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Valuing Health Risks, Costs, and Benefits for Environmental Decision Making -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- RISK ASSESSMENT AND BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS -- REGULATORY PRACTICE -- CONTINUING ISSUES -- Contextual And Legal Constraints -- Approaches To Analysis -- How Much Information? -- Handling Uncertainty -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 2 The Making Of Cruel Choices -- 3 The Politics Of Benefit-Cost Analysis -- ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS -- Thinking Like Lawyers -- Ravenous Bureaucrats -- Media Hype -- Public Opinion And Political Culture -- CONGRESS: KEYSTONE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ESTABLISHMENT -- Omb: The Eye of The Storm -- The Health-Only Canard -- THE FEDERAL COURTS -- Rule-Making Procedures -- Reading Statutes -- REGULATORY AGENCIES -- ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4 Benefit-Cost Analysis As A Source Of Information About Welfare -- SCOPE AND COMPREHENSIVENESS -- MEASURING COSTS AND BENEFITS AT PARTICULAR POINTS IN TIME -- Diminishing Marginal Utility In The Intrapersonal Case -- Diminishing Marginal Utility In The Interpersonal Case -- Preferences Involving Poor Information Or Other Cognitive Defects -- Preferences Not Related To Welfare -- The Absence Of Appropriate Markets -- MEASURING COSTS AND BENEFITS OVER TIME -- When Saving Is Optimal -- When Saving Is Not Optimal -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Comparing Values In Environmental Policies: Moral Issues And Moral Arguments -- METHODS OF REASONING ABOUT MORALITY -- Empirical Approaches To Moral Issues -- Arguing From Theory or Basic Doctrines -- VALUING AND DISCOUNTING LIVES IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES -- THE SOCIAL DISCOUNT RATE -- SHOULD LIVES BE DISCOUNTED? -- Democracy And Consumer Sovereignty -- Excessive Sacrifice -- Indefinite Delay -- A Paradox -- WHAT SHOULD THE DISCOUNT RATE BE? -- PUTTING A PRICE ON LIFE.

Improving Civilian Medical Response to Chemical or Biological Terrorist Incidents -- Copyright -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- CURRENT CIVILIAN CAPABILITIES -- DETECTION -- Detection of Agents in the Environment -- Detection of Agent Exposure in Clinical Samples -- Detection of Covert Exposures of a Population -- PROTECTION -- TREATMENT -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS -- INTERIM RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 Introduction -- LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND -- CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE -- ASSUMPTIONS AND PARAMETERS OF THIS REPORT -- 2 Current Civilian Capabilities -- PREINCIDENT INTELLIGENCE -- DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF AGENTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- Chemical Agents -- Biological Agents -- PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) -- Chemical Agents -- Biological Agents -- SAFE AND EFFECTIVE PATIENT EXTRACTION -- METHODS FOR RECOGNIZING SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS IN VICTIMS/PATIENTS -- DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF AGENT EXPOSURE IN CLINICAL SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS -- Chemical Agents -- Nerve Agents -- Vesicants -- Cyanide -- Biological Agents -- METHODS FOR RECOGNIZING COVERT EXPOSURE OF A POPULATION -- MASS-CASUALTY TRIAGE TECHNIQUES/PROCEDURES -- METHODS FOR DECONTAMINATING EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS -- Chemical Agents -- Biological Agents -- AVAILABILITY, SAFETY, AND EFFICACY OF DRUGS AND OTHER THERAPIES -- Chemical Agents -- Nerve Agents -- Vesicants -- Cyanide -- Biological Agents -- Anthrax -- Brucellosis -- Pneumonic Plague -- Q Fever -- Tularemia -- Smallpox -- Viral Encephalitides -- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers -- Botulinum Toxins -- Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) -- Ricin -- T-2 Mycotoxin -- PREVENTION, ASSESSMENT, AND TREATMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS -- 3 Conclusions and Recommendations -- RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS -- INTERIM RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- APPENDIX A Committee Biographies.

FrontMatter -- Reviewers -- Preface -- Contents -- Summary -- Workshop Objectives and Charge to Participants -- Introduction -- 1 Bridging the Chasm Between Health and the Environment: Science and Policy Context -- 2 Overview of Environmental Health Monitoring and the Use of Indicators -- 3 Environmental Health Monitoring at the Federal Level -- 4 Needed Integration of Other Federal Agencies, State Agencies, and Nongovernmental Organizations to Build a Monitoring System -- 5 The Challenges Ahead -- Abstracts -- References -- Appendixes -- Appendix A Workshop Agenda -- Appendix B Speakers and Panelists -- Appendix C Workshop Participants.

Intro -- CONTENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Provisional Theory -- CHAPTER 2 Provisionalism and Democratic Theory -- CHAPTER 3 Provisionality and Property -- CHAPTER 4 Citizenship and Provisional Right -- CHAPTER 5 Provisional and Conclusive Environmental Politics -- CHAPTER 6 Conclusions -- NOTES -- SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX -- A -- B -- C.

Medicare Laboratory Payment Policy -- Copyright -- REVIEWERS -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- THE LABORATORY INDUSTRY -- THE CURRENT MEDICARE PAYMENT SYSTEM -- GOALS FOR A PAYMENT SYSTEM -- ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT MEDICARE PAYMENT SYSTEM -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 1 Introduction -- ORIGINS OF THIS STUDY -- STATEMENT OF TASK -- THE IOM STUDY PROCESS -- GOALS FOR A PAYMENT SYSTEM -- CLINICAL LABORATORY SERVICES COVERED BY MEDICARE -- THE MEDICARE PROGRAM -- What Types of Laboratory Services Are Included in the Medicare Laboratory Fee Schedule? -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 Background and Environmental Trends -- BACKGROUND ON THE CLINICAL LABORATORY INDUSTRY -- Sites of Service -- Geographic Distribution -- Size and Distribution of the Market -- Trends in Expenditures for Laboratory Services -- Financial Strength of the Laboratory Industry -- MEDICARE PART B CLINICAL LABORATORY TRENDS -- Medicare Part B Spending -- ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS -- Regulatory Trends -- Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 -- Test Complexity and Laboratory Certification -- CLIA's Impact on the Laboratory Industry -- CLIA's Impact on Quality -- Occupational Safety and Health Administration -- MINIMIZING FRAUD, WASTE, AND ABUSE -- Stark Amendments -- OIG Investigations -- Medical Necessity Review -- PAYMENT TRENDS -- Medicare Shift to Prospective Payment Systems -- Growth of Managed Care -- RESPONSE FROM THE INDUSTRY TO ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS -- Market Consolidation and Network Development -- Growth of Hospital-Based Laboratory Outreach Programs -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 3 Technology Trends in the Clinical Laboratory Industry -- AUTOMATION -- Preanalytic Stage -- Analytic Stage -- Postanalytic Stage -- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -- LABORATORY MEASUREMENT AND TESTING TECHNOLOGY.

Intro -- FrontMatter -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Summary -- 1 The Electric Transmission and Distribution System as a Terrorist Targetwith -- 2 The Electric Power System Today -- 3 Physical Security Considerations for Electric Power Systems -- 4 Vulnerabilities of Systems for Sensing, Communication, and Control -- 5 Vulnerabilities Related to the People Who Run the Electric Power System -- 6 Mitigating the Impact of Attacks on the Power System -- 7 Restoration of the Electric Power System After an Attack -- 8 Strategies for Securing Crucial Services and Critical Infrastructure in the Event of an Extended Power Outage -- 9 Research and Development Needs for the Electric Power Delivery System -- 10 Recommendations -- Appendixes -- Appendix A: Statement of Task -- Appendix B: Committee Biographical Information -- Appendix C: List of Presentations and Committee Meetings -- Appendix D: Acronyms -- Appendix E: Summary of NERC Cyber Security Standards -- Appendix F: Substation Configurations -- Appendix G: Controlling Power Systems -- Appendix H: R&D Needs for the Power Delivery System.

Intro -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Nomenclature -- Part I The Demographics of Indian Health -- 1 The Aboriginal Peoples of America -- 2 Health Conditions before Columbus -- 3 Selected Demographic Characteristics of Indians -- Part II The Political and Administrative Bases of Indian Health -- 4 The Relation of Indian Nations to the U.S. Government -- 5 The History and Organization of Indian Health Services and Systems -- 6 Data Sources and Subsets of the Indian Population -- Part III Major Diseases and Health Conditions Affecting Indians -- 7 Health Status and Clinical Indicators -- 8 Genetic Polymorphism and American Indian Origins, Afnities, and Health -- 9 Maternal, Child, and Youth Health -- 10 The Rise of Cardiovascular Diseases -- 11 Cancer among American Indians and Alaska Natives -- 12 Nutritional Health and Diet-Related Conditions -- 13 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications -- 14 Unintentional Injuries and Trauma -- 15 Suicide among American Indians and Alaska Natives -- 16 Alcoholism and Substance Abuse -- 17 Tobacco Use -- 18 Mental Health and Mental Disorders -- 19 Diseases of the Immune and Collagen Vascular Systems -- 20 Infectious Diseases -- 21 Oral Health -- 22 Environmental Health and Construction Programs -- Part IV Special Cultural and Ethical Considerations -- 23 Traditional Indian and Modern Western Medicine -- 24 Cultural Considerations in Providing Care to American Indians -- 25 Research Ethics and the American Indian -- 26 The Future of Indian Health -- Index.

FrontMatter -- Preface -- Contents -- Improving Health in the United States: The Role of Health Impact Assessment -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Why We Need Health-Informed Policies and Decision-Making -- 3 Elements of a Health Impact Assessment -- 4 Current Issues and Challenges in the Development and Practice of Health Impact Assessment -- 5 Structures and Policies for Promoting Health Impact Assessment -- Appendix A: Experiences with Health Impact Assessment -- Appendix B: Biographic Information on the Committee on Health Impact Assessment -- Appendix C: Statement of Task of the Committee on Health Impact Assessment -- Appendix D: Glossary -- Appendix E: Summary of Health Impact Assessment Guides -- Appendix F: Analysis of Health Effects under the National Environmental Policy Act.

America's Aging -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- PREVIOUS STUDIES -- THE CURRENT FRAMEWORK -- The Demography of Current and Future Aging Cohorts -- The Concept of Vulnerability among the Oldest Old -- Federal Housing Policies -- Public Intervention in Housing Programs for the Aging -- Mobility and Social Integration of the Aging -- The Swedish Perspective on Housing and Social Environments for the Elderly -- New Technology and the Productivity and Independence of the Elderly -- REFERENCES -- Proposals for Policy and Further Research -- AGE AND DISABILITY -- ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES AND THE WELL-BEING OF OLDER PEOPLE -- PERSON AND ENVIRONMENTAL IN LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVE -- SELF-DETERMINATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION MAKING -- RESEARCH AND POLICY NEEDS -- Population Issues -- Housing Programs -- Technology -- Productivity and New Environmental Forms -- The Vulnerable Aged -- Transportation -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- The Demography of Current and Future Aging Cohorts -- THE EVOLUTION OF THE OLDER U.S. POPULATION -- Components of Change -- Age Composition of the Elderly Population -- Sex Composition -- Ethnic or Racial Composition -- Regional Distribution of the Elderly -- Urban-Rural Differences -- Marital Composition and Living Arrangements -- THE ''OLD OLD -- THE NEW AGED -- THE FUTURE OLDER POPULATION -- REFERENCES -- Social and Physical Environments for the Vulnerable Aged -- NOTIONS OF VULNERABILITY -- THE VULNERABLE AGED -- Functional Dependency -- Disability and Other Markers of Vulnerability -- RESPONSES TO DEPENDENCY -- Service Responses -- Environmental Responses to Dependency -- Retirement Communities -- Indirect Environmental Influences -- FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Current and Emerging Issues in Housing Environments for the Elderly.