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The legislative principles to which a judge must pay attention in determining the Ta'ziri (discretionary) penalty are included in the four clauses that have been proposed in Article 18 of the Islamic Penal Code. These four clauses are: a) the perpetrator's motive and psychological state; b) the ways of committing the crime; c) the perpetrator's actions after committing the crime, and; d) the personal background. In such a view, the victim has no place and, therefore, no effect of his intervention is seen. The victim status, by emphasis on gender, is the objective that the present work intends to examine with a descriptive-analytical method. For this research purpose in a comparative look, the laws of Iran and England have been studied. It is concluded that, what can be extracted from the criminal laws of Iran and England is that, in the field of substantive laws, the legislators of these countries, while accepting the vulnerability of women in crimes in general, have tried to criminalize some behaviors and actions that cannot be considered as assaults, in the general conditions of protecting them.

The description of the portrait of a literary character plays an important role in creating the overall image of the character. The urgency of the study is due to the anthropocentric direction of linguistic studies since reflection and interpretation of the existing world and descriptions of portraits play an important role in this. In this sense, it is necessary to analyze the use of linguistic units in the description of portraits of characters from English fiction and poetry in the sixteenth-nineteenth centuries and to know the influence of past trends in the present. During the study several general scientific methods were used: analogy, generalization, observation, comparison, experiment, analysis, and the historical method. The study analyzed portrait descriptions in English poetry and prose from the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries and found that writers used a variety of symbols to capture the author's intentions in characters. Often, the authors used somatic vocabulary to represent the appearance of the characters, the less used lexical units of the general characteristics of the portrayal of the characters and the least to represent the appearance of the characters used the kinetic vocabulary.

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, by recovering the historical atmosphere in which Locke lived, the aim is to show that his thought was very much influenced by the general context of England during the second half of the seventeenth century. Second, after analyzing the context that shaped his Essay on Tolerance & his Letter on Tolerance, & the main differences between both works, a brief analysis of Locke's complex concept of property in his second Treatise will follow. It will be argued that a different reading of property that takes into account the broader classical meaning of "propriety," which would be consistent with Locke's definition of what he terms by the 'general name' of property ('Lives, Liberties & Estates'), could entail individual liberty in religious matters. If this interpretation is feasible, i.e., if Locke's concept of propriety could comprise freedom of consciousness in religious matters, then Locke's civil society should necessarily entail tolerance. 18 References. Adapted from the source document.

At the beginning of the 17th century, England initiates the decisive colonization of North America, being the conversion of natives to Christianity one of its leading objectives. It does it through authorizations that king grants to trading companies, as the London's which founds Virginia, or land concessions which he benefits with nobles, as Lord Baltimore who creates Maryland. The new establishments build its political system on the institutions of the governor and his Council and the Assembly, and its laws take special interest in guaranteeing and strengthening a specific official declared religion, as it happens in Virginia with the Anglican Church, although in other exceptional cases, they undertake more ambitious tasks, as it occurs in Maryland, determined to establish religious tolerance to protect the Catholic community. Adapted from the source document.

Examines the European politics of the Third Way, also called "New Labourism" or "The Blair Project" in England; includes neoliberalism, globalization, and the Social Democrats. Summary in English.

With the process of modernization, the rationalization of social action developed along two axes -- formal rationality with its precise calculations about economic activity & substantive rationality with its premise that social systems develop according to ethical norms & values. The clash between these two axes has caused major tensions in modernity. The bases of substantive rationality & moral sentiment according to David Hume, Adam Smith, John Amos Comenius & others (all multiple references) are discussed. Hume & Smith held contrary positions in their reactions to banking innovations around interest & inflation, illustrating how reason's influence on moral considerations may come indirectly. Hume accepted quantitative monetary theory that regarded the quantity of money in circulation as having a limited impact on prices while Smith saw a need for bank intervention. Smith posited an invisible hand to guarantee market stability but assumed underlying ethical behavior. M. Pflum

How does the "Pinochet case" affect the Chilean democratic transition? This article intends to answer that question in relation to two specific points: (1) the consequences of the "case" for the recent memory & for the political imaginary; (2) an eventual unblocking of the political reforms as a result of the end of impunity. The London trial marks a turning point between the strategy of oblivion & that of remembrance. It has shown, nevertheless, the limitations of the political transition. To what extent the so-called transition is just the administration of an already consolidated state regime inherited from the past? Adapted from the source document.

Drawing from identity theory & the frustration-aggression hypothesis, the intrapsychic, interpersonal, & collective levels of social thresholds at the outbreak & end of wartime are analyzed, introducing the concept of "wargasm," a phenomenon characterized by socially sanctioned & politically violent emotions directed against internal & external enemies. At the outbreak of war, psychopaths, sociopaths, & other social outcasts experience happiness as the focus shifts away from their personal problems. Formal rhetoric creates a different mental state in the population. At the end of war, in the transition to peace, boredom & unfulfilled expectations may trigger a snowball effect threatening public order. The success of those wishing to maintain the wartime status quo depends on the political management of intergroup conflicts, distress, & economic circumstances. The British-Argentinian conflict over the Falkland Islands in 1982 illustrates the wargasm process. 47 References. Adapted from the source document.