Suchergebnisse

Lately the number of disabled students in Lithuania has increased. Although the accessibility of higher education is stated in national legislation, disabled students still encounter problems such as physical inaccessibility of their environment, a lack of adapted training and educational materials (literature in braille, audio books, etc.), living conditions (e.g. in dormitories) not adapted to their specific needs, a need of assistants and a negative attitude of members of the academic community. England has been working on this domain for several decades. The number of disabled students in higher education institutions in the England is relatively high. Moreover, a system of disabled students special needs facilities has been created. The goal of this survey is to compare the attitude of experts in England and Lithuania towards higher education accessibility for disabled students in their countries. To reach this goal, qualitative research was implemented. Four experts from England and Lithuania – disabled students and tutors – were interviewed. The survey revealed that the biggest problems disabled students are facing in England is a negative attitude from some members of teaching staff, while in Lithuania they are facing inaccessibility of their physical environment. Higher education institutions both in England and Lithuania are taking care of disabled students. The main difference is that in England a disabled students representation system has been developped, acknowledged on a state level. In Lithuania the institutional responsibility is definable by the institutions themself, meaning that higher education institutions have to take care of disabled students and it is being understood within the frame of physical accessibility. When talking about the attitude shift towards disabled students, there can be found similarities between England and Lithuania in existence of prejudices from administration of higher education institutions and support from course friends. Likewise, the main attitude differences could be revealed by mentioning that in England there is a practice of disability aspects inclusion in the teaching process, whereas in Lithuania shifting attitude tendencies towards disabled people are still being discussed. Both in England and Lithuania, the most important aspect to seek higher education lies within the student. The main difference is the motivation to enter higher education: in England disabled students are entering because of a wish to get skills and self-confidence, in Lithuania they enter higher education seeking for independence and a sense of security.

Lately the number of disabled students in Lithuania has increased. Although the accessibility of higher education is stated in national legislation, disabled students still encounter problems such as physical inaccessibility of their environment, a lack of adapted training and educational materials (literature in braille, audio books, etc.), living conditions (e.g. in dormitories) not adapted to their specific needs, a need of assistants and a negative attitude of members of the academic community. England has been working on this domain for several decades. The number of disabled students in higher education institutions in the England is relatively high. Moreover, a system of disabled students special needs facilities has been created. The goal of this survey is to compare the attitude of experts in England and Lithuania towards higher education accessibility for disabled students in their countries. To reach this goal, qualitative research was implemented. Four experts from England and Lithuania – disabled students and tutors – were interviewed. The survey revealed that the biggest problems disabled students are facing in England is a negative attitude from some members of teaching staff, while in Lithuania they are facing inaccessibility of their physical environment. Higher education institutions both in England and Lithuania are taking care of disabled students. The main difference is that in England a disabled students representation system has been developped, acknowledged on a state level. In Lithuania the institutional responsibility is definable by the institutions themself, meaning that higher education institutions have to take care of disabled students and it is being understood within the frame of physical accessibility. When talking about the attitude shift towards disabled students, there can be found similarities between England and Lithuania in existence of prejudices from administration of higher education institutions and support from course friends. Likewise, the main attitude differences could be revealed by mentioning that in England there is a practice of disability aspects inclusion in the teaching process, whereas in Lithuania shifting attitude tendencies towards disabled people are still being discussed. Both in England and Lithuania, the most important aspect to seek higher education lies within the student. The main difference is the motivation to enter higher education: in England disabled students are entering because of a wish to get skills and self-confidence, in Lithuania they enter higher education seeking for independence and a sense of security.

Every European country has its own system of tort law, but it should be considered that the main systems are French, German, English and Scandinavian, which are discussed in this paper. Lithuanian tort law system, which is mainly based on French approach, is also researched. In these days different fields of law are being harmonized, and tort law was not left aside. Separate questions already are harmonized in treaties and acts of European Union. Present harmonization is fragmentary, therefore insufficient in most scholars' view. In this paper, presuppositions of further harmonization and arguments for and against necessity of harmonisation of tort law are analysed and evaluations of different attitudes are given. Despite disagreements for demand of harmonized tort law, some significant projects of harmonisation of tort law have been implemented at scholarly level: a project of European Civil Code is almost finished, Principles of European Tort Law have been introduced, scholars also work on Trento Common Core Project. In this paper, the main attention is paid for the first two projects because the participants of these projects have prepared important documents, which include all the essential aspects of tort law, thus these documents could become a basis for harmonized European tort law. The legal rules of Principles of European Tort Law and European Civil Code are being compared with the legal systems of aforesaid states – England, Germany, France and, of course, Lithuania. The influence of the main legal systems of tort law for these projects is researched, the decisions of both projects, their advantages and disadvantages are dealt. All these aspects are revealed by analysing the main conceptions of conditions of liability (fault and unlawfulness, causation, damage) in different legal systems and in projects harmonizing tort law. At the end of the paper, specifics of practical implementation of the harmonizing projects is dealt.

Every European country has its own system of tort law, but it should be considered that the main systems are French, German, English and Scandinavian, which are discussed in this paper. Lithuanian tort law system, which is mainly based on French approach, is also researched. In these days different fields of law are being harmonized, and tort law was not left aside. Separate questions already are harmonized in treaties and acts of European Union. Present harmonization is fragmentary, therefore insufficient in most scholars' view. In this paper, presuppositions of further harmonization and arguments for and against necessity of harmonisation of tort law are analysed and evaluations of different attitudes are given. Despite disagreements for demand of harmonized tort law, some significant projects of harmonisation of tort law have been implemented at scholarly level: a project of European Civil Code is almost finished, Principles of European Tort Law have been introduced, scholars also work on Trento Common Core Project. In this paper, the main attention is paid for the first two projects because the participants of these projects have prepared important documents, which include all the essential aspects of tort law, thus these documents could become a basis for harmonized European tort law. The legal rules of Principles of European Tort Law and European Civil Code are being compared with the legal systems of aforesaid states – England, Germany, France and, of course, Lithuania. The influence of the main legal systems of tort law for these projects is researched, the decisions of both projects, their advantages and disadvantages are dealt. All these aspects are revealed by analysing the main conceptions of conditions of liability (fault and unlawfulness, causation, damage) in different legal systems and in projects harmonizing tort law. At the end of the paper, specifics of practical implementation of the harmonizing projects is dealt.

Every European country has its own system of tort law, but it should be considered that the main systems are French, German, English and Scandinavian, which are discussed in this paper. Lithuanian tort law system, which is mainly based on French approach, is also researched. In these days different fields of law are being harmonized, and tort law was not left aside. Separate questions already are harmonized in treaties and acts of European Union. Present harmonization is fragmentary, therefore insufficient in most scholars' view. In this paper, presuppositions of further harmonization and arguments for and against necessity of harmonisation of tort law are analysed and evaluations of different attitudes are given. Despite disagreements for demand of harmonized tort law, some significant projects of harmonisation of tort law have been implemented at scholarly level: a project of European Civil Code is almost finished, Principles of European Tort Law have been introduced, scholars also work on Trento Common Core Project. In this paper, the main attention is paid for the first two projects because the participants of these projects have prepared important documents, which include all the essential aspects of tort law, thus these documents could become a basis for harmonized European tort law. The legal rules of Principles of European Tort Law and European Civil Code are being compared with the legal systems of aforesaid states – England, Germany, France and, of course, Lithuania. The influence of the main legal systems of tort law for these projects is researched, the decisions of both projects, their advantages and disadvantages are dealt. All these aspects are revealed by analysing the main conceptions of conditions of liability (fault and unlawfulness, causation, damage) in different legal systems and in projects harmonizing tort law. At the end of the paper, specifics of practical implementation of the harmonizing projects is dealt.

Every European country has its own system of tort law, but it should be considered that the main systems are French, German, English and Scandinavian, which are discussed in this paper. Lithuanian tort law system, which is mainly based on French approach, is also researched. In these days different fields of law are being harmonized, and tort law was not left aside. Separate questions already are harmonized in treaties and acts of European Union. Present harmonization is fragmentary, therefore insufficient in most scholars' view. In this paper, presuppositions of further harmonization and arguments for and against necessity of harmonisation of tort law are analysed and evaluations of different attitudes are given. Despite disagreements for demand of harmonized tort law, some significant projects of harmonisation of tort law have been implemented at scholarly level: a project of European Civil Code is almost finished, Principles of European Tort Law have been introduced, scholars also work on Trento Common Core Project. In this paper, the main attention is paid for the first two projects because the participants of these projects have prepared important documents, which include all the essential aspects of tort law, thus these documents could become a basis for harmonized European tort law. The legal rules of Principles of European Tort Law and European Civil Code are being compared with the legal systems of aforesaid states – England, Germany, France and, of course, Lithuania. The influence of the main legal systems of tort law for these projects is researched, the decisions of both projects, their advantages and disadvantages are dealt. All these aspects are revealed by analysing the main conceptions of conditions of liability (fault and unlawfulness, causation, damage) in different legal systems and in projects harmonizing tort law. At the end of the paper, specifics of practical implementation of the harmonizing projects is dealt.

Quality as a Requirement for the Goods Sold SUMMARY The object of the academic master work is quality as a requirement for the goods sold. Considering the interaction between the national rules of law on the quality of goods and the rules of law established at the European Union level as well as those established at the international level, the object of the research involves analysis at three different levels of legal regulation. The purpose of the research, amongst others, is to mark the differences between the standard of quality imposed on consumer goods in contrast to that applied to other goods. The balance of rights and obligations can be achieved only if the legal regulation on the quality of goods is considered as a dynamic process. The research therefore embraces proposals for amendments on the legal regulation and discusses perspectives concerned. In the first section analysis is made on the definition of goods and their quality emphasizing the interaction between the economical and legal view on the quality of goods, answering the question which goods are under the obligation to meet quality requirements, finally discussing the grounds that influence the substance of quality standards. The second section deals with the balance of rights and obligations entitled or enforced to the buyer or the seller, the appliance of the party autonomy rule when settling the contract requirements on the quality of goods, the types of warranties as well as the problems of their practical implementation, the tests for quality of goods in comparison with those applied in England and the problems concerned. In the section emphasize is made on the relationship between the buyers right to examine the goods and the requirements of quality, the issue on disclaims of warranties and, finally the necessity to introduce a higher standard on consumer goods. In the third section the object of the academic work is considered in the aspect of quality as a continuing obligation of the seller. The emphasis is made on the relationship between the limitation period and the period imposed for legal and contractual warranty claims.

Quality as a Requirement for the Goods Sold SUMMARY The object of the academic master work is quality as a requirement for the goods sold. Considering the interaction between the national rules of law on the quality of goods and the rules of law established at the European Union level as well as those established at the international level, the object of the research involves analysis at three different levels of legal regulation. The purpose of the research, amongst others, is to mark the differences between the standard of quality imposed on consumer goods in contrast to that applied to other goods. The balance of rights and obligations can be achieved only if the legal regulation on the quality of goods is considered as a dynamic process. The research therefore embraces proposals for amendments on the legal regulation and discusses perspectives concerned. In the first section analysis is made on the definition of goods and their quality emphasizing the interaction between the economical and legal view on the quality of goods, answering the question which goods are under the obligation to meet quality requirements, finally discussing the grounds that influence the substance of quality standards. The second section deals with the balance of rights and obligations entitled or enforced to the buyer or the seller, the appliance of the party autonomy rule when settling the contract requirements on the quality of goods, the types of warranties as well as the problems of their practical implementation, the tests for quality of goods in comparison with those applied in England and the problems concerned. In the section emphasize is made on the relationship between the buyers right to examine the goods and the requirements of quality, the issue on disclaims of warranties and, finally the necessity to introduce a higher standard on consumer goods. In the third section the object of the academic work is considered in the aspect of quality as a continuing obligation of the seller. The emphasis is made on the relationship between the limitation period and the period imposed for legal and contractual warranty claims.

Quality as a Requirement for the Goods Sold SUMMARY The object of the academic master work is quality as a requirement for the goods sold. Considering the interaction between the national rules of law on the quality of goods and the rules of law established at the European Union level as well as those established at the international level, the object of the research involves analysis at three different levels of legal regulation. The purpose of the research, amongst others, is to mark the differences between the standard of quality imposed on consumer goods in contrast to that applied to other goods. The balance of rights and obligations can be achieved only if the legal regulation on the quality of goods is considered as a dynamic process. The research therefore embraces proposals for amendments on the legal regulation and discusses perspectives concerned. In the first section analysis is made on the definition of goods and their quality emphasizing the interaction between the economical and legal view on the quality of goods, answering the question which goods are under the obligation to meet quality requirements, finally discussing the grounds that influence the substance of quality standards. The second section deals with the balance of rights and obligations entitled or enforced to the buyer or the seller, the appliance of the party autonomy rule when settling the contract requirements on the quality of goods, the types of warranties as well as the problems of their practical implementation, the tests for quality of goods in comparison with those applied in England and the problems concerned. In the section emphasize is made on the relationship between the buyers right to examine the goods and the requirements of quality, the issue on disclaims of warranties and, finally the necessity to introduce a higher standard on consumer goods. In the third section the object of the academic work is considered in the aspect of quality as a continuing obligation of the seller. The emphasis is made on the relationship between the limitation period and the period imposed for legal and contractual warranty claims.

Quality as a Requirement for the Goods Sold SUMMARY The object of the academic master work is quality as a requirement for the goods sold. Considering the interaction between the national rules of law on the quality of goods and the rules of law established at the European Union level as well as those established at the international level, the object of the research involves analysis at three different levels of legal regulation. The purpose of the research, amongst others, is to mark the differences between the standard of quality imposed on consumer goods in contrast to that applied to other goods. The balance of rights and obligations can be achieved only if the legal regulation on the quality of goods is considered as a dynamic process. The research therefore embraces proposals for amendments on the legal regulation and discusses perspectives concerned. In the first section analysis is made on the definition of goods and their quality emphasizing the interaction between the economical and legal view on the quality of goods, answering the question which goods are under the obligation to meet quality requirements, finally discussing the grounds that influence the substance of quality standards. The second section deals with the balance of rights and obligations entitled or enforced to the buyer or the seller, the appliance of the party autonomy rule when settling the contract requirements on the quality of goods, the types of warranties as well as the problems of their practical implementation, the tests for quality of goods in comparison with those applied in England and the problems concerned. In the section emphasize is made on the relationship between the buyers right to examine the goods and the requirements of quality, the issue on disclaims of warranties and, finally the necessity to introduce a higher standard on consumer goods. In the third section the object of the academic work is considered in the aspect of quality as a continuing obligation of the seller. The emphasis is made on the relationship between the limitation period and the period imposed for legal and contractual warranty claims.