Annals of environmental science: a peer-reviewed, open access, international journal for the environmental sciences
ISSN: 1939-2621
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ISSN: 1939-2621
What, is truly "environmental" about environmental law? This Article is the first attempt to answer this question by integrating Law & Literature scholarship with the study of environmental law. I argue that competing narratives of nature and culture common to the American environmental imagination play a more significant role in environmental law and litigation than previously acknowledged. These competing narratives, communicated through a known set of environmental stories and tropes, are used by attorneys to establish, frame, narrate and argue their cases, and they are absorbed, reimagined, reframed and retold by judges in their written opinions, making environmental law a kind of expressive, literary event. To illustrate this process, the Article examines two important and highly visible case studies: the reintroduction of gray wolves into the Northern Rocky Mountains and the public nuisance climate change lawsuit that culminated in the Supreme Court's decision in Connecticut v. American Electric Power. A close reading of the pleadings, legal briefs and judicial opinions in these case studies demonstrates that courts respond to and reinforce traditional environmental stories, such as wilderness tales and the environmental apocalyptic, but evince a strong preference for a less well-known story, which I call the Progressive Management Machine. The Progressive Management Machine promises reconciliation of competing environmental narratives through administrative process and science-driven decision making, but, in so doing, masks its own contravention of those same narratives. The approach developed here launchesa larger project exploring the dynamic relationship between environmental law, literature and narrative. This Article, like the larger project, seeks to elucidate not only various litigators' and judges' rhetorical strategies but also the purposes, content and significance of environmental law.
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In: Die Natur der Gesellschaft: Verhandlungen des 33. Kongresses der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie in Kassel 2006. Teilbd. 1 u. 2, S. 3703-3716
"Zurzeit werden für eine Vielzahl deutscher Städte Luftreinhaltepläne aufgestellt oder sind bereits verabschiedet. Aussagen zur betroffenen Bevölkerung erschöpfen sich, wie bspw. im Entwurf des Luftreinhalteplans für die Stadt Kassel, auf rein quantitative Aussagen. Dort wird angegeben, dass 13.410 Einwohner von einer erhöhten Immissionsbelastung betroffen sind I (HLUG 2005: 31). Aussagen dazu, wer sich hinter dieser errechneten Einwohnerzahl verbirgt, werden nicht getroffen. Ist es möglich, dass in den Gebieten mit erhöhter Immissionsbelastung überproportional viele Ausländer oder sozial Benachteiligte wohnen? In der gegenwärtigen Situation wissen wir es nicht. Entsprechend dem beschriebenen Zustand bei den Luftreinhalteplänen werden auch in anderen Instrumenten des planerischen Umweltschutzes keine sozial differenzierten Aussagen getroffen. Hierfür kann es zwei Gründe geben. Erstens: Es gibt in Deutschland keine sozial differenzierten Unterschiede in der Umweltqualität, weshalb eine entsprechende Analyse nicht erforderlich ist. Zweitens: Das Thema ist relevant, wird aber von der Gesellschaft nicht aufgenommen. Was wiederum daran liegen könnte, dass es in Deutschland keine gesellschaftliche Bewegung gibt, die mit der Bürgerrechtsbewegung in den USA, dem Ursprung des Environmental Justice Movements, vergleichbar ist. Sollte der zweite Grund zutreffen, wäre es dringend erforderlich mehr über die Situation umweltbezogener Gerechtigkeit in Deutschland zu erfahren. Aus dieser Motivation heraus führen an der Universität Kassel das CESR und das Fachgebiet für Umweltmeteorologie ein Forschungsprojekt zu 'umweltbezogener Gerechtigkeit und Luftreinhalteplänen' durch. In diesem Projekt werden in zwei Stadtteilen Kassels kleinräumige Analysen zur Umweltsituation (Lärm, Luftbelastung und Qualität von Grünflächen) gemacht. Diese werden in Bezug gesetzt zu Ergebnissen einer Haushaltsbefragung. In dieser wird auf der Ebene von Haushalten der Einfluss soziodemographischer Faktoren (Einkommen, Bildung, Migrationshintergrund) auf die Wahrnehmung von Umweltrisiken, die Betroffenheit durch Umwelteinflüsse sowie gewählte Bewältigungsstrategien untersucht. In der ad-hoc-Gruppe werden erste Ergebnisse zur Diskussion gestellt. Ferner werden aufbauend auf diesen Erfahrungen Überlegungen zu einer Integration umweltbezogener Gerechtigkeit in den planerischen Umweltschutz skizziert." (Autorenreferat)
In: Global environmental politics, Band 18, Heft 1, S. 99-121
ISSN: 1536-0091
The global trend toward adopting environmental rights within national constitutions has been largely regarded as a positive development for both human rights and the natural environment. The impact of constitutional environmental rights, however, has yet to be systematically assessed using empirical data. In particular, expanding procedural environmental rights—legal provisions relating to access to information, participation, and justice in environmental matters—provides fertile ground for analyzing how environmental rights directly interface with conditions necessary for a functioning democracy. To understand the extent to which these provisions deliver on their lofty aspirations, we conducted a quantitative analysis to assess the relationship between procedural environmental rights and environmental justice, while also controlling for the extent of democracy within a country. The results suggest that states with procedural environmental rights are more likely than nonadopting states to facilitate attaining environmental justice, especially as it relates to access to information.
In: ZUMA-Methodenbericht, Band 2004/07
"Die schlichte Rechnung hohes Umweltbewusstsein = umweltfreundliches Verhalten geht so einfach nicht auf. Neben dem Umweltbewusstsein beeinflussen noch mehrere Faktoren das Umweltverhalten. So kann man dann von einem umweltgerechten Verhalten ausgehen, wenn zum Umweltbewusstsein keine weiteren divergierenden Ziele dazukommen. Eine hohe internale und externale Verantwortungsattribution spielen ebenso eine wichtige Rolle für das Umwelthandeln wie die Einsicht in die Eigenverantwortlichkeit für die Umwelt. Außerdem kann umweltgerechtes Handeln nur dann durchgeführt werden, wenn das Handlungsangebot vorhanden ist. Förderlich ist auch, wenn umweltgerechtes Handeln einen positiven Stellenwert in der Bezugsgruppe hat und wenn es dem Handelnden ein Wohlbefinden vermittelt. Neben der Problematik der Allmende-Klemme können auch methodologische Ungenauigkeiten ein Grund für die Diskrepanz zwischen Umweltbewusstsein und Umwelthandeln sein. Hierunter zählen neben der unklaren Definitionslage das Problem der sozialen Erwünschtheit und des Weiteren messmethodische Schwierigkeiten in der Form, dass umweltgerechtes Verhalten eine Verhaltensgewohnheit darstellt, oft nur selbstberichtetes Verhalten abgefragt wird, nicht abgefragt wird, ob überhaupt ein Handlungs- und Gestaltungsspielraum vorhanden ist, Umweltbewusstsein und Umweltverhalten auf einem unterschiedlichen Spezifitätsniveau gemessen wird, der Zeithorizont der Frage nicht berücksichtigt wird und dass die Jahreszeit bei gewissen Fragen zum Umweltverhalten auch eine große Rolle spielt. Doch es gibt auch Kritiker, die eine Diskrepanz zwischen Umweltbewusstsein und Umwelthandeln ablehnen. Argumente hierfür sind zum einen, dass Umweltbewusstsein nicht in den Köpfen der Menschen verankert ist und es so bei diesen gar nicht zu einem Widerspruch beim Handeln kommt." (Autorenreferat)
In: http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31210026477628
An annotated bibliography of documents related to national environmental laws, pollution control regulations and experiences in implementing legislative authorities. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Water Resources Collections and Archives (WRCA).
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In: 24 Fordham Environmental Law Review 149 (2013)
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In: Ekins , P , Andersen , M S , Vos , H , Gee , D (ed.) , Schlegelmilch , K (ed.) & Wieringa , K (ed.) 1996 , Environmental taxes : Implementation and environmental effectiveness . EEA. Environmental issues series. , no. 1 , Publications Office of the European Union , Luxembourg .
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY1.Although the 5th Environmental Action Programme of the EU in 1992 recommended the greater use of economic instruments such as environmental taxes, there has been little progress in their use since then at the EU level. At Member State level, however, there has been a continuing increase in the use of environmental taxes over the last decade, which has accelerated in the last 5-6 years. This is primarily apparent in Scandinavia, but it is also noticeable in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom.2.Evaluation studies of 16 environmental taxes have been identified and reviewed in this report. Within the limitations of the studies, it appears that these taxes have been environmentally effective (achieving their environmental objectives) and they seem to have achieved such objectives at reasonable cost. Examples of particularly successful taxes include those on sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in Sweden, on toxic waste in Germany, on water pollution in The Netherlands, and the tax differentials on leaded fuel and 'cleaner' diesel fuel in Sweden.3.Taxes as such have potential negative impacts on competitiveness and on employment, Most barriers to implementation, especially of energy (particularly on specific sectors or regions); and on low income groups can be overcome by: a) careful design, b) the use of environmental taxes and respective revenues as part of policy packages and green tax reforms, c) gradual implementation; d) extensive consultation and information. 4.As environmental concerns move from point-source emissions and problems, such as industrial emissions from pipelines and chimneys, to include more diffuse and mobile sources of pollution, such as solid waste, or from the agricultural and transport sectors, there is increased scope for the greater use of taxes, as well as other market based instruments, at both Member States and EU level.If environmental taxes are well designed and implemented to exploit the advantages described above, they could deliver improvements in four key areas of public policy: a) the environment; b) innovation & competitiveness; c) employment, and d) the tax system. These are the main conclusions of a report on environmental taxes by the European Environment Agency (EEA), requested by the European Parliament. The report provides an overview of the main issues involved in environmental taxes, with a particular focus on their environmental effectiveness and on the political barriers to their implementation. It provides illustrative examples of environmental taxes only; comprehensive reviews are available from OECD (1995).http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-9167-000-6-sum/page002.html [Summary available in 10 languages]
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The real wealth of any nation and any region lies in the wellbeing of its people. The three main problems in the world, are known as three-P-Population, Poverty, and Pollution. Pollution is the main problem of the modern world. The technological inventions and progress has over powered nature, it has also resulted in the thoughtless exploitation of nature. Awareness by educating everyone, to value the nature and maintain the natural environment are important need. A study was conducted a 50 private and govt. female school students to measure the environmental values. Environmental Value Test (Shrivastav & Dubey, 1995) was used to assess the environmental value of the sample age range varied from 16-17 yrs. Findings of the study reveal that there is degree of high environmental value among both urban groups. Eco-club, Vanmahotsava, Exhibitions are popular means of creating awareness about environment. The need of the hour is to discuss environmental issues as our environmental issues, at global level as a sense of duty. To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution to mitigate their harmful effects.
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In: https://doi.org/10.7916/85xa-vr54
This Note poses the question of whether—and how—lawmaking can create a platform for promoting an environmental ethic. There is a body of scholarship about how values or virtue ethics impact lawmaking, but this Note also explores the opposite—how lawmaking impacts the values or virtue ethics of the public. Environmental ethicists disagree about the very origins of environmental ethics. Some thinkers believe that environmental ethics stem from "core values" that are inherent to human nature. Others posit a set of "green virtues" that can be learned. But there is agreement that education through exposure to the natural world is fundamental to ethical development. Ideally, people develop green virtues that guide their everyday actions but, to encourage a true love of the natural world, their core values must be awakened; this is done locally, via connections to wild spaces. Through the creation of national parks and through public land-granting, law creates a platform that can contribute to the formation of environmental consciousness, from materializing the "wilderness" ideal to demonstrating the value of "otherness." The relationship between environmental law and environmental ethics creates a virtuous circle—in both senses of the word—as virtue drives enriched environmental law as much as environmental law has the capacity to create green virtues. The virtuous circle concept risks the implied instrumentalization of virtues, robbing them of intrinsic realization by using them as policy tools. However, this is a false dichotomy; environmental law is a tool that can be used by a democracy to change itself by creating a different set of experiences to make concrete the values that we hold in abstraction or as aspiration. This Note draws on Aristotle's virtue ethics to posit that lawmaking can create a holistic platform for people to learn how to practice an environmental ethic, which in turn promotes the passage of new regulatory and protective environmental laws.
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In: Novartis Foundation symposium 220
In search of spatial extremes / A. Stein [and others] -- Operational evaluation of air quality models / P.D. Sampson and P. Guttorp -- Assessing the human health risk of atmospheric particles / R.L. Smith, J.M. David and P. Speckman -- Ozone dose mapping and the utility of models / C.W. Anderson and R.I. Smith -- Measuring and modelling pollution for risk analysis / J.V. Zidek and N.D. Lee -- A preliminary statistical examination of the efffects of uncertainty and variability on environmental regulatory criteria for ozone / L.H. Cox [and others] -- Statistics and environmental policy : case studies from long-term environmental monitoring data / R. Goudey and G. Laslett -- Better late than never? Injecting statistical know-how into legislation on water quality / A.E. Warn -- Indicator quality for multidisciplinary systems / J. Riley -- Integrating data for sustainable development : introducing the distribution of resources framework / J. Heycox -- Does environmental data collection need statistics? / M.P.J. Pulles -- Air pollution statistics in policy applications / R.I. Smith -- Agriculture sector resource and environmental policy analysis : an economic and biophysical approach / R.M. House [and others].