Nasuprot shvaćanjima o energetskoj politici kao funkcionalno-tehničkom problemu, ili na drugoj strani, kao borbe između materijalističkih i postmaterijalističkih vrijednosnih obrazaca u industrijskom, odnosno postindustrijskom društvu, ovaj rad dokazuje sljedeće hipoteze: a) u korijenu današnjih energetskih problema leže konflikti oko raspodjele, b) vrijednosti o kojima se radi, čak i na području zaštite okoline, materijalističke su naravi, c) razlike u energetskoj politici Sjedinjenih Američkih Država i Zapadne Njemačke mogu se objasniti različitim obrascima raspodjele, a težište im je u različitim vrednotama proizašlim iz razlika između industrijskih i demografskih struktura, te geološkog bogatstva, d) energetska politika, a posebno izbor pravca fleksibilne »soft energy«, može se uspješno provoditi nastajanjem »pobjedničke koalicije« poklanjanjem dovoljno pažnje pitanjima raspodjele koja su u to uključena. Zaokrete k fleksibilnoj energetskoj politici autor veže uz pokrete za zaštitu okoline i programe novih energetskih projekata na lokalnoj razini i razini globalnog društva. Na taj način, zaključuje se, »energetski sindrom« i redistributivni konflikti ne moraju biti uzroci dublje političke i društvene dezorganizacije. ; As opposed to the notion of energy policy as a functional-technical issue, and — on the other hand — as a struggle between materialistic and post-materialistic value patterns in the industrial and post-industrial society, the article is arguing the following hypotheses: (1) distributional conflicts represent the roots of the contemporary energy problems, (2) the values involved, even in the field of environmental protection, are of a materialistic nature, (3) the differences in energy policies of the United States and Western Germany can be explained by different distributional patterns, having as their core divergent values stemming from differences between industrial and demographic structures and geological resources, (4) the energy policy, especially the choice of the path of flexible »soft-energy «, can be successfully implemented by the emergence of a »winning coalition« which takes sufficient account of the distributional issues involved. Switches toward flexible energy policies are, according to the author, tied to activities of movements for environmental protection and to programs of new energy projects on the local level and on the global societal level. In such a manner, it is concluded, the »energy syndrome« and redistributional conflicts are not necessarily causes of a profound political and societal disorganization.
Sintagma energetska sigurnost toliko je često korištena da se čini jasnom i razumljivom. To je samo privid, jer je njezina upotreba ustvari kontroverzna, često i preholistička, što upućuje na nedovoljnu razvijenost koncepta. Pod pojmom energetske sigurnosti raspravlja se o najrazličitijim pitanjima, koje na okupu drži pojam "energija" kao zajednički nazivnik. U ovome se radu polazi od toga da je aktualni rast važnosti koncepta posljedica nove uloge koju je plinska trgovina između EU-a i RF-a dobila nakon 2000., kao svojevrsna eksternalija njezina korištenja u politici moći, njezine politizacije i pokušaja sekuritizacije. Pokazat će se da je koncept uvriježen semantički konstrukt, no analitički prazan – pokriven je sektorom ekonomske, još više (vanjsko)političke sigurnosti. Razjašnjenje i redefiniranje koncepta energetske sigurnosti u aktualnom kontekstu pridonosi boljem teorijskom definiranju i dubljem razumijevanju empirijskih posljedica korištenja koncepta, koji već kao diskurzivna praksa određuje što se smatra problemom i može otežati ekonomsku suradnju. ; The term 'energy security' has been so ubiquitous that it seems transparent and understandable. But that is just an illusion – the usage of the term is controversial, often too holistic, indicating underdevelopment of the concept itself. Most diverse questions have been discussed under the term 'energy security' – they are, however, bound together only by the term 'energy' as their common denominator. In this paper, it is assumed that this concept is currently growing in importance as the consequence of a new role assigned to the gas trade between the EU and the Russian Federation since 2000, as an externality of the use of this trade in power politics, of its politicization and attempts at securitization. It will be shown that this concept is a semantically ingrained construct; as an analytical concept it is empty – its meaning is already contained in the economic security sector, and even more so in the (foreign) political security sector. Explication and redefinition of the concept of energy security in the current context contribute to the improvement of theoretical delineation and deeper understanding of empirical implications of its usage. As a discursive practice, the concept determines what is to be considered a problem, and it may cause difficulties in economic cooperation.
The history of nuclear energy, as one of the possible ways out of energy crisis, & the transition into the post-oil period is analyzed. Since its discovery, nuclear energy has been used for military purposes & consequently shrouded in mystery & volatility. The coalition formed during WWII found the new legitimacy for the continuation of nuclear power use via its program "Atoms for Peace." The atomic bomb has evolved into atoms for peace, a complementary means by which the US has been trying to secure global domination through nuclear technology. The program has not achieved its objectives, although external conditions should have warranted that. Adapted from the source document.
Razvoj ljudske civilizacije usko je povezan s korištenjem energije i njezinih mnogostrukih izvora. Od doba ranih hominida na planetu, prije sedam milijuna godina, pa do sadašnjeg homo sapiens sapiens, energija je bila osnovni čimbenik opstanka vrste. Crkva općenito, a posebice kroz svoj socijalni nauk pokazuje posebno zanimanje za pitanja cjelovitog ljudskog razvoja, pa je tako predmet njezina razmatranja i pitanje energije, kao iznimnog izazova za pravdu, sigurnost i mir u svijetu. S pitanjem globalne energetike bave se izravno pape Ivan Pavao II., Benedikt XVI. i Franjo, svjesni da ono spada u iznimno bitne znakove vremena, koje treba pretpostavljati, čitati i tumačiti u svjetlu evanđeoske mudrosti. Ipak, problematika energije, odnosno energetskog sustava, još uvijek je jedno zanemareno globalno pitanje današnjice, iako je iznimno bitan čimbenik za cjelovit razvoj i ljudsko dostojanstvo. ; The development of human civilization is closely related to the use of energy and of its multiple sources. From the time of the early hominoids on the planet, seven million years ago, to the present homo sapiens sapiens, energy has been a basic factor affecting the survival of the species. Generally speaking and particularly through her Social Doctrine, the Church demonstrates a special interest in issues concerning integral human development. Thus, the energy issue is also deemed a subject to be dealt with by the Church since it is an exceptional challenge for the purposes of justice, security and peace in the world. Popes John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis all have concerned themselves with the question of global energy, being aware that this is an extremely important sign of the times which must be understood, read and interpreted in the light of evangelical wisdom. Nevertheless, matters concerning energy and the energy system are today still a neglected global issue, though an immensely important factor affecting integral development and human dignity.
Research on the postmodern orientations of voters in Croatia started in the 1990 elections & was continued in the 1992 elections. The indicators of postmodern value orientations had to be changed. War had distanced the Croatian electorate considerably from the desired rational orientation -- within which modern & postmodern differ. Postmodernism had a small erosion, from 4% to 3.2%, while desired rational orientation fell from 60% to only 6.8%. Postmodern-oriented voters were most evident in the youngest age group, those studying, & professionals. Changes were noted in the agricultural group, who climbed from last place to third. The results of the research follow postmodern orientations toward the concepts of sustainable development & sustainable energy policies. They indicate a significantly better situation when the subject is the presence of postmodern value orientations in the electorate of Croatia. It appears to be divided almost equally; 50% support the classic concept of development, while 50% support sustainable development. This could cause political polarization of the voting body when reconstruction & development are on the agenda. With respect to the energy policy as one of the most important components of development policy, the results of the research indicate that almost the entire voting body (97%) would support only a sustainable energy policy. 1 Table. Adapted from the source document.
Europska unija se politizaciji svoje plinske trgovine s Ruskom Federacijom u 21. stoljeću prilagođava hibridnim modelom, koji je mješavina različitih mjera. Kako bi spriječila ili barem ublažila rusko korištenje te trgovine u realističkoj politici moći, odgovara mjerama koje se sve više udaljuju od ekonomske, osobito slobodnotržišne, i približavaju političkoj perspektivi, jer je unošenje političkog elementa u vanjskotrgovinski odnos tražilo netržišne odgovore. Na temelju analize odgovora Europske unije na prijetnju čije je ishodište u ruskoj politizaciji plinske trgovine moguće je pratiti postupnu transformaciju liberalno- ekonomskog identiteta Europske unije u sve više geopolitički u svijetu koji postaje sve realističniji kako u energetskim pitanjima konkretno tako i u međunarodnim poslovima općenito. Europska unija je u svoju energetsku politiku uvrstila koncepte solidarnosti i suvereniteta, a visoki predstavnik za zajedničku vanjsku i sigurnosnu politiku Europske unije traži od nje da "ponovno nauči jezik moći". ; In the 21st century the European Union is adapting to the politicization of its gas trade with the Russian Federation with a hybrid model: a mixture of different measures. In order to prevent, or at least to mitigate, Russian use of gas trade in a realistic power politics, the EU is responding with measures which are digressing from the economic perspective, especially free-market one, and getting closer to the political perspective. Non-market responses have become unavoidable primarily due to bringing the political element into a foreign trade relationship. Based on the analysis of the EU's responses to the threat, which has originated from the Russian politicization of gas trade, it is possible to follow the incremental transformation of the EU liberal-economic identity into an increasingly geopolitical one in a world that is becoming increasingly realistic, both in the energy field and in international affairs in general. The European Union has included concepts of solidarity and sovereignty in its energy policy, yet according to the EU High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has to "learn to use the language of power again".
Cilj istraživanja je prikaz cjelovitog i značajnog utjecaja urbanog vodnog sustava na okoliš, odnosno zaštitu okoliša u kontekstu povećanja korištenja obnovljivih izvora energije, te kako takvi izvori energije utječu na klimatske promjene općenito. U obnovljive izvore energije ubrajaju se: energija vjetra, energija vode, energija Sunca, energija vodika, geotermalna energija, energija biomase, energija plime i oseke, energija valova, energija hladnoće iz svemira i druge. Primjena načela održivog razvoja dovodi do potrebe za korištenjem obnovljivih izvora energije, usavršavanjem tehničkih karakteristika i funkcioniranja istih, te pronalaženjem novih metoda i tehnologija za konačno napuštanje korištenja neobnovljivih izvora energije. U tu svrhu nužno je voditi politiku koja je temeljena na strateškom planiranju i korištenju integriranog pristupa u upravljanju i gospodarenju urbanih vodnih sustava. ; The aim of the research is to present the overall and significant impact of the urban water system on the environment, i.e. environmental protection in the context of increasing the use of renewable energy sources, and how such energy sources affect climate change in general. Renewable energy sources include: wind energy, water energy, solar energy, hydrogen energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, tidal energy, wave energy, cold energy from space and others. The application of the principles of sustainable development leads to the need to use renewable energy sources, improve their technical characteristics and functioning, and find new methods and technologies to finally abandon the use of non-renewable energy sources. To this end, it is necessary to pursue a policy based on strategic planning and the use of an integrated approach in the operation and management of urban water systems.
After the breakup of the USSR, and the several rounds of Post-Cold War enlargements of the Western integrations, once large space of newly independent and geopolitically uncontrolled European post-communist states, located between the EU, NATO and Russia, contracts geopolitically and 'wanders' strategically. The three states, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova, located on Russia's western borders share about three thousand kilometers of borders with the EU and NATO, and about two thousand and five hundred kilometers with Russia, which implicates that they are prone to the geopolitical influences from their surroundings. This Interspace of the three states lies inside the strategic triangle comprised of: 1) Russia - geopolitically and militarily powerful state as well as a giant considering its energy reserves, which makes her relatively strong 'hard' power as well as a significant 'soft' power; 2) the EU - economic giant on the global level that is not unified enough; has domestic problems and is partially dependent on Russia when it comes to energy, a civilian power without 'hard' power that in its foreign relations relies on policies based on financial assistance, assurance, and attractiveness; 3) NATO, led by the USA - the most powerful military-political-security 'hard' power that exists today; it does not have the kind of influence on Europe and the Post-Soviet space that it had in the 90-ies. However, as a consequence of subordination of the Interspace that lasted for a couple of centuries, the common characteristics intrinsic to this space occur: ambiguous identities; deficits in the democratic practices; complicated, prolonged and incomplete transition; economic decline, demographic problems - all of which favor a strategic 'adoption' of the Interspace by the Kremlin, a former imperial master. At the same time, a relative marginalization of the Interspace is evident regarding the processes of Euro-Atlantic integration. After the unsuccessful attempts of 'pulling out' Kiev, Kishinev, and the South Caucasian Tbilisi from this Russian sphere of influence, the states positioned in the Interspace, together with Russia, comprise a regional security complex, a stabilized geopolitical 'Russosphere' that is a key part of the Kremlin's attempts for Eurasian reintegration under Russia's leadership. Adapted from the source document.
Istraživanja vezana za klimatsko-energetsku politiku u Republici Hrvatskoj najčešće su vezana za pojedine segmente klimatsko-energetskog planiranja te je vidljiv je nedostatak međusektorskog i integrativnog planiranja klimatsko-energetskog razvoja. U ovom radu opisan je metodološki pristup i procjena ključnih utjecaja koji su izrađeni prilikom izrade stručnih podloga za Strategiju niskougljičnog razvoja Republike Hrvatske do 2030. godine s pogledom na 2050. godinu. Rezultati su pokazali da će do 2030. godine biti potrebno ostvariti dodatna investicije u visini od oko 1,0 do 1,5% BDP-a Republike Hrvatske. Istovremeno će se ostvariti ušteda na uvozu energije, materijala te troškova za emisijske jedinice u ETS-u u visini od 65 do 75% vrijednosti dodatnih investicija, a pribrajanjem popratnih koristi u vidu pozitivnih utjecaja manjeg onečišćenja zraka te otvaranja novih radnih mjesta ukupne koristi niskougljičnog razvoja mogu nadići dodatne troškove. Ključni rezultati su se pokazali u skladu s onima dobivenim u Procjeni učinka Klimatsko-energetskog okvira do 2030. godine (European Commission, 2014). ; Climate-related energy policy research in the Republic of Croatia is most often linked to certain climate-energy planning segments, and there is a lack of cross-sectoral and integrative climate-energy development planning. This paper describes the methodological approach and the assessment of the key impacts that have been estimated in the preparation of technical basis for the Low Carbon Development Strategy of Republic of Croatia until 2030 with a view to 2050. The results showed that by 2030, additional investments would have to be made in the amount of about 1.0 to 1.5% of GDP of the Republic of Croatia. At the same time, savings will on the import of energy, materials and costs for emission units in the EU ETS will compensate around of 65 to 75% of the value of additional investments, and by adding the additional benefits in terms of positive impacts of lower air pollution and opening new jobs the total benefit of lowcarbon development can surpass the additional costs. Key results are in line with the Impact Assessment accompanying the 2030 Climate and Energy Framework (European Commission, 2014).
Considers the application of formalized models in the study of public administration in the federally structured American administration. The theory of American federalism has taught us that the expenses of the implementation of political decisions are inversely proportionate to the administrative level of their application: the expenses are bigger if the implementation is done at lower administrative levels, ie, state or local, instead of by federal authorities. On the other hand, this theory claims that decision-making expenses are proportionate to the level of decision making: the lower the decision-making level, the smaller the expenses. The American experience in the arena of energy policy -- oil & gas -- confirms the model's rationale, & it is applicable to other fields: the optimal effect & the minimal expenses have been achieved in the situation in which political regulations are decided on at the state level, while their implementation lies in the domain of federal government. 1 Table, 3 Figures, 10 References. Adapted from the source document.
RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAOvo su bile teme Konferencije za tisak u hotelu Vestin krajem rujna, koje su nazočnima predstavili: zastupnica u Europskom Parlamentu gospođa Marijana Petir i direktor Hrvatskog drvnog klastera Marijan Kavran.U Strasbourgu je u rujnu na izvanrednoj sjednici Odbora za okoliš, javno zdravlje i sigurnost hrane, predstavljen paket novog zakonodavstva u području europske politike ublažavanja klimatskih promjena koji je usvojen u srpnju. Taj je paket na odnosnoj sjednici podržala i naša zastupnica, pozdravljajući nastavak odgovornog provođenja energetske i klimatske politike EU, s primjedbom da prijedlozima propisa nedostaje opipljivo vrednovanje potencijala dugogodišnjih šuma kao ponora ugljika. S tom primjedbom se u potpunosti slažemo, s napomenom da je to samo jedna, ali svakako vrlo značajna, od 15-ak navedenih općekorisnih uloga šume u Zakonu o šumama, na koje neprestano ukazujemo suprotstavljajući je mišljenjima o šumi kao isključivo sirovinskom resursu.Glede ponora ugljika, podsjećamo da je grupa od nekoliko šumarski stručnjaka imenovanih od tadašnjeg Ministarstva zaštite okoliša i prostornog uređenja, 2000. god. putem Akademije šumarskih znanosti za šumarski sektor (jedan od 6) napravila analizu i izradila Izvješće o ulozi šume i šumarstva o vezivanju ugljika, kao Prilog nacionalnom izvješću o klimatskim promjenama za Okvirnu konvenciju UN za promjenu klime (UNFCCC). Navodimo neka značajna saznanja, podatke i izračune iz toga Izvješća:Šume značajno djeluju na klimu ovisno o dobi šumskih sastojina, te imaju pozitivan utjecaj na smanjenje negativnog učinka "stakleničkih plinova". Od 720 milijardi tona CO2, 120 milijardi tona veže se u procesu fotosinteze, 60 milijardi tona veže se trajno, a najveći je dio uskladišten u šumama, koje prema Burschelu najučinkovitije upijanjem CO2 utječu na njegovo smanjenje. Ugljik je u šumi vezan u drveću, prizemnoj vegetaciji, tlu i mrtvom drvu (drvnim proizvodima). Kao mjere ublažavanja navedene su: smanjenje stope devastacije, povećanja površina pod šumom (npr. na oko 331 000 ha produktivnog neobraslog tla mogu se osnivati energetske šume), povećanje zaliha ugljika u postojećim šumama kroz značajnije njege proredom, koje će rezultirati većom drvnom masom, kvalitetom i biološkom raznolikošću. Unapređenjem gospodarenja i podizanjem kvalitete privatnih šuma postiglo bi se također povećanje zaliha ugljika. U odnosnoj analizi nastavno je i naznačena uloga zamjene fosilnih goriva sa šumskom biomasom, što je također prilog ublažavanju klimatskih promjena, no to je već drugo pitanje. Izračunom, koristeći kao podlogu Šumsko-gospodarsku osnovu područja za razdoblje 1996.-2005. god., a po metodi Burschela, Kuerstena i Larsona, izračunata je količina vezanog ugljika u drveću (krupno drvo, granjevina i korijen) po vrstama drveća za kopneni dio Hrvatske i Sredozemlje, a isto tako u prizemnom rašću, šumskom tlu i mrtvom drvu. Sveukupno to iznosi 418,191.492 tona (374, 281. 359 tona crnogorica i 43, 910. 103 tone bjelogorica).Ovo Izvješće i izračune naveli smo skraćeno, samo da se zna da oni postoje, jer nismo sigurni da li to znaju u odnosnim ministarstvima i da li ih koriste, a nije nam znano da li i zastupnica Petir raspolaže s tim podacima. Potom zanima nas, da li su, ako su bili potrebni napravljeni izračuni za razdoblje 2006.-2015. god., u što sumnjamo, jer zastupnica Petir hvaleći hrvatske šumarske stručnjake kako oni znaju svoj posao, navodi kako su naše državne institucije opet podbacile, tako da strateški dokument poput Šumsko-gospodarske osnove gospodarenja Republike Hrvatske za razdoblje 2016.-2025. god. koja je temelj novog obračuna, kasni. Prema na početku spomenutom paketu glede udjela korištenja zemljišta i šumarstva, Komisija će primjenom od 2021. god. koristiti "načelo nezaduživanja" – ne smije se emitirati više emisija od onoga što priroda može apsorbirati. Upozoravamo na, kako kaže zastupnica Petir, prednosti koje Republika Hrvatska ima glede svojih očuvanih šuma u odnosu na ostale zemlje, a mi dodajemo i na temelju pokazanih izračuna o poniranja ugljika, koje bi mogla izgubiti opetovano neodgovornim ponašanjem.Glede informacija o novoj studiji Europske komisije: "Kaskadna uporaba drva" i međusobnog utjecaja šumarstva, prerade drva i sektora proizvodnje energije iz drva, posebice povećanja novo-dodane vrijednosti u finalnoj proizvodnji za nas nije novost, jer smo više puta o tome pisali u ovoj rubrici. Pri-mjerice u br. 3-4/2011. "Nešto o klasično-gospodarskoj vrijednosti šuma"; u br. 5-6/2011. "Strategija (Strategije) razvoja"; u br. 5-6/2012. "Odnos šumarstva i prerade drva", a ponešto i u br. 1-2/2016. "Problemi konzistentne šumarske i drvoprerađivačke politike u Hrvatskoj". Isto tako bilo je riječi i o šumskoj biomasi i korištenju stvarnog drvnog otpada za energiju, a ne standardnih sortimenata (ogrjevnog drva). Ponajprije problem leži u tome, da se šumski sortimenti vrednuju po netržišnim cijena-ma, pa je tako moguće drvnu sječku i pelete, pa i parket proizvoditi iz za to tržišno preskupe drvne sirovine. Naravno, Hrvatske šume d.o.o. (kćerka "Biomasa") trebale su se ponajprije baviti načinima pridobivanja drvnog otpada iz šume, a ne prodajom biomase iz dosadašnje redovite proizvodnje sortimenata (ogrjevnog drva). Tada bi imali vjerojatno i manji problem s potkornjacima o kojima danas bruje ponajviše nestručnjaci, ali to je također posebna tema.Uredništvo ; EDITORIALThese were the main topics of the press conference held at the Westin Hotel at the end of September. The speakers who introduced the topics to those present were Ms Marijana Petir, the Croatian representative in the European Parliament, and Marijan Kavran, Director of the Croatian Wood Cluster.A new legislative package in the field of the European policy of climate change mitigation, which was adopted in July, was presented at an extraordinary session of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety in Strasbourg in September. The package was also supported by the Croatian MEP, who commended the continued responsible application of the EU energy and climate policy. However, she objected that the proposals of the regulations lacked a more palpable evaluation of the long-term forest potential as a carbon sink. We fully agree with this objection, stressing that this is just one, but highly important, of the fifteen-or-so non-market forest roles listed in the Forest Act. We constantly refer to these roles whenever we argue against those who perceive the forest as a raw material resource only.As for carbon sinks, we would like to remind the readers that in the year 2000, a group of forestry experts appointed by the then Ministry of Environment Protection and Spatial Planning, made an analysis within the Academy of Forestry Sciences for the Forestry Sector (one of six sectors) and issued a Report on the Role of Forests and Forestry in Carbon Sequestration. The report was a contribution to the national report on climate change for the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Here are some important insights, data and calculations from the Report:Forests have a significant effect on climate, depending on the age of forest stands, and positively mitigate the negative effect of "glasshouse gases". Of 720 milliard tons of CO2, 120 milliard tons are sequestered in the process of photosynthesis, 60 milliard tons are sequestered permanently, while the largest part is stored in forests. According to Burschel, by capturing CO2 forests have an immense importance in carbon dioxide reduction. In forests, carbon is sequestered in trees, ground vegetation, soil and dead wood (wood products). The following mitigating measures were listed: reducing the degree of devastation, increasing areas under forests (e.g. about 331,000 ha of productive bare soil may be used to establish energy forests), and increasing carbon stocks in the existing forests through tending by thinning, which will result in greater wood mass, higher quality and biological diversity. Other measures of increasing carbon stocks would be to apply progressive management and raise the quality of private forests. The analysis also discusses the possibility of replacing fossil fuels with forest biomass as yet another contribution to climate change mitigation. However, this is another issue. The Forest Management Plan of the area for the period 1996 – 2005 and a method by Burschel, Kuersten and Larson were used to calculate the quantity of sequestered carbon in trees (large wood, branches and roots) by tree species for the continental part of Croatia and the Mediterranean. The same was done for ground vegetation, forest soil and dead wood. Overall, the amount is 418,191,492 tons (374, 281, 359 tons of coniferous and 43, 910, 103 tons of deciduous trees).This Report and the calculations are presented here in brief form, just to show that they exist, because we are not sure that those in the ministries are aware of their existence or that they use them. We do not know whether Ms Petir, the Croatian MEP, is aware of these data either. We would also like to know whether calculations were made for the period 2006 -2015, but we doubt it very much, considering that MEP Petir, when praising the Croatian forestry experts and their know-how, claimed that our state institutions have failed yet again, so that the strategic document such as the Forest Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2016 – 2025, which is the basis for the new calculation, is late. According to the aforementioned package, in terms of the share of land use and forestry, the Committee will apply the "principle of non-indebtedness" as of 2021 – no quantities of emissions are allowed beyond those that nature can absorb. As Ms Petir says, the Croatian representatives constantly stress the advantages of the Republic of Croatia in terms of preserved forests compared to those in other countries. To this, we would add the advantages related to carbon sequestration, which could be lost by the repeatedly irresponsible behaviour.The new study of the European Commission, entitled "The Cascade Use of Wood", and the mutual interaction of forestry, wood processing and the sector of wood for energy production, and particularly an increase in the newly-added value in the final production are topics that we are already familiar with. We mentioned these issues in our column on several occasions, for example in No 3-4/2011 "Something about the Classical-Commercial Value of Forests", No 5-6/2011 "The Strategy (Strategies) of Development"; No 5-6/2012 "The Relationship between Forestry and Wood Processing", and No 1-2/2016: "The Problem of Formulating a Consistent Forestry and Wood Processing Policy in Croatia". We also dealt with the problem of forest biomass and the use of real wood waste for energy production instead of standard assortments (fuel wood). The main problem is that forest assortments are evaluated by non-market prices; as a result, wood chips and pellets, and even parquet, are produced from highly expensive raw wood material. The company Croatian Forests Ltd (daughter company "Biomass") should primarily concentrate on the ways of obtaining wood waste from forests rather than selling biomass obtained from regular production of assortments (fuel wood). In this case, we might not have so many problems with bark beetles today, a favourite topic of discussion among non-experts mostly; however, this is another story and another topic.Editorial Board
RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVANa svojoj sjednici 17. srpnja 2003. godine Vlada Republike Hrvatske donijela je Nacionalnu šumarsku politiku i strategiju. S obzirom na sve očitije klimatske promjene koje traže novi odnos prema prirodi i okolišu, na manjkavosti važeće Nacinalne šumarske politike i strategije šumarstva, ali i po našoj ocjeni na neadekvatno uključivanje šumarstva u narodno gospodarstvo, je li i vrijeme za promjene u važećoj Nacionalnoj šumarskoj politici i strategiji? Imamo li uzore? Gledajući šumarske politike u relevantnim zemljama u kojima je šumarstvo značajna grana gospodarstva, razvidno je da se one ne mogu doslovno kopirati. U brošuri Šumarska politika Sabadi (1992) nakon analize Šumarske politike u Njemačkoj i Švicarskoj, navodi kako je očito "da svaka zemlja ima svoj oblik šumarske politike koji joj odgovara s obzirom na gospodarski i politički poredak, filozofiju te utjecaj pojedinaca i grupa na državnu vlast". No, nesporno je da je svaka šumarska politika integralni dio narodnog gospodarstva. Najvažnija faza u stvaranju nacionalne šumarske politike je njezino uključivanje i integracija s ostalim narodnim gospodarstvom u jednu inerakcijsku cjelinu. Isti autor kaže kako kod utvrđivanja Šumarske politike "treba prvo utvrditi ciljeve, a potom sredstva i mjere za postizanje postavljenih ciljeva. Posebnu pozornost treba posvetiti malom seljačkom šumoposjedu (oko 25 % šumske površine)" što je kod nas posebice teško, jer su šumoposjedi mali, a šumovlasnici se teško odlučuju na udruživanja putem kojih se jedino može polučiti uspjeh. Otežavajuća je okolnost da je svako ulaganje u šumu dugoročno i za ulagače premalo profitabilno, ponajprije jer šumarstvo ne sagledavaju kao integralni i vrlo utjecajni čimbenik narodnog gospodarstva. Uglavnom šuma se gleda samo kao izvor sirovine za preradu, dok se zaboravlja općekorisna uloga šuma koja traži širu podršku narodnog gospodarstva. No, ako njenu pravu vrijednost ne mogu sagledati privatni šumovlasnici i općenito poduzetnici, kojima je na prvome mjestu trenutna sirovinska vrijednost, to mora Država, posebice kada je ona, kao u našem slučaju većinski vlasnik. Opći interes treba biti ispred svih drugih interesa, a Država mora kontrolirati i privatne šumovlasnike da se ponašaju sukladno Zakonu o šumama, instrumentu Nacionalne šumarske politike i strategije, koji mora biti obvezan za sve šumovlasnike.Analizirajući da li primjenjujemo ono što je propisano u važećoj Nacionalnoj šumarskoj politici i strategiji i što bi još trebalo propisati, možemo postavljati pitanja i sami na njih odgovarati, jer bi tuđe odgovore smatrali kritikom, najčešće neopravdanom. Ponajprije: da li drvne sortimente prodajemo po tržišnim načelima; da li stvarno vjerujemo da ugovorima o isporuci sirovine pomažemo razvoju finalne prerade drva i povećanju zaposlenosti, posebice inženjera i VKV radnika, ili pak punimo privatne džepove izvoznika proizvoda primarne prerade; ako isporuku drvne sirovine ne usmjeravamo na optimalnu finalnu proizvodnju, nije li to rasipanje nacionalnog bogatstva u kojega je uložen prosječno stogodišnji trud; u isto vrijeme projekt Roswood Centra kompetencija za istočnu Europu, čitamo, daje primjere dobre prakse i inovacija koje se mogu implementirati za pametno i održivo korištenje vrijedne šumske sirovine; da li stvarno ili samo deklarativno kontroliramo sječu na privatnom šumoposjedu, posebice u šumama koje su vraćene bivšim šumovlasnicima; kojim instrumentima i koliko uspješno to radimo; osiguravamo li koristi koje bi od šumarstva trebala imati lokalna zajednica i stanovništvo ruralnih područja, što je jedno od glavnih načela Šumarske politike i strategije EU, koju načelno podržavamo; potičemo li i koliko uspješno suvremenu energetsku uporabu drvne sirovine; da li razmišljamo kako riješiti pitanje sukcesije – ruralna područja ostaju bez stanovništva, i šuma se širi čak do vrtova – nestaju pašnjaci pa i livadske površine unutar šume koje su donedavno košene za pašu i prehranu divljači; da li je istina da nam drvoprerađivači ne želeći osigurati zalihu drvne sirovine, a kada njima to pogoduje "diktiraju" izvlačenje drvnih sortimenata i kada to vremenske prilike ograničavaju (mokar teren) pa nastaju velike štete na šumskom tlu; zašto smo za sitan novac prepustili koncesionarima radnička odmarališta, posebice na moru, koja su izgrađena doprinosom radnika, kojega nisu pretočili u plaće, nego upravo u te objekte; da li smo u odnosu na druge zemlje prevelike površine uključili u Natura 2000; da li smo obavili restrukturiranje Hrvatskih šuma d.o.o. ? Sabadi kaže: "Racionalan put glede organizacije je da se svi poslovi obavljaju u šumariji, a na višoj razini samo oni poslovi koje nije moguće riješiti na šumariji ili njihovo rješenje nije racionalno. U Ministarstvu organizirati službe vrhovnog šumarskog nadzora i one za pomoć malim šumoposjednicima". Da li smo postavili sva pitanja – ne, ali čitatelje potičemo da ih i oni postave i daju odgovor na njih. Ponajprije treba odgovoriti na postavljeno pitanje u naslovu.Nadajući se da nam ova razmišljanja neće pokvariti nadolazeće blagdane, svim članovima Hrvatskoga šumarskoga društva i čitateljima Šumarskoga lista, želimo sretan Božić i uspješnu 2020. godinu.Uredništvo ; EDITORIALAt its session on July 17, 2003, the Government of the Republic of Croatia passed the National Forestry Policy and Strategy. In view of the increasingly pronounced climate change, which requires a new approach to nature and the environment, of the deficiencies of the current National Forestry Policy and Forestry Strategy, as well as, in our opinion, of the inadequate inclusion of forestry in the national economy, has the time come to introduce some changes in the valid National Forestry Policy and Strategy? Do we have any models? A review of forestry policies in relevant countries in which forestry is an important branch of economy clearly shows that they cannot be literally copied. In his brochure "Forestry Policy" Sabadi (1992) analyzed forestry policies in Germany and Switzerland and concluded that "every country has its own form of forestry policy which is in line with its economic and political system, philosophy and the influence of individuals and groups on the state government". It is, however, indisputable that every forestry policy is an integral part of the national economy. The most important stage in the creation of a national forestry policy is its inclusion into and integration with other national economies into one interactive unit. The same author goes on to say that in order to develop forestry policy, "its goals should first be determined, followed by means and measures of achieving the set goals. Particular attention should be paid to small private forest estates (about 25 % of the forested area)". This is very difficult in our country because privately owned forests are small and private forest owners are not willing to merge their estates, which is the only way in which success can be achieved. An aggravating circumstance lies in the fact that investments in forests are of long-term nature and are not sufficiently profitable for investors, chiefly because they do not perceive forestry as an integral and highly influential factor in the national economy. Forests are mainly viewed as a source of raw material for processing, while the non-market forest role, which requires a broader support by the national economy, is overlooked. If the real value of forests is not understood by private forest owners and entrepreneurs in general, whose primary goal is the current value of raw material, then it is the State which should understand it, especially when the State is the major owner as in Croatia. Collective interest should be above all other interests. The State should also make sure that private forest owners adhere to the regulations of the Forest Act, the instrument of the National Forestry Policy and Strategy which is binding for all forest owners.In our analysis of whether we apply the regulations set down in the valid National Forestry Policy and Strategy and what additional items should be incorporated, we should ask questions and answer them ourselves, since we would consider answers by other parties as mostly unjustified criticism. These questions involve the following: do we sell wood assortments according to market principles; do we really believe that with contracts on the delivery of raw material we contribute to the development of final wood processing and increased employment of engineers and qualified workers in the first place, or do we fill the pockets of private exporters of primary processing products; if raw wood material is not directed towards optimal final production, does not this mean that we squander the national wealth in which a hundred-year-long effort has been invested; at the same time we find that the Rosewood Competence Centre for Eastern Europe provides examples of good practice and innovations to be implemented into wise and sustainable use of valuable wood material; do we control felling in private forest estates in practice or only declaratively, particularly in forests which have been returned to their original owners; which instruments do we use and how successfully to accomplish this; do we ensure benefits which forestry should provide for the local community and the population of rural areas, which is one of the main principles of the EU Forestry Policy and Strategy, which we support in principle; do we stimulate and to what extent modern energy use of wood material; do we think about how to solve the question of succession - rural areas are increasingly being abandoned and forests are spreading as far as the people's gardens - pastures and grassland areas within forest, which were until recently mowed or grazed by wildlife, are disappearing; is it true that wood processors do not want to ensure stocks of wood material, and when it suits them "dictate" the extraction of wood assortments even when weather conditions are unfavourable (wet terrain), thus inflicting vast damage on forest soil; why did we allow workers' resort centres, especially those at the seaside, to be taken over by concessionaires for petty cash (these resorts were built with the money which workers allocated from their salaries for exactly this purpose); in relation to other countries, did we allocate too large areas to Natura 2000; did we restructure the company "Croatian Forests Ltd"? Sabadi says: " Rational organisation presupposes that all jobs are accomplished in a forest office, and only those jobs which cannot be performed in a forest office or their solution is not rational should be performed at a higher level. Forest monitoring services and services aimed at assisting small forest owners should be set up in the Ministry". Have we covered all the relevant questions? No, we have not, but we urge the readers to ask questions and give the answers themselves. The first question to be answered is the one mentioned in the headline.Hoping that these thoughts will not spoil the upcoming holidays, we wish Merry Christmas and a Very Successful New Year 2020 to all members of the Croatian Forestry Association and readers of the Forestry Journal.Editorial Board
Tržište energetskih mineralnih sirovina predstavlja kompleksne odnose ponude i potražnje dobara koje ovise o velikome broju čimbenika i rizika koje nose sa sobom. Rizici koji se pojavljuju mogu se podijeliti na tehnološke, ekonomske, političke, geopolitičke i druge. Tehnološki rizici mogu se javiti u svim segmentima poslovanja od istraživanja do transporta. Energetski ekonomski rizici uključuju moguće gubitke zbog, primjerice, pada cijena sirove nafte, porasta troškova za eksploataciju nafte, požara u rafineriji i sl. Osim energetskih ekonomskih rizika u obzir je potrebno uzeti i financijske rizike. Financijski rizici odnose se na moguće gubitke zbog promjena vrijednosti financijske imovine koju su izdale energetske kompanije, a mogu se podijeliti na: tržišni rizik, kreditni rizik, rizik likvidnosti, operativni rizik i pravni rizik. Zbog velike promjenjivosti cijena energije energetske kompanije rizike eliminiraju ili smanjuju na najmanju moguću mjeru energetskim financijskim derivatima, i to terminskim ugovorima te opcijama. Specifičnosti energetskih tržišta leže u nerazmjernoj geografskoj distribuciji rezervi energenata i eksploatacije s jedne te potrošnje energenata s druge strane. Tržišta nafte u svijetu, iako su zbog trgovine određenim markerima geografski lokalizirana, čine jedinstveno globalno tržište nafte sa sve manjim cjenovnim razlikama ponajprije zbog transportnih mogućnosti dobave nafte. Razvojem tehnologije ukapljivanja plina (UPP) sve je veći pritisak i na plinska tržišta i njihovu integraciju u globalno tržište, što je jedna od trenutačnih inicijativa unutar EU-a, iako su još uvijek znatne cjenovne razlike na pojedinim plinskim tržištima u svijetu (Sjedinjene Američke Države, Jugoistočna Azija). Razvoj globalnih energetskih tržišta omogućen je razvojem trgovine terminskih i opcijskih ugovora za trgovinu energentima koji su zamijenili prethodne bilateralne dogovore o kupoprodaji energenata između proizvođača i potrošača. Terminski su ugovori standardizirani ugovori kojima kupac pristaje kupiti određenu količinu robe (npr. sirove nafte) po određenoj cijeni s isporukom na neki datum u budućnosti. Prednosti su terminskih tržišta cjenovna transparentnost i informacije oko očekivanih cijena proizvoda. Opcijski ugovor sporazum je između prodavača i kupca koji kupcu ugovora daje pravo na kupnju ili prodaju određene robe po određenoj cijeni u budućnosti. Cijenu opcije određuje cijena temeljne imovine, cijena iskorištenja, rizik imovine, vrijeme dospijeća te kamatna stopa. Kupci i prodavači mogu upravljati rizikom promjene cijene kupnjom ili prodajom terminskih i opcijskih ugovora. Rizik se može potpuno eliminirati, ograničiti ili se katkad može preuzeti neuobičajeno velik rizik, za neku naknadu, što omogućuju terminska i opcijska tržišta koja su analizirana u radu kao i strategije trgovanja na njima. ; Energy mineral resources markets are represented by complex supply and demand ratios which are depending on different factors such as technical (transport) and geopolitical. The main specific of energy markets is represented by an uneven geographic distribution of hydrocarbon reserves and exploration on one hand and energy consumption on the other. World oil markets, although geographically localized, because of specific market trade, represent unique global market with decreasing price difference. Price differences are result of development of a transport possibilities of oil supply. Development of transport routes of natural gas and increasing number of liquefied natural gas terminals in the world give pressure to natural gas market and its integration into global gas market. Integration of regional gas markets into a common European gas market is main energy policy of EU concerning natural gas. On the other hand, there are still significant price differences on some markets (e.g. United States of America - South East Asia). Development of global energy markets is enabled by development of a futures and options contracts of an energy trade which have replaced bilateral contract deals between producers and consumers. Futures contracts are standardized contracts traded on exchanges. Buyer agrees to buy certain quantity of stock for an agreed upon price and with some future delivery date. Option is a contract which gives a buyer the option of the right to buy (or sell, depending on the option) an asset at predetermined price and at a later date. Stocks price risk can be managed with the purchase and selling futures and options contracts. This paper deals with futures and options energy markets and their market strategies.
