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This thought-provoking volume seeks to answer some of the ultimate economic questions in terms of a theory that emerged with Adam Smith and is now come to full fruition; the principle of circular and cumulative causation (CCC) This full-fledged theoretical framework explains the whole interplay of technology, firms, resources, culture, institutions and economic policy to understand the basic drives behind modern day economic dynamics

This book, which include articles from Tony Lawson, Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Roger Backhouse, highlights current notions of equilibrium in economics and provides a guide to understanding the links between economic theory and economic reality

Introduction -- PART I THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT -- Differing Views on the Environment -- The International Dimension of the Environment -- PART II THEORETICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS -- Basics of Environmental Economics -- Allocation Problems in a Market Economy -- The Internalization of External Effects -- Public Goods in Environmental Economics -- PART III ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY -- From Theory to Policy: Information Deficits -- Command-and-Control Policy -- The Price-Standard Approach to Environmental Policy -- International Environmental Commodities and the Principal-Agent-Approach -- Holistic Environmental Policies -- PART IV THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE GLOBALIZED WORLD -- Trade and the Environment: The Legal Context -- Overfishing -- Integration of Trade and the Environment.

Professor Kenneth J. Arrow is one of the most distinguished economic theorists. He has played a major role in shaping the subject and is honoured by the publication of three volumes of essays on economic theory. Each volume deals with a different area of economic theory. The books include contributions by some of the best economic theorists from the United Stated, Japan, Israel and Europe. This second volume is entitled Equilibrium Analysis and is divided into sections on general equilibrium and on the microfoundations of macroeconomics

Standard equilibrium economic models focus on interdependencies. This text develops a theory which is based on disequilibria. The model proposed is a heuristic tool that makes it possible to explore these disequilibria in relation to Western economies

Although general equilibrium theory originated in the late nineteenth century, modern elaboration and development of the theory began only in the 1930s and 1940s. This book focuses on the version of the theory developed in the second half of the twentieth century, referred to by Lionel McKenzie as the classical general equilibrium theory. McKenzie offers detailed and rigorous treatment of the classical model, giving step-by-step proofs of the basic theorems. In many cases he elaborates on the individual steps to give a fuller understanding of the underlying principles. His goal is to provide readers with a true mastery of the methodology so that they can derive new results that will further enrich their thinking about general equilibrium theory. Special attention is given to the McKenzie model, in which it is not assumed that the number of firms is given but rather that technologies or activities are available to any agents who can supply the resources they require. The McKenzie model is used to establish the turnpike theorems of optimal and competitive capital accumulation.

This book argues that the shift in general equilibrium theory, from its early long-period to the modern very-short-period versions, has had very important consequences which are insufficiently appreciated by large parts of the economics profession. This shift has produced new difficulties, and has undermined central tenets of neoclassical macroeconomic theory (such as the negative dependence of aggregate investment on the interest rate, or the existence of a downward-sloping demand curve for labour) which had their basis in the long-period versions where capital was treated as a single factor. According to the author, what makes it difficult to appreciate these consequences is the current imperfect grasp of the long-period method (an approach common to classical and to the first generations of neoclassical economists, but nowadays often confused with steady-growth analysis). The origins of this problem date back to the 1930s, and to this day still obscure the history and the logic of the neoclassical approach. The book explains the analytical differences between long-period, steady-growth, and short-period general equilibrium analyses, and proves that on this basis considerable clarification can be achieved, not only in many aspects of the history of economic theory, but also in fundamental issues in the theories of value, distribution, capital, investment, employment and money. For example, the reasons for the disagreements in the 'Cambridge controversies' over capital theory become very apparent. This stimulating critique on the present state of economic theory will appeal to academics and researchers with an interest in macroeconomics, the history of economic thought, and the theory of value and distribution. It will also enlighten and inform anyone wanting to understand the reasons behind the current dissatisfaction with neoclassical economics

Banking and interest rates in a world without money : the effects of uncontrolled banking -- Active and passive monetary policy in a neoclassical model -- Rational economic behavior and the balance of payments -- Uniqueness of the price level in monetary growth models with rational expectations -- Purchasing power parity in an equilibrium model -- Ups and downs in human capital and business -- How passive monetary policy might work -- What a non-monetarist thinks -- Global monetarism in a world of national currencies -- The ABCs of business cycles -- A gold standard with double feedback and near zero reserves -- The trouble with econometric models -- General equilibrium and business cycles -- Noise.