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Through the lens of China in Africa, this paper explores the transformations in the relationship between the Internet and the state. China's economic success, impressive growth of Internet users and relative stability have quietly promoted an example of how the Internet can be deployed within the larger political and economic strategies of developing states, moving beyond the democratization paradigm promoted in the West. New evidence suggests that this model is becoming increasingly popular, but it is not clear why and how it is spreading. Through a case study comparison of an emerging democracy, Kenya, and a semi-authoritarian country, Ethiopia, where China has recently increased its involvement in the communications sector, this paper investigates whether and how the ideas of state stability, development and community that characterize the strategies pursued by the Chinese government are influencing and legitimizing the development of a less open model of the Internet. It analyses how new ideas, technologies and norms integrate with existing ones and which factors influence their adoption or rejection. It is based on fieldwork conducted in Ethiopia and in Kenya between 2011 and 2013, where data was collected through mapping Internet related projects involving Chinese companies and authorities, analysing Internet policies and regulations, and interviewing officials in Ministries of Communication, media lawyers, Internet activists, and Chinese employed in the media and telecommunication sector in Kenya and Ethiopia. ; Desde la óptica de China en África, este artículo explora las transformaciones en la relación entre Internet y el estado. El éxito económico de China, el impresionante crecimiento de usuarios de Internet y estabilidad relativa ha promovido un ejemplo tranquilo de cómo Internet puede ser desplegado dentro de las más amplias estrategias políticas y económicas de los estados en desarrollo, más allá del paradigma de la democratización promovida en Occidente. Existen nuevas evidencias que sugieren que ...

[ES] La zona existente entre Sudán y Etiopía es una antigua tierra de frontera que ha sido escasamente investigada. Desde 2013, nuestro proyecto explora su historia desde una perspectiva arqueológica y etnoarqueológica. Durante la campaña de 2016 en Qwara (área noroccidental de Etio-pía) pudimos documentar la evolución cultural de esta región de la frontera desde mediados-finales del primer milenio (d. C.) hasta el presente. Dicha evolución estuvo determinada en buena medida por las interacciones con los Estados vecinos y particularmente la región del Sudán. Se han registrado tres tradiciones culturales: la tradición del Gelegu (ca. 600-1300 d. C.); la tradición de Jebel Mahadid (1300-1650 d. C.) y la tradición Funj (1650-1850 d. C.). Las dos primeras se documentan ahora por primera vez. La evolución del área revela importantes variaciones en el grado de integración cultural, política y económica de sus comunidades con el mundo exterior. [EN] The area between Sudan and Ethiopia is an ancient borderland that has been scarcely in-vestigated. Since 2013, our project explores the long-term history of the frontier from an archaeologi-cal and ethnoarchaeological point of view. During our 2016 field season in Qwara (NW Ethiopia) we have been able to document the cultural evolution of this region of the borderland from the mid-late first millennium AD to the present. Such evolution was shaped by interactions with the neighboring states, and particularly the Sudan. Three cultural traditions were attested: the Gelegu Tradition (ca. 600-1300 d. C.), the Jebel Mahadid Tradition (1300-1650 d. C.) and the Funj Tradition (1650-1850 d. C.). The first two have been documented for the first time. The evolution of the area reveals important variations in the degree of cultural, economic and political integration of its communities with the wider world. [EN] The area between Sudan and Ethiopia is an ancient borderland that has been scarcely investigated. Since 2013, our project explores the long-term history of the frontier from an ...

Somalia and Ethiopia were engaged in three mutually destructive conflicts within five decades. It can be said that, in December 2006, a combination of reasons led Ethiopia and Somalia to war including internal considerations in both states such as territorial aspirations, resolution of internal problems, the threat of Islamic fundamentalism, the intervention of external forces and the interests and policies of other states such as Eritrea. Because of these causes, Ethiopia undertook a military campaign against the Union of Islamic Courts which, in part misguided by their victory over the warlords and by their relative acceptance among the Somalis, miscalculated by engaging the very much bigger and battle-ready Ethiopian forces. Furthermore, the US played a part in the outbreak of the war because its policy of countering Al-Qaeda elements which were said to have links with the UIC. In broad terms, the study is aimed at analyzing the factors that led the two neighboring states, Ethiopia and Somalia, to war in 2006. More specifically, it will give a sound assessment of the actors involved, their interest and motivation. ; Somalia y Etiopía se embarcaron en tres conflictos mutuamente destructivos en cinco décadas. Puede decirse que en diciembre de 2006 una combinación de razones condujo a Etiopía y Somalia hacia la guerra, incluyendo consideraciones internas de ambos estados, tales como aspiraciones territoriales, resolución de problemas internos, la amenaza del fundamentalismo islámico, la intervención de fuerzas externas y los intereses y políticas de otros estados, tales como Eritrea. Debido a estas causas, Etiopía emprendió una campaña militar contra la Unión de Cortes Islámicas (UCI), la cual, en parte confiada por su victoria sobre los señores de la guerra y por su relativa buena aceptación entre los somalíes, erró en sus cálculos al enfrentarse a las fuerzas etíopes, mucho mayores que las suyas y mejor preparadas para la batalla. Además, Estados Unidos desempeñó un papel en el estallido de la guerra, dada su política orientada a contrarrestar elementos de al-Qaeda, que aparentemente mantenían vínculos con la UCI. En términos generales, el objetivo del presente estudio es analizar los factores que condujeron a los dos estados vecinos, Etiopía y Somalia, a la guerra en 2006. Más específicamente, se proporcionará una valoración sólida sobre los actores involucrados, así como sus intereses y motivaciones.

[ES] La zona existente entre Sudán y Etiopía es una antigua tierra de frontera que ha sido escasamente investigada. Desde 2013, nuestro proyecto explora su historia desde una perspectiva arqueológica y etnoarqueológica. Durante la campaña de 2016 en Qwara (área noroccidental de Etio-pía) pudimos documentar la evolución cultural de esta región de la frontera desde mediados-finales del primer milenio (d. C.) hasta el presente. Dicha evolución estuvo determinada en buena medida por las interacciones con los Estados vecinos y particularmente la región del Sudán. Se han registrado tres tradiciones culturales: la tradición del Gelegu (ca. 600-1300 d. C.); la tradición de Jebel Mahadid (1300-1650 d. C.) y la tradición Funj (1650-1850 d. C.). Las dos primeras se documentan ahora por primera vez. La evolución del área revela importantes variaciones en el grado de integración cultural, política y económica de sus comunidades con el mundo exterior. [EN] The area between Sudan and Ethiopia is an ancient borderland that has been scarcely in-vestigated. Since 2013, our project explores the long-term history of the frontier from an archaeologi-cal and ethnoarchaeological point of view. During our 2016 field season in Qwara (NW Ethiopia) we have been able to document the cultural evolution of this region of the borderland from the mid-late first millennium AD to the present. Such evolution was shaped by interactions with the neighboring states, and particularly the Sudan. Three cultural traditions were attested: the Gelegu Tradition (ca. 600-1300 d. C.), the Jebel Mahadid Tradition (1300-1650 d. C.) and the Funj Tradition (1650-1850 d. C.). The first two have been documented for the first time. The evolution of the area reveals important variations in the degree of cultural, economic and political integration of its communities with the wider world. ; [EN] The area between Sudan and Ethiopia is an ancient borderland that has been scarcely investigated. Since 2013, our project explores the long-term history of the frontier from an archaeological and ethnoarchaeological point of view. During our 2016 field season in Qwara (NW Ethiopia) we have been able to document the cultural evolution of this region of the borderland from the mid-late first millennium AD to the present. Such evolution was shaped by interactions with the neighboring states, and particularly the Sudan. Three cultural traditions were attested: the Gelegu Tradition (ca. 600-1300 d. C.), the Jebel Mahadid Tradition (1300-1650 d. C.) and the Funj Tradition (1650-1850 d. C.). The first two have been documented for the first time. The evolution of the area reveals important variations in the degree of cultural, economic and political integration of its communities with the wider world.

El presente artículo apuesta por la reflexión no adulto-céntrica sobre la adopción internacional de niños y niñas etíopes en España. Analizamos críticamente, con un enfoque basado en los derechos de la infancia aplicado a la adopción internacional como tales prácticas, en la actualidad, no responden a los principios básicos del interés superior del menor, la subsidiariedad y posibilidad de adopción de niños y niñas, que son preceptivos en la normativa internacional y en las legislaciones internas de España, y Etiopía. ; This article aims at a non adult-centric reflection about international adoption of Ethiopian children in Spain. From an approach based on children's rights applied to international adoption, we offer a critical analysis on how these practices do not respond nowadays to the basic principles of best interest of the child, subsidiarity, and adoptability of the children, which are the ruling principles in international rules and national legislation in Spain and Ethiopia.

Somalia y Etiopía se embarcaron en tres conflictos mutuamente destructivos en cinco décadas. Puede decirse que en diciembre de 2006 una combinación de razones condujo a Etiopía y Somalia hacia la guerra, incluyendo consideraciones internas de ambos estados, tales como aspiraciones territoriales, resolución de problemas internos, la amenaza del fundamentalismo islámico, la intervención de fuerzas externas y los intereses y políticas de otros estados, tales como Eritrea. Debido a estas causas, Etiopía emprendió una campaña militar contra la Unión de Cortes Islámicas (UCI), la cual, en parte confiada por su victoria sobre los señores de la guerra y por su relativa buena aceptación entre los somalíes, erró en sus cálculos al enfrentarse a las fuerzas etíopes, mucho mayores que las suyas y mejor preparadas para la batalla. Además, Estados Unidos desempeñó un papel en el estallido de la guerra, dada su política orientada a contrarrestar elementos de al-Qaeda, que aparentemente mantenían vínculos con la UCI. En términos generales, el objetivo del presente estudio es analizar los factores que condujeron a los dos estados vecinos, Etiopía y Somalia, a la guerra en 2006. Más específicamente, se proporcionará una valoración sólida sobre los actores involucrados, así como sus intereses y motivaciones. ; Somalia and Ethiopia were engaged in three mutually destructive conflicts within five decades. It can be said that, in December 2006, a combination of reasons led Ethiopia and Somalia to war including internal considerations in both states such as territorial aspirations, resolution of internal problems, the threat of Islamic fundamentalism, the intervention of external forces and the interests and policies of other states such as Eritrea. Because of these causes, Ethiopia undertook a military campaign against the Union of Islamic Courts which, in part misguided by their victory over the warlords and by their relative acceptance among the Somalis, miscalculated by engaging the very much bigger and battle-ready Ethiopian forces. Furthermore, the US played a part in the outbreak of the war because its policy of countering Al-Qaeda elements which were said to have links with the UIC. In broad terms, the study is aimed at analyzing the factors that led the two neighboring states, Ethiopia and Somalia, to war in 2006. More specifically, it will give a sound assessment of the actors involved, their interest and motivation.

Los primeros europeos que llegaron a Etiopía tuvieron un carácter marcadamente misionero. Franciscanos y, especialmente jesuitas, se aventuraron durante los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII a una tierra, en el corazón de África, de la que se tenía muy poco conocimiento. Los relatos de Francisco Alvarez, Pedro Páez, Jerónimo Lobo, Afonso Mendez o Charles Jacques Poncet fueron, poco a poco, llegando a Europa y difundiendo la historia, costumbres, gobernantes, lengua, religión o geografía de Etiopía. Estos libros, de muchos de los cuales se conservan ejemplares en la Biblioteca Histórica, son verdaderos testimonio del conocimiento de África en Europa.[ABSTRACT]The first Europeans who came to Ethiopia were missionaries. Franciscans and Jesuits in particular, were ventured during the XVI, XVII and XVIII to a land in the heart of Africa, which had been very little known. The stories of Francisco Alvarez, Pedro Paez, Jeronimo Lobo, Afonso Mendez and Charles Jacques Poncet were gradually coming to Europe and disseminating the history, customs, governments, language, religion or geography of Ethiopia. These books, many of which copies are preserved in the Historical Library are true testament to the knowledge of Africa in Europe.

Este artículo examina la sustitución de una producción local de vasos cerámicos por otra foránea adquirida en el mercado. En arqueología se asocia el intercambio y la circulación de los objetos con la innovación y el cambio cultural. Sin embargo, los lugares donde se producen dichos intercambios suponen un desafío al paso del tiempo. La descripción de uno de estos espacios de mercado, en el actual sudoeste etíope, nos permite abordar la complejidad de las interacciones entre compradores mursi y alfareras aari, dos grupos del curso bajo del río Omo. El estudio incorpora variables de carácter temporal, espacial y tecnológico, y una metodología que combina la descripción tipológica con la obtención de testimonios orales. Los orígenes de los actuales mercados al aire libre en la región están vinculados a la conquista militar de la zona a finales del siglo XIX por parte del imperio etíope. Las consecuencias del acceso al mercado y el abandono de una tradición cerámica se manifiestan en múltiples esferas que superan el ámbito tecnológico. Estos espacios efímeros de interacción de objetos, productos y personas revelan su capacidad a la hora de crear nuevas jerarquías e identidades. ; Aquest article examina la substitució d'una producció local de vasos ceràmics per una altra de forana adquirida al mercat. En arqueologia s'associa l'intercanvi i la circulació dels objectes amb la innovació i el canvi cultural. No obstant això, els llocs on es produeixen aquests intercanvis suposen un desafiament al pas del temps. La descripció d'un d'aquests espais de mercat, a l'actual sud-oest etíop, ens permet abordar la complexitat de les interaccions entre compradors mursi i terrissaires aari, dos grups del curs baix del riu Omo. L'estudi incorpora variables de caràcter temporal, espacial i tecnològic, i una metodologia que combina la descripció tipològica amb l'obtenció de testimoniatges orals. Els orígens dels actuals mercats a l'aire lliure a la regió estan vinculats a la conquesta militar de la zona a la darreria del segle XIX per part de l'imperi etíop. Les conseqüències de l'accés al mercat i l'abandó d'una tradició ceràmica es manifesten en múltiples esferes que superen l'àmbit tecnològic. Aquests espais efímers d'interacció d'objectes, productes i persones revelen la seva capacitat a l'hora de crear noves jerarquies i identitats. ; This article investigates the replacement of locally produced pottery vessels by vessels acquired in a market context. Archaeology often views the exchange and circulation of objects in association with innovation and cultural change; however, the complexity of assemblages of diverse peoples and objects across spaces in which such exchanges occur poses a challenge for archaeological analysis. The description of one of these spaces, in present-day southwest Ethiopia, allows us to address the complexity of the interactions between Mursi buyers and Aari potters, two groups that inhabit the Lower Omo Valley. The current outdoor markets in the region emerged in the aftermath of 19th century military conquest of the region by the Ethiopian Empire. The consequences of market access and the abandonment of a ceramic tradition appear in multiple spheres that go beyond technology. The study blends historical, spatial and technological variables through a methodology that combines typological descriptions and oral testimonies. As ephemeral places in which objects, products and people interact, markets reveal their capacity to create new hierarchies and identities.

Migration research, which tends to focus on the low paying and exploitative nature of female migrants' work, often neglects female skilled migration. Under-representation of the gender dimension is not only common in international migration research, but is also present in policies, development strategies and initiatives. This lack of acknowledgement also impedes, and continues to marginalise, the role of women in development, and further perpetuates disparities between the sexes. Overall, the focus on gender within the study of international migration and diaspora mobility studies remains inadequate. The methodology behind this article involved questionnaires and semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted with Ethiopian skilled and highly-skilled professionals residing in North America. Some temporary and permanent returnees were interviewed, including government officials, local NGOs and members of international organizations. The research sheds new light on the gender dimensions of the role of the diaspora in contributing to the re-shaping of Ethiopian society. The article explores aspects of ambiguity among gender roles in both North America and in Ethiopia. This article will explore these themes and also discuss the gender dimension of skilled migration and female diaspora mobility in the context of African development, specifically relating to Ethiopia. It will analyse the role of women in the realm of international skilled migration, in order to recognize and empower migrant women as agents of development and change.

Migration research, which tends to focus on the low paying and exploitative nature of female migrants' work, often neglects female skilled migration. Under-representation of the gender dimension is not only common in international migration research, but is also present in policies, development strategies and initiatives. This lack of acknowledgement also impedes, and continues to marginalise, the role of women in development, and further perpetuates disparities between the sexes. Overall, the focus on gender within the study of international migration and diaspora mobility studies remains inadequate. The methodology behind this article involved questionnaires and semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted with Ethiopian skilled and highly-skilled professionals residing in North America. Some temporary and permanent returnees were interviewed, including government officials, local NGOs and members of international organizations. The research sheds new light on the gender dimensions of the role of the diaspora in contributing to the re-shaping of Ethiopian society. The article explores aspects of ambiguity among gender roles in both North America and in Ethiopia. This article will explore these themes and also discuss the gender dimension of skilled migration and female diaspora mobility in the context of African development, specifically relating to Ethiopia. It will analyse the role of women in the realm of international skilled migration, in order to recognize and empower migrant women as agents of development and change.

Since 1991 Ethiopia has made a change in thinking favoring federalism against the centralized hierarchical power to radically respond to the problem of diversity and better recognize and accommodate the country's ethnolinguistic and cultural diversity. Paradoxically, Ethiopia had experienced more ethnic-based conflict in its post-1991 existence than ever before. Among others, the Somali-Oromo conflict is the worst ethnic-based conflict in the country's history. Though the two communities, have a long tradition of co-existence and strong socio-cultural integrations due to their shared Muslim-Cushitic identity, economic interdependence, and shared cultural practices; antagonistic relationships, and intermittent conflicts due to resource competition, territorial expansion, bad governance, and other factors have prevailed in the last three decades. It is the objective of this paper, therefore, to investigate and analyze factors of ethnic conflict along the shared border of the Somali and Oromia regional administrations, specifically Bable and Bobas districts, within the context of Ethiopian federalism. Methodologically, the study employed a comparative research approach and made use of key informant interview and survey questionnaires' techniques in gathering the relevant data, and in effect, both qualitative and quantitative data interpretation and analysis methods were utilized in the analysis section. The findings of this study demonstrate that the Somali-Oromo conflict is complex & dynamics and the result of the interplay of historical, institutional/structural/political, economic, socio-cultural, and environmental factors. Furthermore, the result of the study reveals that major drivers of ethnic conflict in both areas are similar.

Cuban military assistance in Angola and Ethiopia is reasonably well known internationally. However, Cuban civil assistance has not yet been researched in its full dimension. This article compares Cuban 'internationalism' and the 'solidarity' or 'socialist aid' sector of the GDR. What did they mean and what were the corresponding German terminologies and practices? What kinds of internationalism and solidarity practices can be identified? What were relations like between Cubans and Germans and their Ethiopian and Angolan counterparts and with the people from those countries? Finally, what was transferred in that triangular encounter? This article is based on Cuban and German archives, as well as interviews. ; La asistencia militar cubana en Angola y Etiopía es muy conocida en el ámbito internacional. Sin embargo, la historia de la asistencia civil aún no ha sido escrita en toda su magnitud. Esta contribución esboza una comparación entre el «internacionalismo» cubano y el sector de la «solidaridad» o «ayuda socialista» de la República Democrática Alemana (RDA). ¿Qué significaron y cuáles fueron las terminologías y prácticas correspondientes de los alemanes? ¿Qué tipos de internacionalismo y solidaridad de práctica pueden identificarse? ¿Cómo fueron las relaciones entre cubanos y alemanes con sus contrapartes etíopes y angolanos y con el pueblo de esos países y qué se transfirió en ese encuentro triangular? La contribución se basa en material de los archivos cubanos y alemanes, así como en entrevistas. ; A assistência militar cubana em Angola e na Etiópia é muito conhecida no âmbito internacional. No entanto, a história da assistência civil ainda não foi escrita em toda a sua magnitude. Esta contribuição esboça uma comparação entre o "internacionalismo" cubano e o setor da "solidariedade" ou "ajuda socialista" da República Democrática Alemã (RDA). O que significaram e quais foram as terminologias e práticas correspondentes dos alemães? Que tipos de internacionalismo e solidariedade de prática podem ser identificados? Como foram as relações entre cubanos e alemães com suas contrapartes etíopes e angolanas e com o povo desses países e o que se transferiu nesse encontro triangular? A contribuição se baseia em material de arquivos cubanos e alemães, assim como em entrevistas.

El artículo analiza la historia del obelisco de Axum y de su reciente restitución a Etiopía en términos del valor político de la memoria ligada a un objeto patrimonial controvertido. Pensando al "olvido" siguiendo los estudios de Lotman, el articulo entreteje un análisis semiótico sobre la sintaxis urbana y de instalación del obelisco en Roma, a través de las varias risemantizaciones que la estela ha experimentado durante sus casi setenta años vividos en Italia. ; The article analyzes the history of the Axum obelisk and its recent restitution to Ethiopia in terms of the political value of the memory linked to a controversial asset." Thinking of "forgetfulness" like Lotman's studies, the article weaves a semiotic analysis on the urban syntax and installation of the obelisk in Rome through the various re-sowings that the stele has experienced during its almost 70 years lived in Italy.