Suchergebnisse

Neste artigo é realizada uma análise exploratória do papel das relações intergovernamentais nas iniciativas federais de defesa ambiental no Brasil do ponto de vista dos governos locais, na perspectiva federativa. A análise da agenda constitucional dos municípios fornece elementos para o exame de iniciativas do governo federal no campo ambiental por meio de exemplos selecionados. Conclui-se que seu êxito depende, em grande extensão, da adesão dos municípios, que têm uma condição única para combinar instrumentos típicos da institucionalidade ambiental com outros de seu uso exclusivo. ; The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of intergovernmental cooperation in federal environmental policies from the perspective of Brazilian local governments, considering Brazilian federal institutional framework. The analysis of the constitutional municipal agenda highlights that environmental defense activities provides the background for the analysis of selected examples of federal environmental policy. We conclude that federal success depends on a great extent on municipal support because they are in a unique position to combine the use of typical environmental strategies and instruments with policy instruments exclusive to municipalities.

The eco-friendliness achieved several spaces in society, also reaching the government as a response to the pressures exerted by international organizations, but also by society itself, demanding compliance with the legislation, seeking to develop better environmental quality and promote the municipalities reactions that seek answers to these requirements because for decades that environmental responsibility was focused only on federal and state government levels. However, in 1997, the National Environmental Council (CONAMA), by Resolution No. 237/1997, establishing the evaluation of local environmental impacts of projects for competence of municipalities, which must coordinate actions, developing environmental education for understanding and community respect for the environment, implementing regulations to control environmental deterioration, enabling a reduction of degraded areas, thus taking the mission to stimulate local sustainable development with social equity, economic development and environmental protection.

The Brazilian presidential elections of 2018 brought large-scale changes in the Brazilian environmental policy subsystem. The purpose of this article is to analyze these changes through the lenses of the Advocacy Coalition Framework – ACF. First, we introduced some of the main characteristics of this subsystem, then we presented a hemerographic analysis to describe and analyze the effects of four recent shocks in this subsystem. Two of these shocks were external: (i) the election of a new political elite in power that brought a clear discourse of denial of the relevance of environmental policy and (ii) calamitous environmental events that occurred in Brazil in 2019. The other two shocks were internal: (i) the capture of key positions and resources by dominant coalition members and (ii) the rise of conflict and polarization among the coalitions in the subsystem. The results showed: (i) the rise of a hyper-adversarial environmental policy subsystem; (ii) a realignment between non-dominant coalitions in a cooperative direction; (iii) the imposition of clear barriers to negotiation; (iv) changes in the use of scientific information by more politicized discourses with a high degree of bias. The article contributes to the understanding of the processes of institutional change in environmental policy, especially in contexts of large-scale change generated by increasing electoral polarization and fierce political disputes. It also contributes to the analysis of the limits and possibilities of the ACF in the Brazilian environmental agenda. ; Las elecciones presidenciales brasileñas de 2018 introdujeron cambios de gran escala en el subsistema de política ambiental del país. El propósito de este documento es analizar estos cambios a través de las lentes del Advocacy Coalition Framework – ACF. Para ello, exponemos algunas de las características principales de este subsistema y, luego, presentamos un análisis hemerográfico para describir y analizar los efectos de cuatro shocks recientes en este subsistema. Dos de estos shocks fueron externos: (i) el ascenso de una nueva élite política al poder, la cual ha traído un claro discurso de negación de la relevancia de la política ambiental y (ii) catastróficos eventos ambientales que ocurrieron en Brasil durante 2019. Otros dos shocks fueron internos: (i) la captura de posiciones y recursos claves por los miembros de la coalición dominante y (ii) el surgimiento de conflictos y polarizaciones entre las coaliciones del subsistema. Los resultados mostraron: (i) el ascenso de un subsistema de política ambiental hipercontradictorio; (ii) el realineamiento de las coaliciones no dominantes en una dirección cooperativa; (iii) la imposición de claras barreras en los procesos de negociación; y (iv) cambios en el uso de información científica por discursos más politizados con un alto grado de sesgo. Este artículo contribuye a la comprensión de los procesos de cambio institucional en la política ambiental, especialmente en contextos de cambios de gran escala generados por un aumento en la polarización electoral e intensas disputas políticas. También contribuye al análisis de los límites y posibilidades del ACF en la agenda ambiental brasileña. ; As eleições presidenciais brasileiras de 2018 trouxeram mudanças em larga escala no subsistema de política ambiental do país. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar essas mudanças através do Advocacy Coalition Framework – ACF. Para isso, introduzimos algumas das principais características do subsistema de política ambiental e, a seguir, apresentamos uma análise hemerográfica para descrever e analisar os efeitos de quatro choques recentes no subsistema em análise. Dois desses choques foram externos: (i) a ascensão ao poder de uma nova elite política que trouxe um discurso claro de negação da relevância da política ambiental e (ii) eventos ambientais calamitosos que ocorreram no Brasil em 2019. Dois outros choques foram internos: (i) a captura de posições e recursos importantes pelos membros da coalizão dominante e (ii) o surgimento de conflitos e polarizações entre as coalizões no subsistema. Os resultados mostraram: (i) a ascensão de um subsistema hiper-contraditório; (ii) o realinhamento entre coalizões não dominantes em direção à cooperação; (iii) a imposição de barreiras claras à negociação; e (iv) mudanças no uso da informação científica por discursos mais politizados com alto grau de viés. O artigo contribui para a compreensão dos processos de mudança institucional na política ambiental, especialmente em contextos de mudança em larga escala gerados pelo aumento da polarização eleitoral e intensas disputas políticas. Contribui também para a análise dos limites e possibilidades do ACF na agenda ambiental brasileira.

The State is not always able to proactively improve environmental policies. Eventually, policy improvements are a result of disasters that expose pre-existing problems. This situation is reflected in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil), where, after the failures of the Fundão and B1 tailings dam, in Mariana and Brumadinho, several problems in dam safety and emergency policies were exposed. This study had a twofold objective: 1) to identify the mechanisms used by the government of Minas Gerais to improve environmental policies, and 2) to understand how the Mariana and Brumadinho's disasters affected dam safety and emergency policies. Based on semi-structured interviews and regulatory analysis, the study revealed that the state government of Minas Gerais has been predominantly reactive in controlling environmental policies. Additionally, it was observed that the disasters catalysed a learning process that culminated in potentially better dam safety policies. ; The State is not always able to proactively improve environmental policies. Eventually, policy improvements are a result of disasters that expose pre-existing problems. This situation is reflected in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil), where, after the failures of the Fundão and B1 tailings dam, in Mariana and Brumadinho, several problems in dam safety and emergency policies were exposed. This study had a twofold objective: 1) to identify the mechanisms used by the government of Minas Gerais to improve environmental policies, and 2) to understand how the Mariana and Brumadinho's disasters affected dam safety and emergency policies. Based on semi-structured interviews and regulatory analysis, the study revealed that the state government of Minas Gerais has been predominantly reactive in controlling environmental policies. Additionally, it was observed that the disasters catalysed a learning process that culminated in potentially better dam safety policies. ; The State is not always able to proactively improve environmental policies. Eventually, policy improvements are a result of disasters that expose pre-existing problems. This situation is reflected in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil), where, after the failures of the Fundão and B1 tailings dam, in Mariana and Brumadinho, several problems in dam safety and emergency policies were exposed. This study had a twofold objective: 1) to identify the mechanisms used by the government of Minas Gerais to improve environmental policies, and 2) to understand how the Mariana and Brumadinho's disasters affected dam safety and emergency policies. Based on semi-structured interviews and regulatory analysis, the study revealed that the state government of Minas Gerais has been predominantly reactive in controlling environmental policies. Additionally, it was observed that the disasters catalysed a learning process that culminated in potentially better dam safety policies. ; The State is not always able to proactively improve environmental policies. Eventually, policy improvements are a result of disasters that expose pre-existing problems. This situation is reflected in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil), where, after the failures of the Fundão and B1 tailings dam, in Mariana and Brumadinho, several problems in dam safety and emergency policies were exposed. This study had a twofold objective: 1) to identify the mechanisms used by the government of Minas Gerais to improve environmental policies, and 2) to understand how the Mariana and Brumadinho's disasters affected dam safety and emergency policies. Based on semi-structured interviews and regulatory analysis, the study revealed that the state government of Minas Gerais has been predominantly reactive in controlling environmental policies. Additionally, it was observed that the disasters catalysed a learning process that culminated in potentially better dam safety policies.

This article debates the importance and the current state of environmental policy integration among the areas of climate change and biodiversity in Brazil. It presents and critically evaluates the theoretical assumption that dif­ferences in bureaucratic cultures will necessarily result in policy integration difficulties. Based on the theoretical framework of grid-group cultural theory, it argues that the dominant egalitarian style developed within the context of biodiversity policies diverges, and sometimes hampers, integration with climate change policies, which were found to present a predominantly hierarchical approach. Finally, the role of political leaderships in overcoming the institutional barriers represented by bureaucratic cultures is also presented as an important factor relativizing and qualifying the predictions of cultural theory. ; Este artículo discute la importancia y el estado actual de la integración de las políticas ambientales de las áreas de cambio climático y biodiversidad en Brasil. En este sentido, se presenta y se evalúa críticamente el supuesto teórico según el cual diferencias en culturas burocráticas darán lugar a dificultades de integración política. Con base en el marco teórico de la teoría cultural (grid-group), se plantea que la tendencia igualitaria verificada en la implementación de políticas de biodiversidad diverge de la tendencia cultural predominantemente jerárquica de las políticas del sector de cambio climático, debilitando el potencial de integración de las políticas de estas dos áreas. Por último, el rol de los liderazgos políticos para superar las barreras institucionales representadas por las culturas burocráticas también se presenta como un factor importante, relativizando y calificando las predicciones de la teoría cultural. ; Este trabalho discute a importância e o estado atual da integração de políticas ambientais das áreas de mudança do clima e da biodiversidade no Brasil. Ele apresenta e avalia criticamente o pressuposto teórico de que diferenças em termos de culturas burocráticas resultarão em dificuldades de integração de políticas. Com base no arcabouço teórico da teoria cultural (grid-group), argumenta-se que a tendência igualitária desenvolvida na implementação de políticas de biodiversidade diverge e potencialmente prejudica a integração dessa área com a de mudanças cli­máticas, cuja tendência cultural predominante observada foi hierárquica. Por fim, o papel das lideranças políticas em superar barreiras institucionais representadas por culturas burocráticas é também apresentado como um fator importante, relativizando e qualificando as previsões da teoria cultural.

O objetivo desse estudo é analisar a Lei nº 1.659/96, que institui a política ambiental no município de Araguaína, Tocantins, buscando compreender o funcionamento de alguns discursos materializados no texto da referida lei. Utilizando como suporte a Análise de Discurso francesa, percebe-se que, para a Lei, os responsáveis pela degradação e pela preservação ambiental são aqueles que mantêm relações com o sistema municipal de educação, com os meios de comunicação e as entidades e associações ambientalistas, isentando-se os demais grupos do ônus. Ao definir a composição do Conselho administrativo com representações governamentais e de algumas categorias profissionais, a Lei determina quem de fato se apropriará do discurso ambientalista e assegura os interesses dos grupos dominantes.

This paper analyzes the evolution of the environmental policy of Brazil since the 1970s until the present days, giving data and explaining the goals of the country in this matter. As the largest holder of the biological riches of the world, with much of the Amazon, asserting itself as one of the most promising agricultural powers, with a strong economy and steady growth, Brazil has since 1990 pursued a fierce and ambitious environmental policy, being the emerging economy that has been most concerned about the issue. Adapted from the source document.

The environmental change by the society is recurring and has been intensified since the first civilizations. However, the lack of conservationist practices has caused the emergence of degraded areas, whose recovery is fundamental for the sustainability. In this context, this paper aims at analyzing the environmental recovery as a public policy strategy supported in the Brazilian legislation. As methodology, a documental and analytical research was developed on the regulations, discussed at a multidisciplinary perspective, from the view of legal and engineering specialists, from the agricultural and environmental areas. As a result, it was identified a collection of rules pointing at a significant commitment on the definition of guidelines. On the other hand, this meaningful quantity of legal mechanisms, associated to misalignment, may cause damages to its effectiveness. In conclusion, we can consider that environmental reclamation is widely regulated, and it represents one of the main strategies of the environmental public policy adopted in Brazil. Nevertheless, it still requires advances to combine harmoniously practical and theoretical-conceptual aspects. Thus, considering the moment that Brazil is consolidating a new Forestry Code, we hope that the achieved outcomes can contribute to the debate and mobilization about the environmental reclamation as a strategy for sustainability.

This article analyzes the use of water as ballast to balance the vessels, as well as the existing legislation in the country that protects, monitors and punishes those who are responsible for illegal shedding in national jurisdiction waters. That is important, considering ballast water has become a national and international risk with serious consequences such as bioinvasion. It was discovered that ballast water has become one of the fastest forms of marine pollution because it acts quietly. In an attempt to avoid environmental and economic losses, several conventions and international treaties were agreed between countries such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, adopted in Montego Bay. At the national level, Brazil has important institutions for marine environmental protection such as ANVISA, the National Health Surveillance Agency; ANTAQ, National Agency of Waterborne Transport and broad legislation such as Law (6938/81), the National Environmental Policy; the Criminal Environmental Law (9.605/98) and, specifically, NORMAM 20, issued by the Brazilian Navy's Directorate of Ports and Coasts, which states that every ship to moor at national ports must prove the exchange of ballast water at sea. The research used the legal and theoretical methodology, deductive reasoning and literature from technical and government sites. The results show that Brazil has a concern over the issue and the national legislation proves the effort to prevent marine pollution. However, research in the field is necessary so that invading organisms are discovered prior to the pollution. In addition to that, legislation and supervision must be improved. ; This article analyzes the use of water as ballast to balance the vessels, as well as the existing legislation in the country that protects, monitors and punishes those who are responsible for illegal shedding in national jurisdiction waters. That is important, considering ballast water has become a national and international risk with serious consequences such as bioinvasion. It was discovered that ballast water has become one of the fastest forms of marine pollution because it acts quietly. In an attempt to avoid environmental and economic losses, several conventions and international treaties were agreed between countries such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, adopted in Montego Bay. At the national level, Brazil has important institutions for marine environmental protection such as ANVISA, the National Health Surveillance Agency; ANTAQ, National Agency of Waterborne Transport and broad legislation such as Law (6938/81), the National Environmental Policy; the Criminal Environmental Law (9.605/98) and, specifically, NORMAM 20, issued by the Brazilian Navy's Directorate of Ports and Coasts, which states that every ship to moor at national ports must prove the exchange of ballast water at sea. The research used the legal and theoretical methodology, deductive reasoning and literature from technical and government sites. The results show that Brazil has a concern over the issue and the national legislation proves the effort to prevent marine pollution. However, research in the field is necessary so that invading organisms are discovered prior to the pollution. In addition to that, legislation and supervision must be improved.

Montreal and Kyoto Protocols, international treaties, aim at safeguarding the environment and life by controlling the use of gases which deplete the ozone layer and cause the greenhouse effect, respectively, due to industrial and land use activities. The article highlights common points and differences and provides an update discussion about the protocols. Adapted from the source document.