral ecosystems and temperate mesophotic ecosystems

This book is an excellent resource for scientists, political decision makers, and students interested in the impact of peatlands on climate change and ecosystem function, containing a plethora of recent research results such as monitoring-sensing-modeling for carbon?water flux/storage, biodiversity, and peatland management in tropical regions. It is estimated that more than 23 million hectares (62 %) of the total global tropical peatland area are located in Southeast Asia, in lowland or coastal areas of East Sumatra, Kalimantan, West Papua, Papua New Guinea, Brunei, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, and Southeast Thailand. Tropical peatland has a vital carbon?water storage function and is host to a huge diversity of plant and animal species. Peatland ecosystems are extremely vulnerable to climate change and the impacts of human activities such as logging, drainage, and conversion to agricultural land. In Southeast Asia, severe episodic droughts associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, in combination with over-drainage, forest degradation, and land-use changes, have caused widespread peatland fires and microbial peat oxidation. Indonesia's 20 Mha peatland area is estimated to include about 45?55 GtC of carbon stocks. As a result of land use and development, Indonesia is the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases (2?3 Gtons carbon dioxide equivalent per year), 80 % of which is due to deforestation and peatland loss. Thus, tropical peatlands are key ecosystems in terms of the carbon?water cycle and climate change--

Earth's biosphere supports several unique biomes and ecosystems. Though they operate as self-contained units, these regions also operate as part of a global network, nurturing interdependence among greatly diverse plant and animal species. The evolution of these wondrous realms--both aquatic and terrestrial--and the various natural elements that distinguish them from one another are the subjects of this comprehensive volume.

This volume adopts an ecosystems approach to understanding the world's boreal peatlands. It focuses on biogeochemical patterns and processes, production, decomposition, and peat accumulation, and provides additional information on animal and fungal diversity. A recurring theme is the legacy of boreal peatlands as impressive accumulators of carbon as peat over millennia. This carbon legacy is under threat from a wide diversity of disturbances, including wildfire, ongoing climate change, the changing chemistry of atmospheric deposition, and continuing resource exploitation. The volume is of interest to peatland researchers and resource managers, as well as to graduate students in ecosystem science.

Intro -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Africa 1 -- Agenda 21 5 -- Amazon River basin 6 -- Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition 9 -- Antarctic Treaty 10 -- Aral Sea destruction 12 -- Asia 15 -- Australia and New Zealand 18 -- Balance of nature 21 -- Bioassays 23 -- Biodiversity 24 -- Biodiversity action plans 27 -- Biomagnification 28 -- Biomes 30 -- Bioremediation 32 -- Biosphere 34 -- Biosphere 2 37 -- Boreal forests 39 -- Brundtland, Gro Harlem 40 -- Carson, Rachel 41 -- Central America and the Caribbean 42 -- Chesapeake Bay 46 -- Climax communities 46 -- Cloud forests 47 -- Club of Rome 49 -- Congo River basin 50 -- Coniferous forests 51 -- Conservation biology 52 -- Convention on Biological Diversity 53 -- Coral reefs 54 -- Cultural ecology 55 -- Darwin, Charles 56 -- Dead zones 57 -- Deciduous forests 58 -- Dubos, René 60 -- Earth Day 60 -- Earth Summit 63 -- Ecological footprint 66 -- Ecology as a concept 67 -- Ecology in history 68 -- Ecosystem services 72 -- Ecosystems 73 -- Environmental education 76 -- Environmental refugees 78 -- Environmental security 80 -- Europe 81 -- European Environment Agency 85 -- Everglades 86 -- Food chains 87 -- Gaia hypothesis 89 -- Global Biodiversity Assessment 90 -- Global Environment Facility 91 -- Global 2000 Report, The 92 -- Great Barrier Reef 93 -- Group of Ten 94 -- International Biological Program 95 -- Introduced and exotic species 96 -- Kalahari Desert 99 -- Land clearance 101 -- Limits to Growth, The 102 -- Lovelock, James 103 -- Marsh, George Perkins 105 -- Mendes, Chico 106 -- Middle East 107 -- Narmada River 110 -- National Environmental Policy Act 111 -- National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act 112 -- North America 113 -- Our Common Future 117 -- Rain forests 119 -- Restoration ecology 121 -- St. Lawrence Seaway 122 -- Savannas 124 -- Seabed mining 125 -- South America 128.

There is a general lack of understanding of the role of lipids in aquatic ecosystems. The fundamental purpose of this book is to synthesize the divergent literature on aquatic lipids into a coordinated, digestible form. A large part of the book addresses lipid composition and production in freshwater organisms, with chapters on phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthic invertebrates. A common theme throughout the book is the function of lipids in aquatic food webs, with a chapter devoted exclusively to lipids as indicators of health in fish populations. A complementary chapter highlights the role of lipids and essential fatty acids in mariculture. Methodologies to determine the lipid content of aquatic samples and suggestions as to the utility of fatty acids as trophic markers are provided. There is a chapter on the role of lipids in the bioaccumulation and bioconcentration of toxicants and another on the relationships between lipids and surface films and foams. The final chapter highlights the similarities and differences between lipids of marine and freshwater origin. Students and researchers in ecology, phycology, aquatic toxicology, physiological ecology and limnology will find this an invaluable guide and reference