Suchergebnisse

Màster d'Enginyeria Ambiental, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2019-2020, Tutors: Bernardí Bayarri, Sergi Astals ; Climate change is one of the biggest challenges humanity is actually facing. This is why the European Union has recently issued a more restrictive waste management Directive, which establishes a minimum percentages of selective waste collection for the coming years. To achieve these objective is necessary to improve the current selective collection methods. This is why organic matter becomes important, due to the large amount that is generated as well as its subsequent valorization possibilities. In this final master project a study of the current collection systems is made to find out which are their main characteristics that allow improving the separation efficiency. In addition, the existing technologies that allow differentiating organic matter from other types of materials are reviewed. Succeeding, an innovative organic matter collection system based on X-ray technology is designed. This prototype is design to reject the organic matter waste bags that have an amount of improper materials greater than the desired maximum limit. In this way, citizens can be rewarded for making good use of the system. Subsequently, due to the high cost of the X-ray based system a second system was designed. It is a system where users are identified by QR codes on the waste bags. This allows a subsequent bag inspection to benefit or fine the user. Finally, a preliminary economic comparison of both systems and the current one is carried out. In addition to the environmental advantages and compliance with the European Directive, better separation of organic waste at source reduces the cost of pre-treating it. With this framework, the economic feasibility of both designs is studied

This work is part of the activities driven by ADDfactor, Advanced Digital technologies and virtual engineering for mini-factories. This project has receied funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No. [609386]. ; Baydal Bertomeu, JM.; Lopez Pascual, J.; Puigcerver Palau, SA.; Solves Camallonga, C.; Belda Lois, JM. (2015). Analysis of the effect of high heel shoes design components on gait ground reaction forces. Footwear Science. 7:S129-S131. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2015.1038647 ; S ; S129 ; S131 ; 7

The objective of this dissertation is to undertake a comparative engineering geological study of information generated during the design and construction of HATS Stage 1 Tunnels C and F. This dissertation also touches on delays which occurred during construction and how the ground conditions affected the construction programme and cost. Furthermore, similarities and differences in the geological settings which influenced the construction of the tunnels have also been assessed. Various published papers, reports and government documents have been collected and retained by the Drainage Services Department (DSD), which contain a wealth of engineering and geological data relating to the HATS Stage 1 tunnels. Data has been obtained from various sources, including the Geotechnical Information Unit (GIU) of the Civil Engineering Development Department (CEDD) and the Hong Kong Geological Survey (HKGS) archives and is presented in the form of maps, tables and figures extracted from available reports and records and from the author's review of available information. Tunnels C and F were constructed in Jurassic age granitic and Cretaceous age volcanic and granitic rocks. A comparison between predicted and actual ground conditions reveals that as-encountered zones of adverse rock mass are 6 times lower than predicted for Tunnel C and 2.5 times lower than predicted for Tunnel F. It is observed that there is an approximate relationship between the major faults (≥ 3m wide) and changes in the number of joint sets in all rock types, with exception of the Rennie's Mill Fault in Tunnel C. The number of joint sets tend to decrease in the direction of the centre of the granite plutons, contrary to what is observed in the volcanic rocks. The older granitic rocks tend to exhibit a greater number of joint sets compared with the younger granites. In general, the volcanic rocks are more heavily fractured compared with the granites. There is a relationship between locations and orientations of the major faults and distribution of groundwater inflows along the alignment of Tunnel F. In the latter, faults are considered to have provided a cut-off barrier to groundwater inflows over a section of tunnel 1800 m in length. In contrast, groundwater inflows of varying magnitudes are observed along the full length of Tunnel C. Moreover, groundwater patterns in Tunnel C appear to be affected by scale. At the small scale there does not appear to be a relationship between faults and groundwater, but at basin (Junk Bay) scale, faults clearly played a role in groundwater flow and affected the spatial distribution of groundwater drawdown and settlement of nearby land. The onset of drawdown and settlement associated with construction of Tunnel C is not thought to be linked to particular geological features per se, but rather to a period of significant inactivity, during which time construction of the tunnel was halted and groundwater inflows into the tunnel were uncontrolled. In the latter stages of Tunnel C construction, settlement is thought to be linked to poorly controlled groundwater inflows into the tunnel. In the case of Tunnel F, it is also thought that poorly controlled groundwater inflows are the main reason why settlement occurred at the HIT Container Terminal. Promulgating the lessons learned from driving the HATS Stage 1 tunnels to the general public would be beneficial. Furthermore, information generated from this study could be used as a tool to help predict ground conditions for future underground projects in Hong Kong. ; published_or_final_version ; Applied Geosciences ; Master ; Master of Science

Over the next thirty years, the population of the world will increase by more than 2 billion. This growth will focus on urban areas and will translate in an urgent need to build more housing and develop the infrastructure. The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry will be faced with both opportunities and challenges. They will get to design and build more, but they will have to take into consideration the already stressed resources of the planet. To this, the recent investments in the Build-to-Rent (BTR) sector add up. With house prices only rising, it is becoming harder for young people to afford a house especially in urban areas. Moreover, due to the pandemics, the high levels of unemployment and wage cuts will make it impossible for many people to save to put together a deposit for a house. Thus, it is estimated that in the near future, more houses will be used for rent, highlighting a shift from home ownership. Within this context, Lurtis is developing a buildability estimator, which will enable developers and architects to maximize the potential of a plot and of an investment. This tool reduces the time of pre-design and can create dozens of design solutions based on user preferences and governmental regulations. Users can easily compare which project is more profitable, without the need to build anything, saving resources and time. The objective of this Master Thesis is to design the user experience for the buildability tool, in order to facilitate its adoption. The paper discusses the recent trends in the real-estate industry and explains the concept of buildability. It explores the strongest competitors in the industry focusing on their design strengths and weaknesses. It then analyzes the needs of potential users and provides different design solutions for the tool. The evaluation of these solutions is presented, culminating with details about the technical implementation of the buildability estimator. The paper concludes with a reflection on the entire design process and with ...

As reported at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland in January of 2019 only 9% of the world is circular (defined as the annual percentage of materials that are returned to the system vs. discarded as waste). It is estimated that the 91% that is not circular contributes to over 60% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions along with an estimated 8 million tons of waste entering our oceans each year. Villanova's focus on circularity in engineering education includes three graduate level courses: Sustainable Materials and Design, Biomimicry (defined as engineering solutions inspired by nature), and Sustainable Supply Chain, along with industry and grant sponsored class projects, MS and PhD level research. Four key fundamental learning themes emphasized include a whole systems STEEP (social, technical, environmental, economic and political) perspective; assurance that the performance and cost benefits of the incumbent linear solutions are understood, quantified, and rivalled in the circular solution; engaging the right subject matter experts, cross disciplines and stake holders; and ensuring that the right metrics are in place for the final recommended more circular systems. Specific examples in this paper will include highlight projects from the above mentioned courses, circularity focused industry-sponsored class projects, Master's level research developing a closed loop system for converting food waste to a hydrochar material that re-enters the system for energy and other higher value uses, and PhD research on renewably sourced polymers for aircraft composites. The challenges we face to move towards the circular economy from our current linear economy are daunting. We believe, however, that through the described collaborative engineering educational learning experiences for today's future leaders we will be able to make a significant impact.

The editors wish to thank all the scientific, engineering and technical personnel, the students and early stage researchers and all members of personnel involved in the investigations, designs and prototyping for their invaluable contributions that made this work possible. We also want to express our thanks to the administration officers who prepared the ground and created a framework in which this work could be carried out efficiently. The FCC study management team thanks in particular John Poole for his enthusiastic dedication during the editing phase, contributing significantly to deliver a coherent, consistent and readable set of report volumes. Finally, we wish to thank the CERN management for their strong support and encouragement. The research, which led to this publication has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Grant numbers 654305 (EuroCirCol), 764879 (EASITrain), 730871 (ARIES), 777563 (RI-Paths) and from FP7 under grant number 312453 (EuCARD-2). The information herein only reflects the views of its authors. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information ; We review the physics opportunities of the Future Circular Collider, covering its e(+)e(-), pp, ep and heavy ion programmes. We describe the measurement capabilities of each FCC component, addressing the study of electroweak, Higgs and strong interactions, the top quark and flavour, as well as phenomena beyond the Standard Model. We highlight the synergy and complementarity of the different colliders, which will contribute to a uniquely coherent and ambitious research programme, providing an unmatchable combination of precision and sensitivity to new physics. ; Publisher's Version

International audience ; In spite of the increasingly stringent emission standards, the constant growth of road traffic contributes to climate change and induces detrimental effects on the environment. The European REWARD project (REal World Advanced Technologies foR Diesel Engines) aims to develop a new generation of Diesel engines complying with stricter post Euro 6 legislation and with lower CO 2 emissions. Among the different technologies developed, a fuel-efficient two-stroke Diesel engine suited for C-segment passenger cars will be designed and experimentally evaluated. One major challenge for two-stroke engines is the achievement of an efficient scavenging. As the emptying of the in-cylinder burnt gases and the filling by fresh gases is performed at the same time, the challenge consists in removing as much burnt gases as possible while avoiding the bypass of fresh air toward the exhaust line. For the considered application, the uniflow scavenging architecture, which is featured by ports located in the bottom of the cylinder and valves in the head, is selected. Two possible arrangements for the intake and the exhaust are compared: either the standard configuration for which the intake is ensured by the ports and the exhaust by the valves or the reverse configuration. Both standard and reverse configurations are first compared through 0D system simulations, performed with LMS Imagine.Lab Amesim and then by 3D CFD simulations with CONVERGE. The standard configuration is favored, thanks to better ISFC performances, especially at low and medium loads operating conditions. In addition, the scavenging is strongly penalized for the reverse architecture due to the drag downstream the intake valves.

International audience ; In spite of the increasingly stringent emission standards, the constant growth of road traffic contributes to climate change and induces detrimental effects on the environment. The European REWARD project (REal World Advanced Technologies foR Diesel Engines) aims to develop a new generation of Diesel engines complying with stricter post Euro 6 legislation and with lower CO 2 emissions. Among the different technologies developed, a fuel-efficient two-stroke Diesel engine suited for C-segment passenger cars will be designed and experimentally evaluated. One major challenge for two-stroke engines is the achievement of an efficient scavenging. As the emptying of the in-cylinder burnt gases and the filling by fresh gases is performed at the same time, the challenge consists in removing as much burnt gases as possible while avoiding the bypass of fresh air toward the exhaust line. For the considered application, the uniflow scavenging architecture, which is featured by ports located in the bottom of the cylinder and valves in the head, is selected. Two possible arrangements for the intake and the exhaust are compared: either the standard configuration for which the intake is ensured by the ports and the exhaust by the valves or the reverse configuration. Both standard and reverse configurations are first compared through 0D system simulations, performed with LMS Imagine.Lab Amesim and then by 3D CFD simulations with CONVERGE. The standard configuration is favored, thanks to better ISFC performances, especially at low and medium loads operating conditions. In addition, the scavenging is strongly penalized for the reverse architecture due to the drag downstream the intake valves.

The international debate on the ethics and legality of autonomous weapon systems (AWS) as well as the call for a ban are primarily focused on the nebulous concept of fully autonomous AWS. More specifically, on AWS that are capable of target selection and engagement without human supervision or control. This thesis argues that such a conception of autonomy is divorced both from military planning and decision-making operations as well as the design requirements that govern AWS engineering and subsequently the tracking and tracing of moral responsibility. To do this, this thesis marries two different levels of meaningful human control (MHC), termed levels of abstraction, to couple military operations with design ethics. In doing so, this thesis argues that the contentious notion of 'full' autonomy is not problematic under this two-tiered understanding of MHC. It proceeds to propose the value sensitive design (VSD) approach as a means for designing for MHC.

This article examines historical examples to illuminate a prehistory of the interactive reader in analogue media, tracing a rich genealogy that is helpful for understanding and designing current works such as augmented reality (AR) books. In addition, a set of generative design strategies to help shape current practice are discussed, based both on formal qualities and characteristics of historical examples and the authors' own experiences as designers working in mixed reality over many years. Theoretical framing is provided to persuasively make the case for the relevance of historical works for designers today. From medieval manuscripts, to Renaissance medical texts, to seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth century movable books, to the elaborate paper engineering of twentieth century and contemporary pop-up books, the history of the active reader and interactive book design is long and fascinating, and is presented here as an important and direct source of inspiration for digital designers today. Finally, recent interactive book projects designed by the authors are discussed and analyzed for both continuities and disruptions of historical interactive book design strategies, and a framework is presented for conceptualizing the postdigital interactive reader today.

The design of hybrid energy systems requires sustainable resources and main components such as energy management. The Iraqi government has advised educational facilities, such as universities, to use renewable energy resources to reduce electricity consumption because Iraqi energy supply systems depend mainly on fossil fuel. The loads in Iraq have expanded during the last few years while generation stations and networks have remained the same. Therefore, hybrid optimization of multiple energy resource software has been used to investigate possible solutions that can be applied to generate the required power for Babylon University, Engineering College. Eight on-grid cases were examined for producing the required power. Grid-WTBT(Case4) which has the lowest cost of energy (COE) and net present cost (NPC) value with 51.8% renewable energy penetration was found to be the most feasible. The results showed that the Grid (1,964,518 kwh/y), NWT (50), NBT (4), Nconv (2), COE (0.0677 US$/kwh), NPC (US$3.19 million), and IC (US$ 853,031). Moreover, the energy requirements of AC primary load in this college can be satisfied by using this system.

The Walrus Class ocean going submarines were designed for Cold War missions. Their strategic, NATO based, operational area was the North Atlantic. Already during their building phase at the end of the Cold war the political scene altered. Fortunately, this diesel electric submarine proved easily adjustable to the new circumstances without major technical changes. The four Walrus boats have been active in many different areas and with new missions. To continue to perform several mission critical operational systems had to be updated and to ensure the operational performance until 2025-2030 fundamental improvements were considered necessary. For the Life Extension Program the Naval Staff carried out a study to establish the Operational Requirements as a basis for the LEP. MoD experienced shortage in a technical knowledge base in numbers and in capability. This was compensated by an industry initiative, based on existing working traditions in the Netherlands of collaboration between MoD, the research institutes and the industry, the so called "Triple Helix/Golden Ecosystem". The Dutch Underwater Knowledge Center (DUKC) proposed to provide support for the LEP engineering phase. Subsequently five of its members formed a joint design team and presented a generic plan to DMO. The participating companies agreed to form an independent consulting engineering team. The essential ingredient for this collaborative process is the jointly felt responsibility for performance, cost control and delivery times. The contract was on a "price not to exceed" basis. This was an important condition for cost control because initially there were only limited and general technical requirements. The second novel aspect was the interaction with the various navy departments involved. WESP had direct interaction not only with the DMO project organization but also with the Naval Shipyard, the Joint IV Command, the Submarine Service and the Operational school. The DMO team gladly reciprocated, resulting in an effective communication scheme. The ...

The concept of building information modelling (BIM) under various names such as building product models has been around over 30 years. Other industries such as aerospace and automotive have used similar informational models on their products to analyse their design, performance and manufacturability. The architecture, engineering and construction industry is now moving towards the adoption of such concepts, driven by the need to be competitive in the market, to reduce cost and time, and to satisfy the government regulations. In view of the recent interest in BIM, this paper reports on the findings of several case study research projects and discusses how this innovative solution works in practice. The introductory sections discuss the current consistent problems that occur during the engineering design and production processes despite the introduction of good practice management techniques. Case study empirical data are used to provide insight regarding the implications for BIM development, implementation and execution. Collectively the barriers to adoption, benefits achievable and opportunities for the future are discussed with the help of illustration. The contribution to knowledge is a BIM state-of-the-art review and its potential in future engineering practice. © ICE Publishing: All rights reserved.