Suchergebnisse

The aim of this survey was to evaluate intentions of Lithuanian physicians and medical residents to work in the European Union (EU) and other countries. The survey was performed in 2002 in the framework of the project "Health human resource development and planning in Lithuania", sponsored by Open Society Fund, Lithuania. Using the questionnaire developed by the Ministry of Labor and Solidarity of France, 242 medical residents and 497 physicians were surveyed. Survey results indicated that 60.7% of medical residents and 26.0% of physicians intended to leave for the EU or other countries. The survey also showed that the first-choice countries were United Kingdom, Germany and the Nordic countries. Almost 15.0% of medical residents and 5.0% of physicians planed to leave for the EU on permanent basis. The largest part of those who intended to leave for the EU, planned to go there after accession. It was a definitive decision of 2.5% of medical residents and 3.8% of physicians. The major reasons for leaving were higher salary, better professional possibilities and better quality of life. For medical residents a previous visit abroad for professional reasons increased the risk of working abroad significantly (OR–3.29, 95% CI 1.73–6.27). In the case of physicians, age was the factor that significantly decreased the risk (OR–0.94, 95% CI 0.91–0.96); however having friends abroad increased the risk by more than three times (OR–3.22, 95% CI 1.91–5.42). In order to observe the possible migration to the EU or other countries, the survey should be repeated every three-four years.

The aim of this survey was to evaluate intentions of Lithuanian physicians and medical residents to work in the European Union (EU) and other countries. The survey was performed in 2002 in the framework of the project "Health human resource development and planning in Lithuania", sponsored by Open Society Fund, Lithuania. Using the questionnaire developed by the Ministry of Labor and Solidarity of France, 242 medical residents and 497 physicians were surveyed. Survey results indicated that 60.7% of medical residents and 26.0% of physicians intended to leave for the EU or other countries. The survey also showed that the first-choice countries were United Kingdom, Germany and the Nordic countries. Almost 15.0% of medical residents and 5.0% of physicians planed to leave for the EU on permanent basis. The largest part of those who intended to leave for the EU, planned to go there after accession. It was a definitive decision of 2.5% of medical residents and 3.8% of physicians. The major reasons for leaving were higher salary, better professional possibilities and better quality of life. For medical residents a previous visit abroad for professional reasons increased the risk of working abroad significantly (OR–3.29, 95% CI 1.73–6.27). In the case of physicians, age was the factor that significantly decreased the risk (OR–0.94, 95% CI 0.91–0.96); however having friends abroad increased the risk by more than three times (OR–3.22, 95% CI 1.91–5.42). In order to observe the possible migration to the EU or other countries, the survey should be repeated every three-four years.

Master's thesis topic is relevant to the investigation of migration processes in the Lithuanian population. Compared to other demographic phenomena, emigration is becoming increasingly important in recent decades. Globalization allows people to promote the emigration of the world to seek better working conditions, higher wages, to realize their ideas and opportunities, but this is a positive aspect of the global labor market, unsuitable for individual countries. Emigration problem is particularly urgent in Lithuania. Large scale emigration has affected a number of Lithuanian population declines. Also indirectly it affected other demographic and social, economical processes. This emigration is regarded as one of Lithuania the most serious threats to the country's demographic development, economic growth and the preservation of cultural identity. In this Master's thesis was used in the scientific literature, statistical data, results of research conducted, official reports, publications and analytical articles, which describes the population of migratory processes in the form of their expression, the magnitude of emigration from Lithuania after regaining independence in 1990 and accession to the European Union. The factors that effect migration mobility and causes of migration from Lithuania were identified. The scientific literature suggests that the causes of emigration, is usually one of the most difficult problems to identify in migration. This is due to reasons that are often confused with the objective to be achieved in the new country. Causes of migration are really important because it helps to decide what actions should be taken to slow the growing migration from Lithuania. The research showed that the most significant factors for migration is that social and economical conditions in Lithuania are lower that in other western countries. The main reason for emigrating are the low wage rates and the opportunity to create ones social and economical well being more quickly. In summary, the main causes for migration from Lithuania are economical and financial.

Master's thesis topic is relevant to the investigation of migration processes in the Lithuanian population. Compared to other demographic phenomena, emigration is becoming increasingly important in recent decades. Globalization allows people to promote the emigration of the world to seek better working conditions, higher wages, to realize their ideas and opportunities, but this is a positive aspect of the global labor market, unsuitable for individual countries. Emigration problem is particularly urgent in Lithuania. Large scale emigration has affected a number of Lithuanian population declines. Also indirectly it affected other demographic and social, economical processes. This emigration is regarded as one of Lithuania the most serious threats to the country's demographic development, economic growth and the preservation of cultural identity. In this Master's thesis was used in the scientific literature, statistical data, results of research conducted, official reports, publications and analytical articles, which describes the population of migratory processes in the form of their expression, the magnitude of emigration from Lithuania after regaining independence in 1990 and accession to the European Union. The factors that effect migration mobility and causes of migration from Lithuania were identified. The scientific literature suggests that the causes of emigration, is usually one of the most difficult problems to identify in migration. This is due to reasons that are often confused with the objective to be achieved in the new country. Causes of migration are really important because it helps to decide what actions should be taken to slow the growing migration from Lithuania. The research showed that the most significant factors for migration is that social and economical conditions in Lithuania are lower that in other western countries. The main reason for emigrating are the low wage rates and the opportunity to create ones social and economical well being more quickly. In summary, the main causes for migration from Lithuania are economical and financial.

Zsfassungen in engl. Sprache

Media impart information on political, social, economic, cultural events of social life. In this way media form the human conception of everyday world. In Lithuania there is analyzed the presentation of migration in press and internet portals. However in Lithuania there are no researches made on presentation of emigration on television. In this Master's thesis it is aimed to reveal the dynamics of presenting emigration in broadcasts of Lithuanian television (2006-2010) and the peculiarities of creation of broadcasts on emigration. In the Master's thesis J. Baudrillard's simulation conception is being followed, which denies the idea of "real" world. The analysis of the Italian, Swedish, Indian, Japanese, German television experience revealed the national migration representation features. In the Master's thesis TV broadcasts are analyzed as visual texts. There are applied procedures of U. Flick, Norman K. Denzin, H. Herman, W.Jahn and B.Hildenbran. For the analysis of emigration from the point of view of family stress R.Hill's model ABC-X has been chosen. For the research of activity of broadcast authors there was applied the Map method (Irene Levin). The research of dynamics of emigration presentation in broadcasts of Lithuanian television revealed that until 2009 there was dominating a multidimensional representation of emigration phenomenon, since 2009 fragmented phenomenon analysis. The authors of broadcasts try to create the illusion of "reality" and apply the procedure for creating "reality": talk to witnesses, experts. Since 2009 beside neutral sayings the rhetoric expressing evaluative position appears in speeches of broadcast participants, experts and presenters, conveyed experiences related not only with stress, despair, big joy but with uncertainty situation as well, broadcast is finished not only using generalizing sayings of the broadcast presenters in the beginning and end of broadcast but also giving rhetorical questions, appeared rhetoric justifying the emigration. The analysis of presenting emigration in TV broadcasts from the point of view of family stress revealed that the families of emigrants and families with parents abroad experience stress. In order to overcome inner stress evoked by the stressor the families of emigrants use psychological and social resources, families with parents abroad use resources in Lithuania and abroad. In purposive broadcasts families with parents abroad experience traumatic, mobilizing, concealed, dipolar stress. In specialized broadcasts represented families with parents abroad experience traumatic and mobilizing stress. During research of the activity of the authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" there have been distinguished five models of authors of broadcasts describing emigration: existential model (emigration as the choice of life values); instrumental-cyclic model (emigration as operacionalisation); emotional model (emigration as disappointment); critical model (review of the concept of emigration in the context of global migration); alerting model (emigration as the entirety of dangers). The peculiarity of broadcast creation is revealed by the motives of creation and the four activities of the authors: selection of team, participants and topic; coordination of representation of positive and negative experiences; coordination of verbal and non-verbal representation; pattern of TV broadcast and the possibility of corrective intrusion. It was found that in TV shows on emigration there was developed the concept of families with parents abroad. The authors of broadcasts pointed out that direct communication with families affected that families with parents abroad were listed as a separate group, characterized by family characteristics. The authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" are ready to continue the programs and does not alter the structure of their programs, because they realized the concept of the phenomenon of emigration.

Media impart information on political, social, economic, cultural events of social life. In this way media form the human conception of everyday world. In Lithuania there is analyzed the presentation of migration in press and internet portals. However in Lithuania there are no researches made on presentation of emigration on television. In this Master's thesis it is aimed to reveal the dynamics of presenting emigration in broadcasts of Lithuanian television (2006-2010) and the peculiarities of creation of broadcasts on emigration. In the Master's thesis J. Baudrillard's simulation conception is being followed, which denies the idea of "real" world. The analysis of the Italian, Swedish, Indian, Japanese, German television experience revealed the national migration representation features. In the Master's thesis TV broadcasts are analyzed as visual texts. There are applied procedures of U. Flick, Norman K. Denzin, H. Herman, W.Jahn and B.Hildenbran. For the analysis of emigration from the point of view of family stress R.Hill's model ABC-X has been chosen. For the research of activity of broadcast authors there was applied the Map method (Irene Levin). The research of dynamics of emigration presentation in broadcasts of Lithuanian television revealed that until 2009 there was dominating a multidimensional representation of emigration phenomenon, since 2009 fragmented phenomenon analysis. The authors of broadcasts try to create the illusion of "reality" and apply the procedure for creating "reality": talk to witnesses, experts. Since 2009 beside neutral sayings the rhetoric expressing evaluative position appears in speeches of broadcast participants, experts and presenters, conveyed experiences related not only with stress, despair, big joy but with uncertainty situation as well, broadcast is finished not only using generalizing sayings of the broadcast presenters in the beginning and end of broadcast but also giving rhetorical questions, appeared rhetoric justifying the emigration. The analysis of presenting emigration in TV broadcasts from the point of view of family stress revealed that the families of emigrants and families with parents abroad experience stress. In order to overcome inner stress evoked by the stressor the families of emigrants use psychological and social resources, families with parents abroad use resources in Lithuania and abroad. In purposive broadcasts families with parents abroad experience traumatic, mobilizing, concealed, dipolar stress. In specialized broadcasts represented families with parents abroad experience traumatic and mobilizing stress. During research of the activity of the authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" there have been distinguished five models of authors of broadcasts describing emigration: existential model (emigration as the choice of life values); instrumental-cyclic model (emigration as operacionalisation); emotional model (emigration as disappointment); critical model (review of the concept of emigration in the context of global migration); alerting model (emigration as the entirety of dangers). The peculiarity of broadcast creation is revealed by the motives of creation and the four activities of the authors: selection of team, participants and topic; coordination of representation of positive and negative experiences; coordination of verbal and non-verbal representation; pattern of TV broadcast and the possibility of corrective intrusion. It was found that in TV shows on emigration there was developed the concept of families with parents abroad. The authors of broadcasts pointed out that direct communication with families affected that families with parents abroad were listed as a separate group, characterized by family characteristics. The authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" are ready to continue the programs and does not alter the structure of their programs, because they realized the concept of the phenomenon of emigration.

Media impart information on political, social, economic, cultural events of social life. In this way media form the human conception of everyday world. In Lithuania there is analyzed the presentation of migration in press and internet portals. However in Lithuania there are no researches made on presentation of emigration on television. In this Master's thesis it is aimed to reveal the dynamics of presenting emigration in broadcasts of Lithuanian television (2006-2010) and the peculiarities of creation of broadcasts on emigration. In the Master's thesis J. Baudrillard's simulation conception is being followed, which denies the idea of "real" world. The analysis of the Italian, Swedish, Indian, Japanese, German television experience revealed the national migration representation features. In the Master's thesis TV broadcasts are analyzed as visual texts. There are applied procedures of U. Flick, Norman K. Denzin, H. Herman, W.Jahn and B.Hildenbran. For the analysis of emigration from the point of view of family stress R.Hill's model ABC-X has been chosen. For the research of activity of broadcast authors there was applied the Map method (Irene Levin). The research of dynamics of emigration presentation in broadcasts of Lithuanian television revealed that until 2009 there was dominating a multidimensional representation of emigration phenomenon, since 2009 fragmented phenomenon analysis. The authors of broadcasts try to create the illusion of "reality" and apply the procedure for creating "reality": talk to witnesses, experts. Since 2009 beside neutral sayings the rhetoric expressing evaluative position appears in speeches of broadcast participants, experts and presenters, conveyed experiences related not only with stress, despair, big joy but with uncertainty situation as well, broadcast is finished not only using generalizing sayings of the broadcast presenters in the beginning and end of broadcast but also giving rhetorical questions, appeared rhetoric justifying the emigration. The analysis of presenting emigration in TV broadcasts from the point of view of family stress revealed that the families of emigrants and families with parents abroad experience stress. In order to overcome inner stress evoked by the stressor the families of emigrants use psychological and social resources, families with parents abroad use resources in Lithuania and abroad. In purposive broadcasts families with parents abroad experience traumatic, mobilizing, concealed, dipolar stress. In specialized broadcasts represented families with parents abroad experience traumatic and mobilizing stress. During research of the activity of the authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" there have been distinguished five models of authors of broadcasts describing emigration: existential model (emigration as the choice of life values); instrumental-cyclic model (emigration as operacionalisation); emotional model (emigration as disappointment); critical model (review of the concept of emigration in the context of global migration); alerting model (emigration as the entirety of dangers). The peculiarity of broadcast creation is revealed by the motives of creation and the four activities of the authors: selection of team, participants and topic; coordination of representation of positive and negative experiences; coordination of verbal and non-verbal representation; pattern of TV broadcast and the possibility of corrective intrusion. It was found that in TV shows on emigration there was developed the concept of families with parents abroad. The authors of broadcasts pointed out that direct communication with families affected that families with parents abroad were listed as a separate group, characterized by family characteristics. The authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" are ready to continue the programs and does not alter the structure of their programs, because they realized the concept of the phenomenon of emigration.

Media impart information on political, social, economic, cultural events of social life. In this way media form the human conception of everyday world. In Lithuania there is analyzed the presentation of migration in press and internet portals. However in Lithuania there are no researches made on presentation of emigration on television. In this Master's thesis it is aimed to reveal the dynamics of presenting emigration in broadcasts of Lithuanian television (2006-2010) and the peculiarities of creation of broadcasts on emigration. In the Master's thesis J. Baudrillard's simulation conception is being followed, which denies the idea of "real" world. The analysis of the Italian, Swedish, Indian, Japanese, German television experience revealed the national migration representation features. In the Master's thesis TV broadcasts are analyzed as visual texts. There are applied procedures of U. Flick, Norman K. Denzin, H. Herman, W.Jahn and B.Hildenbran. For the analysis of emigration from the point of view of family stress R.Hill's model ABC-X has been chosen. For the research of activity of broadcast authors there was applied the Map method (Irene Levin). The research of dynamics of emigration presentation in broadcasts of Lithuanian television revealed that until 2009 there was dominating a multidimensional representation of emigration phenomenon, since 2009 fragmented phenomenon analysis. The authors of broadcasts try to create the illusion of "reality" and apply the procedure for creating "reality": talk to witnesses, experts. Since 2009 beside neutral sayings the rhetoric expressing evaluative position appears in speeches of broadcast participants, experts and presenters, conveyed experiences related not only with stress, despair, big joy but with uncertainty situation as well, broadcast is finished not only using generalizing sayings of the broadcast presenters in the beginning and end of broadcast but also giving rhetorical questions, appeared rhetoric justifying the emigration. The analysis of presenting emigration in TV broadcasts from the point of view of family stress revealed that the families of emigrants and families with parents abroad experience stress. In order to overcome inner stress evoked by the stressor the families of emigrants use psychological and social resources, families with parents abroad use resources in Lithuania and abroad. In purposive broadcasts families with parents abroad experience traumatic, mobilizing, concealed, dipolar stress. In specialized broadcasts represented families with parents abroad experience traumatic and mobilizing stress. During research of the activity of the authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" there have been distinguished five models of authors of broadcasts describing emigration: existential model (emigration as the choice of life values); instrumental-cyclic model (emigration as operacionalisation); emotional model (emigration as disappointment); critical model (review of the concept of emigration in the context of global migration); alerting model (emigration as the entirety of dangers). The peculiarity of broadcast creation is revealed by the motives of creation and the four activities of the authors: selection of team, participants and topic; coordination of representation of positive and negative experiences; coordination of verbal and non-verbal representation; pattern of TV broadcast and the possibility of corrective intrusion. It was found that in TV shows on emigration there was developed the concept of families with parents abroad. The authors of broadcasts pointed out that direct communication with families affected that families with parents abroad were listed as a separate group, characterized by family characteristics. The authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" are ready to continue the programs and does not alter the structure of their programs, because they realized the concept of the phenomenon of emigration.

In Lithuania as well as in many other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, when the independence was regained, mass emigration started. The extents of emigration started to grow when administrative limits were abolished and the amount of countries that opened their borders increased. On May 1, 2004 when Lithuania became a full member of the European Union (hereinafter EU) and new work opportunities were offered, the emigration process became especially active. Lately the emigration has been considered to be the greatest not military threat for Lithuania, because during the last 17 years 461 thousand of Lithuanian citizens emigrated. More than a half (about 70%) of emigrants went to work to other states of the European Union last year. The main reason why the number of citizens decreases is emigration; hence it is possible to state that emigration is a relevant question of national importance that requires special attention. It is obvious that the membership of the country in the EU and globalization processes will increase the relevance of the emigration in the future as well. Object of the research: Emigration of Lithuanian labor force. Duration of the research: one month (March 1-31, 2007). The work consists of three parts; it also includes conclusions and appendices. The scope of the work is 55 pages. There are 6 tables and 26 pictures presented in the work. When main economical factors of Lithuanian labor force emigration to the EU were analyzed, one can state that emigration is encouraged because of labor force demand in the states of Western Europe because of economy that grows in some of them and because of lack of local labor force, especially because the society is getting older. The emigration of labor force inside the EU helps to mitigate the lack of labor force and the EU states use this, they do not determine transition period for free labor force movement from new EU states. Emigration of citizens and negative natural increase of citizens are the main factors of work offer decrease in Lithuania. They forecast that negative demographic changes in the future will influence the decrease of labor force offer.

In Lithuania as well as in many other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, when the independence was regained, mass emigration started. The extents of emigration started to grow when administrative limits were abolished and the amount of countries that opened their borders increased. On May 1, 2004 when Lithuania became a full member of the European Union (hereinafter EU) and new work opportunities were offered, the emigration process became especially active. Lately the emigration has been considered to be the greatest not military threat for Lithuania, because during the last 17 years 461 thousand of Lithuanian citizens emigrated. More than a half (about 70%) of emigrants went to work to other states of the European Union last year. The main reason why the number of citizens decreases is emigration; hence it is possible to state that emigration is a relevant question of national importance that requires special attention. It is obvious that the membership of the country in the EU and globalization processes will increase the relevance of the emigration in the future as well. Object of the research: Emigration of Lithuanian labor force. Duration of the research: one month (March 1-31, 2007). The work consists of three parts; it also includes conclusions and appendices. The scope of the work is 55 pages. There are 6 tables and 26 pictures presented in the work. When main economical factors of Lithuanian labor force emigration to the EU were analyzed, one can state that emigration is encouraged because of labor force demand in the states of Western Europe because of economy that grows in some of them and because of lack of local labor force, especially because the society is getting older. The emigration of labor force inside the EU helps to mitigate the lack of labor force and the EU states use this, they do not determine transition period for free labor force movement from new EU states. Emigration of citizens and negative natural increase of citizens are the main factors of work offer decrease in Lithuania. They forecast that negative demographic changes in the future will influence the decrease of labor force offer.