Suchergebnisse

Law enforcement is the process of enforcing or trying to implement legal norms as guides for traffic or legal relations in social and state life. In the environmental law enforcement system in Indonesia, there are three legal aspects described in the Environmental Protection and Management Act (UUPPLH), namely administrative law, civil law, and criminal law aspects. Where each aspect's law enforcement and law enforcement processes are distinct. The research method used was normative legal research. One component of environmental law enforcement is the use of civil law in environmental management. In the Environmental Protection and Management Act (UUPPLH) the process of enforcing environmental law through civil procedures is regulated in Chapter XIII Articles 84 to 93. In order to provide legal clarity in law enforcement, efforts are being made to solve environmental problems that emerge in Indonesia. Environmental law enforcement is an endeavor to ensure that regulations and requirements in general and specific legal provisions are followed and implemented through administrative, civil, and criminal supervision and enforcement. With the adoption of the first environmental rules, namely Law Number 4 of 1982 Concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management (UUKPPLH), government policy frameworks in implementing environmental law were actualized. Then, it was later replaced by Law Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management (UUPLH), which was subsequently replaced by Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management (UUPPLH) (Tude Trisnajaya, 2013: 2). The research method used in this study was normative juridical research, which means it was done with an eye on the laws, rules, and court decisions that were relevant to the topic. Keywords: Law Enforcement, Environment, Legal Norms, Dispute Resolution.

A new interdisciplinary field of research has recently emerged which studies how persons comprehend the everyday physical environment, how they use it, how they shape it and how they are shaped by it. In seeking an objective understanding of the behavioral aspects of the total personal-societal-environmental system, professional environ mental decision-makers, such as architects, urban planners and natural-resources managers, are strategic choices for psy chological study. Within this context of environmental design and management, research is being directed toward clarifying the implicit assumptions about environmental behavior held by decision-makers, overcoming social and administrative distances from clients, and conducting systematic follow-up evaluations of the behavioral consequences of planning and design decisions. However, subtle and precise study of man-environment relations will require the development of psychological techniques providing a comprehensive and dif ferentiated description of any person's orientation to the everyday physical environment. Methods for measuring indi vidual differences in environmental dispositions are reviewed and their potential usefulness for advancing knowledge of the interplay between human behavior and the physical envi ronment is illustrated.

Even at the level of scholarly or diplomatic argumentation it is important to inquire into the competing interests and legal factors involved in the atmospheric tests. This is true not only because differing political expectations or even measures might depend on the consensus as to the legality or illegality of the French tests, but also because the precedential value of the tests will be of greater or less force depending upon whether there is agreement at the time of the tests that France was or was not acting within her international legal rights.

Living systems tend to maintain in equilibrium variables associated with their continued existence. Environ mental conditions which force these variables beyond their normal ranges produce stress within the system. Feedback mechanisms then seek to restore equilibrium. Stress arises from overloads or underloads of energy and information, as well as from inputs which have threatening implications. The process of adapting to stress depends partly on the nature of the stress-producing agent and partly on the mechanisms available to the system. Exposure to heat, for example, involves dilation of blood vessels, reduction of body activity, and sweating to reduce body heat. At the same time, the system undergoes neurophysiological and endocrine changes which are found in many other types of stress. When the system is subjected to extreme environmental conditions for an extended period of time, adaptive responses may become increasingly costly. A possible outcome is one of the "dis eases of adaptation" described by Selye. Eventually, adap tive mechanisms may fail and the system may collapse. The stress encountered by most individuals arises from the symbolic, rather than the physical, aspects of their environ ment. Among the exceptions are groups such as antarctic explorers, mountain-climbers, prisoners of war, and crews of space vehicles. Although problems arise under these condi tions, most studies of men under stress reveal a remarkable capacity for adaptation to extreme environments.

It is stated that technological intervention to improve the quality of the environment is an immediate need. The US gov is now organizing its resources to cope with the problems of environment. Proposals for a Dept of the Environment are before Congress. An Environmental Quality Council has been created. Currently, management responsibilities for programs in these areas are diffused among a number of gov agencies. Documentation on society & its environment is needed. Res should not be formulated in terms of physical environmental concepts but in terms of sociol'al concepts. New ways of thinking about soc perception & soc org under changing physical environmental conditions are needed. Talcott Parsons THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL ACTION is viewed as providing a theoretical frame of reference for the new thinking needed. The following aspects of the problem are considered: the nature of the environmental threat; society, personality & environmental usufruct; the econ's of common environmental property; emerging environmental law; & organizing for environmental planning. Under these headings, the articles contained in this issue of the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences are briefly summarized & commented upon. It is felt that a re-examination is needed of the forms of public & admin'ive authority & of the types of professional & instit'al competence required to discharge public functions. There is a public demand for collective responsibility. While the individual should accept responsibility for the collective, in his own actions, this may have the unanticipated consequence of extending bodies of law designed to constrain the individual actor to be sensitive to the requirement of general welfare as he uses or enjoys some environmental resource. To stem deterioration of the quality of the environment will require an examination of those rules regulating the relation between individuals & the collective. Modified HA.

What is the relationship between certain major structural aspects of state governments and the content of policies adopted in the states? Do the socio-economic environments of the states relate significantly to political structures or the type of policies enacted?The thesis advanced here is that differences in policy, at least in certain substantive areas, are more readily explained in terms of differences in the socio-economic environments of the states than by an examination of structural variables. It will also be maintained that, as policy is independent of structure, so structure is also largely independent of some major aspects of the environment. The specific structural variables to be examined are apportionment, party competitiveness, and divided party control between governors and their legislatures.Six specific propositions will be examined:Proposition 1. The more imbalance in a state's apportionment, the less likely the legislature is to pass "liberal" or welfare-oriented policies beneficial to urban groups.Proposition 2. The more imbalance in a state's apportionment, the less financial aid large cities will receive directly from the state.Proposition 3. The more imbalance in a state's apportionment, the less competitive will be its major parties.3a. the less competitive a state's two major parties, the less welfare-oriented will be the policies adopted by its legislature.Proposition 4. The more imbalance in a state's apportionment, the more likely it is that control of the executive and legislative branches will be divided between parties.4a. The more frequently control of the legislature and executive are divided, the less likely a state will be to adopt welfare-oriented policies.Proposition 5. The more industrialized a state, the more imbalance there will be in its apportionment system.Proposition 6. The more industrialized a state, the higher will be its welfare-orientation.