Suchergebnisse

Based on a survey made for the Metz fund of the Bureau of municipal research in August and September, 1911. cf. Introd. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Based on a survey made for the Metz Fund of the Bureau of Municipal Research in August and September, 1911. cf. Introd. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has focused attention on the need for sustainable economic recoveries across the world, including in developing member countries of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Green, sustainability, and social bonds were already gaining traction before COVID-19. They are now an even more important financial instrument for countries in catalyzing funds for green and sustainable recovery programs and projects. Many countries are also focusing more on achieving net zero emissions to alleviate the climate change crisis. As such, green capital markets can play a critical role in providing funds to accelerate the development of green projects and closely monitoring their actual impact during their operation. This primer provides a brief overview of these thematic bond types and related emerging trends.

В статье поднимается проблема законодательного определения компьютерной информации на современном этапе развития информационных технологий. Анализируется содержание основных нормативно правовых актов в данной сфере общественных отношений. Раскрывается содержание понятия информации как совокупности составляющих ее сообщений, данных с позиций информатики и уголовного права. Указываются недостатки легального определения компьютерной информации и предлагаются пути решения данной проблемы с учетом существующих доктринальных подходов к ее разрешению. В заключении предлагается авторское определение исследуемого понятия. В ходе изучения поднятой проблемы использованы общенаучные методы, среди которых анализ и синтез, сравнительно-правовой, а также логический методы. В настоящей работе предпринята попытка комплексного изучения компьютерной информации с позиций теории коммуникации, информатики, а также юридических наук. На основании проведенного исследования автором сделан вывод о нецелесообразности использования термина «компьютерная информация», как не отвечающего современным тенденциям развития компьютерной преступности. Предлагается введение понятия «электронной информации», под которой понимаются сведения (сообщения, данные), представленные в цифровой форме и содержащиеся в информационно-телекоммуникационных устройствах, их системах и сетях. ; The article addresses the issue of legislative definition of computer information at the present stage of IT development. The author analyses the contents of the main regulatory legal acts in the given sphere of social relations. The author elaborates on the concept of information as a set of its messages from the point of view of computer science and criminal law. The author points out the drawbacks of the legal definition of computer information and comes up with ways of solving the given problem in light of existing doctrinal approaches to its solution. In conclusion the authors definition of the concept in question is given. While studying the raised issue general scientific methods have been used including analysis and synthesis, the comparative legal method, as well as the logical method. The present work is an attempt of a complex study of computer information in relation to the communication theory, computer science and legal sciences. On the basis of the conducted research the author made a conclusion on the inadvisability of using the term 'computer information' as inadequate to the modern tendencies of computer crimes evolution. The author proposes to introduce the term of 'electronic information' which is understood as information (messages, data) presented in the digital form and contained in the data and telecommunication devices, their systems and nets.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с использованием электронных носителей в качестве доказательств. Анализируются проблемы применения норм уголовно-процессуального законодательства, регламентирующих изъятие электронных носителей информации при производстве следственных действий, а также раскрывается содержание нового оперативно-розыскного мероприятия «получение компьютерной информации», прорабатываются основы его практического осуществления. ; In article the questions connected with use of information containing in information and telecommunication networks as proofs. Analyzes the problems of application of norms of the criminal-procedural legislation governing the seizure of electronic media in investigative actions. Analyzes the content of new operational-investigative activity «getting computer-based data», also explores the basics of its practical implementation.

Chapter 1. Postal and Electronic Communications services: together again? -- Chapter 2. Potential Insights for U.S. USO from recent Federal Communication Commission's Broadband Auctions -- Chapter 3. Postal Services. Quo Vadis? -- Chapter 4. How the fragmentation of the postal supply chain leads to new business models -- Chapter 5. The fading of the traditional postal market boundaries -- Chapter 6. European postal operators' diversification strategies and implications for cost allocation -- Chapter 7. Pricing "competitive" Postal Products -- Chapter 8. Assessing the Recommendations of the President's Task Force on the Postal Service -- Chapter 9. On Correcting the Cross-Subsidies Caused by the U.S. Postal Tariff -- Chapter 10. Funding the USO: Cross-subsidization and Net cost balancing -- Chapter 11. The Compensation Fund on the Postal Market. The Polish case -- Chapter 12. Blockchain and postal digital services: opportunities and drawbacks -- Chapter 13. Potential issues and challenges in e-commerce and their implications for the postal services sector: an economic perspective -- Chapter 14. 'Gravity' and The Packaging of B2C Cross-Border Ecommerce -- Chapter 15. Postal traffic in Portugal: applying time series modeling -- Chapter 16. Demand elasticities at the intensive and extensive margins for advertising mail traffic in the UK -- Chapter 17. Platform competition: market structure and pricing -- Chapter 18. Ex ante and ex post access regime in the postal sector: a revival of margin squeeze? -- Chapter 19. Competition Law in the Postal Sector: trends and analyses of competition cases in Europe -- Chapter 20. Approaches to Assessing Vertical Mergers: A Review and Evaluation -- Chapter 21. (Un)Locking Parcel Lockers -- Chapter 22. Can the postal market afford affordability and how to assess it -- Chapter 23. A note on "postal users' needs" and their role in postal regulation -- Chapter 24. The economic and social utility of the postal infrastructure: Above and beyond postal items delivery -- Chapter 25. Beyond the USO: reflections on recent decisions on postal SGEIs -- Chapter 26. How the USO Might Help Influence and Enhance the Growth of Smarter Cities.

Круглый стол посвящен вопросам развития целевого капитала в российских университетах как фактора конкурентоспособности на международном рынке образования и науки. Однако такие университеты, как правило, имеют эндаументы (целевые фонды) впечатляющих размеров, что позволяет им получать дополнительное финансирование и иметь большую самостоятельность и независимость от внешних условий своего существования. Анализ показывает, что Россия пока находится далеко от зрелой модели эндаументов. На сегодняшний день даже вузы, имеющие самые крупные целевые фонды, не могут претендовать на передовые места в международных топ-листах университетов. Это выводит на повестку дня задачу быстрого создания и наращивания университетских эндаументов в России. Для выполнения обозначенной задачи необходимо решить целый ряд проблем, среди которых отсутствие единого хозяйствующего субъекта в связке «университет эндаумент», неготовность Российского научного фонда осуществлять финансирование целевых фондов отечественных вузов, неразвитость института благотворительности и другое. Все эти сдерживающие факторы необходимо устранить, для чего следует внести корректировки в соответствующие нормативные документы, перестроить процедуру оценки деятельности российских вузов с учетом деятель-ности целевых фондов, создать конкурсную систему распределения средств для целевых фондов, переопределить приоритеты государства в отношении вузов, которые претендуют на вхождение в топ-100 глобальных рейтингов университетов. Все выносимые на обсуждение вопросы нуждаются в дополнительной экспертизе и оценке, однако они несут в себе значительный потенциал и позволят повысить действенность нынешней системы регулирования рынка высшего образования России. ; The roundtable discussion addressed the development of endowment funding at Russia's universities as a factor of competitiveness in the global education and science market. These universities, however, usually have impressive endowment funds that allow them to attract additional funding and to ensure self-sufficiency and independence from the external environment. The analysis shows that this is a long way from developing a mature endowment model in Russia. For the moment, even the universities with the largest endowment funds fail to take top slots in the world university rankings. This puts the issue of establishing and building-up of universities endowments very high on the agenda in Russia. To do this, it is necessary to solve a variety of problems including the absence of a single economic entity in the University-Endowment couple, unpreparedness of the Russian Science Foundation to finance the endowment funds of national universities, immaturity of the charity infrastructure and more. To avoid all these headwinds we need to introduce adjustments to the appropriate regulating documents, to revise the university performance evaluation procedure with due account for endowment funds, to develop a system for the competitive allocation of funds between endowments and to redefine the government's priorities concerning the Russian universities competing for a position in world's top-100 university rankings. All the debated issues require further examination and evaluation, but nevertheless they have significant capacity for raising efficiency of the market regulation system in the Russia's Higher Education.

Background: Health care-associated infections (HCAI) in neonatal units in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are a major cause of mortality. This scoping review aimed to synthesise published literature on infection prevention and care bundles addressing neonatal HCAI in LMICs and to construct a Classification Framework for their components (elements). Methods: Five electronic databases were searched between January 2001 and July 2020. A mixed-methods approach was applied: qualitative content analysis was used to build a classification framework to categorise bundle elements and the contents of the classification groups were then described quantitatively. Findings: 3619 records were screened, with 44 eligible studies identified. The bundle element Classification Framework created involved: (1) Primary prevention, (2) Detection, (3) Case management, and Implementation (3 + I). The 44 studies included 56 care bundles with 295 elements that were then classified. Primary prevention elements (128, 43%) predominated of which 71 (55%) focused on central line catheters and mechanical ventilators. Only 12 elements (4%) were related to detection. A further 75 (25%) elements addressed case management and 66 (88%) of these aimed at outbreak control. Interpretation: The 3 + I Classification Framework was a feasible approach to reporting and synthesising research for infection-relevant bundled interventions in neonatal units. A shift towards the use in infection prevention and care bundles of primary prevention elements focused on the neonate and on commonly used hospital devices in LMIC (e.g., self-inflating bags, suctioning equipment) would be valuable to reduce HCAI transmission. Detection elements were a major gap. Funding: This work was made possible in part by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, ELMA Philanthropies, The Children's Investment Fund Foundation UK, The Lemelson Foundation, and the Ting Tsung and Wei Fong Chao Foundation under agreements to William Marsh Rice University. The project leading to these results has also received the support of a fellowship from the "la Caixa" Foundation (ID 100010434). The fellowship code is LCF/BQ/EU19/11710040. EJAF is an Academic Clinical Fellow whose salary is funded by the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). NES receives a Research Training Program Scholarship (Australian Commonwealth Government).

Taming the magnetic anisotropy of lanthanides through coordination environments is crucial to take advantage of the lanthanides properties in thermally robust nanomaterials. In this work, the electronic and magnetic properties of Dy-carboxylate metal–organic networks on Cu(111) based on an eightfold coordination between Dy and ditopic linkers are inspected. This surface science study based on scanning probe microscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism, complemented with density functional theory and multiplet calculations, reveals that the magnetic anisotropy landscape of the system is complex. Surface-supported metal–organic coordination is able to induce a change in the orientation of the easy magnetization axis of the Dy coordinative centers as compared to isolated Dy atoms and Dy clusters, and significantly increases the magnetic anisotropy. Surprisingly, Dy atoms coordinated in the metallosupramolecular networks display a nearly in-plane easy magnetization axis despite the out-of-plane symmetry axis of the coordinative molecular lattice. Multiplet calculations highlight the decisive role of the metal–organic coordination, revealing that the tilted orientation is the result of a very delicate balance between the interaction of Dy with O atoms and the precise geometry of the crystal field. This study opens new avenues to tailor the magnetic anisotropy and magnetic moments of lanthanide elements on surfaces. ; The ALBA synchrotron is acknowledged for providing beam time at BOREAS beamline (proposal number 2015091454). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC, grant 766555) and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA, project 894924) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. This work has been financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (projects FIS2016-78591-C3-1-R, RTI2018-097895-B-C42, MAT2016-78293-C6-2-R, MAT2017-85089-C2-1-R, and PID2019-107338RB-C65); the Comunidad de Madrid (Projects S2013/MIT-2850, P2018/NMT4321, and S2018/NMT-4367); the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under the program Interreg V-A España-Francia-Andorra (Contract No. EFA 194/16 TNSI); and "Severo Ochoa" Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (grants SEV-2016-0686, and SEV-2017-0706).

Recently, mixed honeycomb–kagome lattices featuring metal–organic networks have been theoretically proposed as topological insulator materials capable of hosting nontrivial edge states. This new family of so-called "organic topological insulators" are purely two-dimensional and combine polyaromatic-flat molecules with metal adatoms. However, their experimental validation is still pending given the generalized absence of edge states. Here, we generate one such proposed network on a Cu(111) substrate and study its morphology and electronic structure with the purpose of confirming its topological properties. The structural techniques reveal a practically flawless network that results in a kagome network multi-band observed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. However, at the network island borders we notice the absence of edge states. Bond-resolved imaging of the network exhibits an unexpected structural symmetry alteration that explains such disappearance. This collective lifting of the network symmetry could be more general than initially expected and provide a simple explanation for the recurrent experimental absence of edge states in predicted organic topological insulators. ; We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO, Grant No. MAT2016-78293-C6-6-R, MAT2016-78293-C6-4-R and MAT2017-83468-R) and the Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN, Grant No. PID2019-107338RB-C6-3 and PID2019-107338RB-C6-4), from the regional Government of Aragon (E12-20R RASMIA project and Formación de Personal Investigador, 2018 grant) and the regional Government of the Basque Country (IT-1255-19), from the "Juan de la Cierva" program, and from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under the program Interreg V-A España-Francia-Andorra (Contract No. EFA194/16 TNSI). C. D. is supported by the Royal Society University Research Fellowship (URF/R1/201158). ; We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). ; Peer reviewed

From Springer Nature via Jisc Publications Router ; History: received 2021-04-06, accepted 2021-08-10, registration 2021-08-12, pub-electronic 2021-08-30, online 2021-08-30, collection 2021-12 ; Publication status: Published ; Funder: Kuwait Ministry of Health; Grant(s): Kuwait Ministry of Health ; Abstract: Background: As Arab countries seek to implement the 'Guideline on Good Pharmacovigilance Practice (GVP) for Arab countries', understanding policy implementation mechanisms and the factors impacting it can inform best implementation practice. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms of and factors influencing pharmacovigilance policy implementation in Arab countries with more established pharmacovigilance systems (Jordan, Oman), to inform policy implementation in a country with a nascent pharmacovigilance system (Kuwait). Results: Matland's ambiguity-conflict model served to frame data analysis from 56 face-to-face interviews, which showed that policy ambiguity and conflict were low in Jordan and Oman, suggesting an "administrative implementation" pathway. In Kuwait, policy ambiguity was high while sentiments about policy conflict were varied, suggesting a mixture between "experimental implementation" and "symbolic implementation". Factors reducing policy ambiguity in Jordan and Oman included: decision-makers' guidance to implementors, stakeholder involvement in the policy's development and implementation, training of policy implementors throughout the implementation process, clearly outlined policy goals and means, and presence of a strategic implementation plan with appropriate timelines as well as a monitoring mechanism. In contrast, policy ambiguity in Kuwait stemmed from the absence or lack of attention to these factors. Factors reducing policy conflict included: the policy's compliance with internationally recognised standards and the policy's fit with local capabilities (all three countries), decision-makers' cooperation with and support of the national centre as well as stakeholders' agreement on policy goals and means (Jordan and Oman) and adopting a stepwise approach to implementation (Jordan). Conclusions: Using Matland's model, both the mechanism of and factors impacting successful pharmacovigilance policy implementation were identified. This informed recommendations for best implementation practice in Arab as well as other countries with nascent pharmacovigilance systems, including increased managerial engagement and support, greater stakeholder involvement in policy development and implementation, and undertaking more detailed implementation planning.

We investigate the role metal vacancies play in the phase stability and properties of Al1-delta B2 using first-principles calculations, alloy theory simulations, phonon calculations, and experimental in situ x-ray diffraction measurements of thermal expansion. The relevant concentrations and configurations of metal vacancies are analyzed using cluster expansion and special quasirandom structure methods combined with vibrational free energy calculations within the quasiharmonic approximation for ordered and disordered phases. We find that electronic structure effects stabilize Al1-delta B2 in a narrow composition range of 0.073 < delta < 0.096 depending only weakly on temperature while they destabilize ideal stoichiometric AlB2. This composition corresponds to the narrow range 0:311 <= x <= 0.317 in the formulation of AlxB1-x, which can explain the appearance of this phase as a line compound with the ideal AlB2 stoichiometry in most phase diagrams. The ordered structures of vacancies found at low temperature are destabilized and disordered already at a low temperature of similar to 200 K. Our experiments observe linear thermal expansion coefficients alpha(a) = 4.8 x 10(-6) K-1 and alpha(c) = 10.85 x 10(-6) K-1 at room temperature. Only thermal expansion calculations of disordered phases compare well with these measurements, and, in particular, stoichiometric vacancy-free AlB2 shows dramatic overestimations of the experimental thermal expansion. These results highlight the importance of disordered Al vacancies on both stability and vibrational properties of Al1-delta B2. (c) 2021 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ; Funding Agencies|Knut and Alice Wallenberg (KAW) FoundationKnut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation [KAW 2015.0043]; Swedish Research Council (VR)Swedish Research Council [2014-6336, 2019-05403]; Marie Sklodowska Curie Actions, Cofund [INCA 600398]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Wallenberg Scholar Grant) [KAW-2018.0194]; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research through the Future Research Leaders 6 program [FFL 15-0290]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University (Faculty Grant SFOMatLiU) [2009 00971]; Sci-Super VI fund, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn UniversityChulalongkorn University

The design of a rotary active magnetic regenerator heat pump device with a multi-bed concept is presented. Important design features are the rotating two-pole magnet assembly, the laminated iron ring, the 13 fixed tapered regenerator beds, and the dynamically adjustable parallel flow circuit. The optimized magnet design was developed with optimally shaped segments and optimum remanence for the desired magnetic field distribution oscillating between 0 and 1.44 T in the air gap. The iron ring was laminated to reduce the eddy currents, allowing the device to run at cycle frequencies up to 3 Hz. The design of the regenerator housing was optimized with respect to parasitic losses and even flow distribution in both directions. Employing 3.4 kg of La(Fe,Mn,Si)13Hy (CALORIVAC HS) refrigerant and at a hot reservoir temperature of 295 K and a cycle frequency of 0.5 Hz, the heat pump achieved a maximum second-law efficiency of 20.6 %, while providing a heating load of 340 W with a heating COP of 6.7 at a 10.3 K span. The COP values presented only consider the magnetic power and ideal pump power delivered to the AMR, neglecting the pump efficiency. At 1.2 Hz, the device produced a maximum heating power of 950 W while maintaining a 5.6 K span, resulting in a heating coefficient of performance and second-law efficiency of 7.0 and 11.6 %, respectively. The performance demonstrated in this paper could be an important milestone in the development of future magnetocaloric devices. ; This work was in part financed by the RES4Build project, which received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No.814865 and the ENOVHEAT project which was funded by the Innovation Fund Denmark (contract no 12-132673). We wish to thank Mike Wichmann and Jørgen Geyti for their technical assistance in the construction of the MagQueen device. The authors also acknowledge Jens F. S. Borchsenius for electronic expertise. Tian Lei is acknowledged for his modeling work. Furthermore, the authors ...

We comprehensively assessed the criterion-related validity of existing field-based fitness tests used to indicate adult health (19-64 years, with no known pathologies). The medical electronic databases MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Web of Science (all databases) were screened for studies published up to July 2020. Each original study's methodological quality was classified as high, low and very low, according to the number of participants, the description of the study population, statistical analysis and systematic reviews which were appraised via the AMSTAR rating scale. Three evidence levels were constructed (strong, moderate and limited evidence) according to the number of studies and the consistency of the findings. We identified 101 original studies (50 of high quality) and five systematic reviews examining the criterion-related validity of field-based fitness tests in adults. Strong evidence indicated that the 20 m shuttle run, 1.5-mile, 12 min run/walk, YMCA step, 2 km walk and 6 min walk test are valid for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness; the handgrip strength test is valid for assessing hand maximal isometric strength; and the Biering-Sorensen test to evaluate the endurance strength of hip and back muscles; however, the sit-and reach test, and its different versions, and the toe-to-touch test are not valid for assessing hamstring and lower back flexibility. We found moderate evidence supporting that the 20 m square shuttle run test is a valid test for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness. Other field-based fitness tests presented limited evidence, mainly due to few studies. We developed an evidence-based proposal of the most valid field-based fitness tests in healthy adults aged 19-64 years old. ; This project was supported by Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness in the 2017 call for R&D Projects of the State Program for Research, Development and Innovation Oriented to the Challenges of the Company; National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and of Innovation 2017-2020 (DEP2017-88043-R); and the Regional Government of Andalusia and University of Cadiz: Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund (PPIT-FPI19).

21 pags., 5 figs. ; Subnanometer-sized metal clusters often feature a molecule-like electronic structure, which makes their physical and chemical properties significantly different from those of nanoparticles and bulk material. Considering potential applications, there is a major concern about their thermal stability and susceptibility towards oxidation. Cu clusters of only 5 atoms (Cu5 clusters) are first synthesized in high concentration using a new-generation wet chemical method. Next, it is shown that, contrary to what is currently assumed, Cu5 clusters display nobility, beyond resistance to irreversible oxidation, at a broad range of temperatures and oxygen pressures. The outstanding nobility arises from an unusual reversible oxidation which is observed by in situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy on Cu5 clusters deposited onto highly oriented pyrolitic graphite at different oxygen pressures and up to 773 K. This atypical property is explained by a theoretical approach combining different state-of-the-art first principles theories. It reveals the essential role of collective quantum effects in the physical mechanism responsible for the nobility of Cu5 clusters, encompassing a structural 'breathing' through concerted Cu–Cu elongations/contractions upon O2 uptake/release, and collective charge transfer as well. A predictive phase diagram of their reversible oxidation states is also delivered, agreeing with the experimental observations. The collective quantum effects responsible of the observed nobility are expected to be general in subanometer-sized metal clusters, pushing this new generation of materials to an upper level. ; This work has been partly supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme un-der Grant Agreement No. 825999; the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, UE) under Grant No. MAT2016-75354-P; the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under Grant P29893-N36; the CMST COST Action CM1405 "Molecules in Motion" (MOLIM); the Xunta de Galicia, Spain (Grupos Ref. Comp.ED431C 2017/22 and AEMAT ED431E 2018/08); Obra Social Fundación La Caixa: Ref.LCF/PR/PR12/11070003; ANPCyT PICT (2017-1220 and 2017-3944) and UNLP (Project11/X790), Argentina. ; No