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Recent Western literature concerning the political determinants of economic and social outcomes has primarily concentrated on regime types and the effectiveness of state institutions. While this literature has been influential among scholars of and in the Middle East and North Africa, there has also been an emphasis in the region on the interests and networks of economic and political elites—the interactions between rulers, elites, and the broader citizenry—to explain divergent policy outcomes. This is largely due to the inability of dominant mainstream institutional and structural theories to explain much of what has been observed in the region, viewing it as exceptional in its authoritarianism and resistance to global trends. In fact, the seeds for a more sophisticated understanding can be found in the literature on the Arab world that emphasizes relational dynamics between political and economic actors. Synthesizing the insights of scholars of the region has the potential to contribute more broadly to global debates on how political factors and conditions within states shape the quality of life experienced by their residents. Such a shift to viewing regimes as networks provides a useful framework for bridging the broader trends in political science with the work emanating from scholarship on the Middle East and North Africa.

Erkenntnisse der Elitenforschung sind nicht neu (M. Hartmann, ID 2/05), werden aber erst in jüngster Zeit aufgrund zahlreicher Skandale (Steuerflucht, Korruption, Managergehälter) kontrovers diskutiert. Neben der Kritik (vermeintlicher) Eliten wie bei J. Friedrich (BA 4/08) oder H. Verfürth (in dieser Nr.) werben einige Autoren für eine differenzierte Darstellung. Zu ihnen gehört die Journalistin ("FAZ"), die zunächst Elitekonzepte seit der Antike beschreibt, dabei insbesondere religiöse Einflüsse auf die Leistungsethik herausstellt. Kritisch sieht sie die "Exzellenzinitiative" der Bundesregierung zur Schaffung von Elitehochschulen: Erfolg in Forschung und Lehre beruhe auf Freiheit und Kreativität, nicht auf zentraler Planung. Daher sei auch das französische Modell homogener Leistungseliten kaum zukunftsfähig. Eine Demokratie brauche jedoch Eliten, die aus einem Bildungssystem hervorgehen, das Begabung fördere und Leistung belohne. Sprachlich brillante und in sich konsistente Argumentation, allerdings blendet Scholl (erfolgreiche) egalitäre Gesellschaftsmodelle wie z.B. in Skandinavien völlig aus. (3)

Lists of Twitter acccounts of U.S. political elites from government, news media and political parties. Metadata on number of followers (as of December 2015), date of account registration and Twitter ID.
List of news media actors contains major newspapers and national TV stations as well as politically influential media persons and individual journalists. List of politicians contains all members of U.S. congress, governors, presidential candidates and main accounts of the Republican and Democratic parties. Metadata on politicians contains political office and party affiliation.
List of government actors contains federal agencies, secretaries, the President and affiliated accounts.

Vorwort -- Introduction -- Adel - "Mehrzweck-Elite" vor der Moderne ? -- Der Adel als politische Elite -- Elites culturelles - Kulturelle Eliten -- Les élites culturelles en France au XIXème siècle. Inventaire des recherches récentes sur la génèse des intellectuels contemporains -- Les élites culturelles en France au XXème siècle -- Kulturelle Eliten in den deutsch-französischen Gesellschaftsbeziehungen der Zwischenkriegszeit -- Romanistes allemands et germanistes français sous Weimar

Contents -- Foreword / James C. Cobb -- Introduction / Randy Finley and Thomas A. DeBlack -- Publications by Willard B. Gatewood Jr. -- In the Shadow of the Revolution: Savannah's First Generation of Free African American Elite in the New Republic, 1790-1830 / Whittington B. Johnson -- "A Model Man of Chicot County": Lycurgus Johnson and Social Change / Thomas A. DeBlack -- "I Go To Set the Captives Free": The Activism of Richard Harvey Cain, Nationalist Churchman and Reconstruction-Era Leader / Bernard E. Powers Jr. -- "This Dreadful Whirlpool" of Civil War: Edward W. Gantt and the Quest for Distinction / Randy Finley -- James Carroll Napier (1845-1940): From Plantation to the City / Bobby L. Lovett -- Robert E. Lee Wilson and the Making of a Post-Civil War Plantation / Jeannie M. Whayne -- Reward for Party Service: Emily Newell Blair and Political Patronage in the New Deal / Virginia Laas -- "A Generous and Exemplary Womanhood": Hattie Rutherford Watson and NYA Camp Bethune in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, 1937 / Fon Gordon -- Tufted Titans: Dalton, Georgia's Carpet Elite / Thomas Deaton -- Sara Alderman Murphy and the Little Rock Panel of American Women: A Prescription to Heal the Wounds of the Little Rock School Crisis / Paula C. Barnes -- Notes -- List of Contributors

Many Americans who trace their roots to communities similar to those of Appalachian Kentucky are becoming aware of the extent to which the problems of such communities represent the price paid for keeping alive traditions that are beginning to be missed in the wider society. Using fresh data and ingenious ways of letting local people speak for themselves, Mary Jean Bowman and H. Dudley Plunkett have thrown light on how isolated, small-town people respond to the encroachment of modern America, with its organized economy, mass communications media, reliance on more and more schooling, and persis