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In Renaissance England literature, and especially drama, is fully aware of the historical and political context. What we get in The Spanish Tragedy is not a precise reference to the tactual event but its dramatic interpretation. The literary use of history is a consequence of the personal and contextual experience of the dramatist drawn by the writer from the ideas and practices of the culture he inhabits as well as of his historical awareness and political situation. Thus the metahistorical approach becomes an essential clue to understand the Spanish element which, in this case, has not only a negative sense but a paradigmatic intention.

In Renaissance England literature, and especially drama, is fully aware of the historical and political context. What we get in The Spanish Tragedy is not a precise reference to the tactual event but its dramatic interpretation. The literary use of history is a consequence of the personal and contextual experience of the dramatist drawn by the writer from the ideas and practices of the culture he inhabits as well as of his historical awareness and political situation. Thus the metahistorical approach becomes an essential clue to understand the Spanish element which, in this case, has not only a negative sense but a paradigmatic intention.

Due to the war of 1796 between Spain and England, Spanish ports were blockaded by British ships. The ominous consequences were soon to be seen on the enormous decrease of export goods taken to South America which led to a fatidic economic loss from which Spain never recovered. The situation worsened when Spain approved the Royal Resolution of November 18,1797 which broke up with the colonial pact in favor of an open trade for neutral countries in this war, of which North America was beneficiated. Problems aroused as to the legacy and convenience of this new trade. Not only were there economical matters at stake but political ones as well.

Karl Mannheim's preoccupation with the preservation of democracy during his period of exile in England from 1933-1947 is examined. Themes discussed include: (1) the contradiction inherent in democracy, where the increased participation of the masses can foster an outbreak of irrational impulses that leads ultimately to dictatorship; (2) the crisis in values based in the development of technology, science, & a rationally organized society before individuals have been able to develop rational autonomy; (3) the inevitability of increased state intervention in & planning of the capitalist economy, & the problem of preserving the interest of the majority in this development; & (4) whether mass education is likely to result in the extension of democracy or in more rigorous social control by a technocratic elite. J. Anderson

Hennessy, Alistair and King, John (Eds.):The Land that England Lost. Argentina and Britain, a Speclal Relationship. ; Senkman, Leonardo: Argentina, la Segunda Guerra Mundial y los refugiados indeseables, 1933-1945. ; Cervo, Amado Luiz y Bueno, Clodoaldo: História da política exterior do Brasil. ; Basset, Claude (Ed.): La politique étrangére canadienne dans un ordre international en mutation, une volonté de se démarquer? ; Siepe, Raimundo: Yrigoyen, la Primera Guerra Mundial y las relaciones económicas. ; Bethell, Leslie y Roxborough, Ian (Eds.): Latin America between the Second World War and the Cold War. 1944-1948. ; Newton, Ronald C.: The "Nazi Menace" in Argentina, 1931-1947. ; Werth, Nicolas: Histoire de l' Union Soviétique, de l'empire russe ala Communauté des Etats Independants. 1900-1991. ; McKinney, Joseph A. y Sharpless, Rebecca (Eds.): Implications of a North American Free Trade Region, Multidisciplinary perspectives. ; Hourani, Albert: La historia de los árabes. ; Paradiso, José: Debates y trayectoria de la política exterior argentina.

Antoni Segura i Mas (coord.). El Catastro en España, vol. I (1714-1906) (Por Francisco Comín).-- Antonia Heredia Herrera. Sevilla y los hombres del Comercio (1700-1800) (Por Andrés J. Moreno Mengíbar).-- Pedro Tedde de Lorca. El Banco de San Carlos (1782-1829 (Por Javier Cuenca Esteban).-- José Ramón García López. El Banco de Oviedo, 1864-1874 (Por José Luis García Ruiz).-- Enrique Prieto. Agricultura y atraso en la España contemporánea. Estudio sobre el desarrollo del Capitalismo (Por Carlos Barciela López).-- Mª Asunción Sivera Tejerina. Los cambios técnicos de la agricultura en el término rural de Málaga: siglos XVIII-XX (Por Juan Francisco Zambrana Pineda).-- Pablo Martín Aceña. La política monetaria en España, 1919-1935 (Por M. Cruz Manzano Frias).-- Carles Sudria i Triay. Una societat plenament industrial, vol. 4 de Historia Económica de la Catalunya Contemporánia (Por Gabriel Tortella).-- CH. S. Maier. La refundación de la Europa burguesa. Estabilización en Francia, Alemania e Italia en la década posterior a la Primera Guerra Mundial y In Search of Stability Explorations in Historical Political Economy (Por Mercedes Cabrera).-- Michael Sandersona. Eductttional Opportunity and Social Change in England (Por Clara Eugenia Núñez) ; Publicado

Esta publicación es el resultado de un trabajo investigativo en fuentes inglesas a finales de 1988, además contó con el patrocinio de la Fundación para la Conmemoración del Bicentenario del Natalicio y el Sesquicentenario de la Muerte del General Francisco de Paula Santander y la orientación del profesor Malcolm Deas y Efraín Sánchez, éste ultimo revisó los fondos documentales que se encontraron en los despachos de los agentes diplomáticos de Inglaterra, que fueron acreditados ante el gobierno de Colombia y la Nueva Granada. La colección de estos documentos se presenta en inglés y español.

All the seaboard nations of the Mediterranean North coast feel interest to trade with the Maghreb and do already realize activities over there. However, all of them do not act in the same way, and the city of Genova seems to follow a very special policy in this area. The commerce between Genova and the Maghreb used, during the XVth century, to benefit from a kind of peace: few acts of piracy, few reprisals, few slave captures: in Genova, the slaves coming from the Maghreb were extremely unfrequent, and the tradesmen and skippers usually bought back the captives. The originality of the navigation system lies in the trips that the notaries call «per costeriam». They are, in fact, long maritime voyages; the really big ships go straight from England to the Orient -or vice versa- bordering the African coast, without going back upwards to the North nor calling at Genova, which supposed a gain of time and money. For these trips, the skipper enjoys a very large margin of initiative and assumes important responsibilities: the navigation, the loading and unloading the bales of goods -specially English woollen cloth-, but also and above all, the selling of these produces. This implies to call frequently at the Maghreb -sometimes on a mere large beach- and to stop at several markets and visit Muslim tradesmen. These trades «per costeriam» are real adventures and the captains acquire so a large and useful experience of the oceans, of the coasts and of the populations which are different from their Christian world. ; Toutes les nations maritimes de la rive Nord de la Méditerranée s'intéressent au commerce avec le Maghreb et y exercent diverses activités. Mais toutes n'agissent pas de la même façon et la ville de Gênes semble, dans ce secteur, avoir suivi une politique très particulière. Les trafics entre Gênes et le Maghreb bénéficiaient, au XVème siècle, d'une sorte de paix: peu d'actes de piraterie, peu de représailles, peu de captures d'esclaves; dans Gênes, les esclaves en provenance du Maghreb sont très rares et les marchands ou patrons de navires s'emploient volontiers aux rachats des captifs. L'originalité du système de navigation réside dans les voyages que les notaires appellent «per costeriam»; c'est à dire, de longs pépriples maritimes qui, pour de très gros navires, vont directement d'Angleterre en Orient (ou réciproquement) en lon­geant la côte d'Afrique, sans remonter vers le Nord et faire escale à Gênes: économie de temps et d'argent. Pour ces voyages le parran de navire dispose d'une très grande initiative et assume de grandes responsabilités: navigation, chargements et décharge­ments des balles de marchandises (en particulier des draps englais), mais aussi et surtout ventes de ces produits. Ceci implique un nombre important d'escales sur le littoral du Maghreb (parfois au large d'une simple plage) et, aussi, la fréquentation de nombreux marchés ou de négociants musulmans. Ces trafics «per costeriam» sont de véritables aventures et les capitaines des navires y ont acquis une grande expérience des mers, des côtes, des populations étrangères à leur monde chrétien.