Suchergebnisse

The seed of Orthodox Christianity sown on the land of Gedeo in the late 19th century following the state expansion to the south could survive the assault of the Fascist aggressors and could bear its fruit during the post-liberation period. The time witnessed a large-scale evangelization and the subsequent mass baptism of the local population. This was to be followed by the increasing number of newly constructed churches and expansion of their services in the region. The 1975 land nationalization policy of the Derg, however, demolished all these achievements of the EOC by dismantling the base of its economy, ye samon maret. The clergymen who based their life on the cultivation of these church lands deserted their church in search of any other means of economic survival and this was to threaten the existence of the Orthodox church among the Gedeo let alone its growth and development in the region. Though the Derg tried to mitigate this economic crisis of the church through financial subsidy, the support could not bring a meaningful solution since the amount was insignificant as compared to the large number of clergymen the church was administering by then. The problem was, therefore, to wait for its answer through the free market economic order of the post 1991 political era.

The seed of Orthodox Christianity sown on the land of Gedeo in the late 19th century following the state expansion to the south could survive the assault of the Fascist aggressors and could bear its fruit during the post-liberation period. The time witnessed a large-scale evangelization and the subsequent mass baptism of the local population. This was to be followed by the increasing number of newly constructed churches and expansion of their services in the region. The 1975 land nationalization policy of the Derg, however, demolished all these achievements of the EOC by dismantling the base of its economy, ye samon maret. The clergymen who based their life on the cultivation of these church lands deserted their church in search of any other means of economic survival and this was to threaten the existence of the Orthodox church among the Gedeo let alone its growth and development in the region. Though the Derg tried to mitigate this economic crisis of the church through financial subsidy, the support could not bring a meaningful solution since the amount was insignificant as compared to the large number of clergymen the church was administering by then. The problem was, therefore, to wait for its answer through the free market economic order of the post 1991 political era.

Small-scale irrigation (SSI) provides great benefits to farmers in terms of increased yields and profits, better food and nutrition security and greater resilience to climate shocks. Ethiopia has high potential for expanding SSI and has invested considerably in this area in recent years. Despite these investments, several challenges to further expansion of irrigation technologies remain. Different stakeholders in the country play important roles in overcoming these barriers to further scale technologies for SSI. This paper explores institutional arrangements for the diffusion of small-scale irrigation technologies by mapping the landscape of key actors involved, their interconnections, and their influence. This paper draws on an analysis of stakeholder data collected through two participatory workshops in Ethiopia, one at the national level and one at the Oromia regional level, using the Net-Map approach. Results show the dominance of government actors in the diffusion of SSI at both the national and regional levels, while most private sector and NGO actors remain in the periphery. Participants in both workshops highlighted the need for increased financing services to support the adoption of SSI and measures aimed at increasing the supply of high-quality irrigation equipment, such as modern water lifting technologies. One notable difference between the national and regional results was that at the regional level, farmers, and to some extent traders and input suppliers, were considered to be more influential in the diffusion of irrigation technologies, while they were considered marginal actors at the national level.

Like many concepts in the social sciences, the notion of cultural minority entails some degree of falatious labeling. In the Ethiopian context - and in the specific case here presented - that is particularly true. In a way, many Ethiopian cultural minorities, being demographically not that minor, have had historically strong pretensions to become cultural majorities(1). Ethiopians like to think of themselves as a minority within the African context, and thus as part of a Christian, historical, and literate, cultural dominant group; the monophisite Ethiopians thought and think of themselves as a minority within Christianity; the Jesuit (referred to in this article) were to some extent a minority in Portuguese ecclesiastical and political life during the counter-reformation years (dominated by Dominican views); the Portuguese were a minority within the catholic community in Ethiopia.

A diabetes foot ulcer is the commonest non-traumatic reason for the amputation of the lower extremities. All adults with diabetes should undergo comprehensive foot evaluation at least annually, but for high-risk individuals with diabetes more frequently by a health care provider and daily by the people themselves. Nurses' knowledge and attitude are fundamental to conduct a diabetes foot risk assessment and provide foot care for known diabetes person. Knowledge and attitude of nurses about the assessment and risk, identification of diabetes foot are not well studied in Ethiopia, especially in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to assess nurses' knowledge and attitude towards diabetes foot ulcer in Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Bahir Dar city administration hospitals from January 1st to 5th, 2019. The study participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Nurses' level of knowledge and attitude towards diabetes foot ulcer assessment and management determined by using multiple-choice questions of nurse's knowledge and attitude questionnaires. The association between the independent and dependent variables was assessed. In this study, the overall proportions of nurses' knowledge and attitude towards diabetes foot assessment and management were 54.4% and 43.3% respectively. Age less than 30 years old (AOR = 2.15, 95%CI: 1.10, 4.19; P = 0.025), the nurse who graduates from a governmental institution (AOR = 3.05, 95% CI: 1.64, 5.69; P < 0.001) and use the internet as a source of knowledge (AOR = 0.55, 95%CI: 0.31, 0.96; P = 0.035) was significantly associated with nurses' knowledge towards diabetes foot care. Age less than 30 years old (AOR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.35; P = 0.012)and the nurse level of qualification (AOR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.78; P = 0.007)were significantly associated with nurses' level of attitude towards diabetes foot care. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the important gaps in nurses' knowledge and ...

BACKGROUND: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is considered one of the most painful illnesses known to medical practice. Little is known about TN in Ethiopia. Our study aimed to assess clinical characteristics, treatment, and associated factors of TN. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 61 patients with confirmed Trigeminal neuralgia visiting outpatient neurology clinics of two government teaching Hospitals and two private health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between June 2019 and March 2020. RESULTS: Our participants' age range between 21 and 78 years with mean ± SD age of 50.7 ± 14.2 years. Males accounted for 50.8%. Twenty-five (41%) reported a prior history of one or more tooth extraction on the painful side. In the majority (68.9%) of the patient's right side of the face was affected. The mandibular nerve was the commonly involved branch (47.5%). Fifty-five (90.2%) of patients fulfilled criteria for classical TN and 9.8% had symptomatic TN. The majority of the participants reported mixed types of pain such as burning, lancinating, and electric shock-like. Well defined trigger zone was identified in one-third (36%) of cases. Carbamazepine was the most commonly prescribed drug with a median dose of 600 mg (IQR: 400 – 1000 mg). Two-third of the patients reported prominent satisfaction. The mean (± SD) dose of carbamazepine used to control the pain was significantly higher among those with dental extraction history as compared to those with no history of dental extraction (736 ± 478.6 mg Vs 661.1 ± 360.4 mg, respectively, T = − 2.06, p = 0.04 95% CI:-213.41 to − 2.98). A statistically significant number of patients who had single branch involvement reported prominent satisfaction with their treatment as compared to those who had more than one branch involvement. (95% CI: 1.3–3.8: p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: The majority of our patients had Classical TN in the mandibular nerve distribution on the right side of the face and well satisfied with carbamazepine only treatment. Furthermore, we ...

OBJECTIVE: To measure inequalities in the distributions of selected healthcare resources and outcomes in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2015. DESIGN: A panel data analysis was performed to measure inequalities in distribution of healthcare workforce, infrastructure, outcomes and finance, using secondary data. SETTING: The study was conducted across 11 regions in Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS: Regional population and selected healthcare workforce. OUTCOMES MEASURED: Aggregate Theil and Gini indices, changes in inequalities and elasticity of healthcare resources. RESULTS: Despite marked inequality reductions over a 16 year period, the Theil and Gini indices for the healthcare resources distributions remained high. Among the healthcare workforce distributions, the Gini index (GI) was lowest for nurses plus midwives (GI=0.428, 95% CI 0.393 to 0.463) and highest for specialist doctors (SPDs) (GI=0.704, 95% CI 0.652 to 0.756). Inter-region inequality was the highest for SPDs (95.0%) and the lowest for health officers (53.8%). The GIs for hospital beds, hospitals and health centres (HCs) were 0.592(95% CI 0.563 to 0.621), 0.460(95% CI 0.404 to 0.517) and 0.409(95% CI 0.380 to 0.439), respectively. The interaction term was highest for HC distributions (47.7%). Outpatient department visit per capita (GI=0.349, 95% CI 0.321 to 0.377) and fully immunised children (GI=0.307, 95% CI 0.269 to 0.345) showed inequalities; inequality in the under 5 years of age mortality rate increased overtime (P=0.048). Overall, GI for government health expenditure (GHE) was 0.596(95% CI 0.544 to 0.648), and the estimated relative GHE share of the healthcare workforce and infrastructure distributions were 46.5% and 53.5%, respectively. The marginal changes in the healthcare resources distributions were towards the advantaged populations. CONCLUSION: This study revealed high inequalities in healthcare resources in favour of the advantaged populations which can hinder equal access to healthcare and the achievements of healthcare outcomes. The government should ...

Background: In 2005, a nationwide survey estimated that 6.5% of households in Ethiopia owned an insecticide-treated net (ITN), 17% of households had been sprayed with insecticide, and 4% of children under five years of age with a fever were taking an anti-malarial drug. Similar to other sub-Saharan African countries scaling-up malaria interventions, the Government of Ethiopia set an ambitious national goal in 2005 to (i) provide 100% ITN coverage in malarious areas, with a mean of two ITNs per household; (ii) to scale-up indoor residual spraying of households with insecticide (IRS) to cover 30% of households targeted for IRS; and (iii) scale-up the provision of case management with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), particularly at the peripheral level. Methods: A nationally representative malaria indicator survey (MIS) was conducted in Ethiopia between September and December 2007 to determine parasite and anaemia prevalence in the population at risk and to assess coverage, use and access to scaled-up malaria prevention and control interventions. The survey used a two-stage random cluster sample of 7,621 households in 319 census enumeration areas. A total of 32,380 people participated in the survey. Data was collected using standardized Roll Back Malaria Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group MIS household and women's questionnaires, which were adapted to the local context. Results: Data presented is for households in malarious areas, which according to the Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health are defined as being located <2,000 m altitude. Of 5,083 surveyed households, 3,282 (65.6%) owned at least one ITN. In ITN-owning households, 53.2% of all persons had slept under an ITN the prior night, including 1,564/2,496 (60.1%) children <5 years of age, 1,891/3,009 (60.9%) of women 15 - 49 years of age, and 166/266 (65.7%) of pregnant women. Overall, 906 (20.0%) households reported to have had IRS in the past 12 months. Of 747 children with reported fever in the two ...

Despite decades of investment and dramatic progress against HIV, adolescent girls remain at disproportionate risk of infection. Population Council research shows that the best way to protect girls and young women from HIV and other bad outcomes is to reach them early—before they experience irreversible events like HIV infection or unintended childbearing—and with enough health, social, and cognitive assets to make a measurable difference in their lives. This book is a comprehensive review of three programs launched by the Population Council and the Ethiopian government. Two of the programs work to reduce Ethiopian girls' HIV risk by providing out-of-school adolescent girls in urban slums and married adolescent girls in rural areas with adult female mentors, education on HIV and AIDS and related issues, non-formal education, and links to health services. The third program focuses on husbands, promoting care-giving to wives and children and addressing extramarital partnerships, alcohol abuse, and violence. The Council's experiences in Ethiopia show that when HIV prevention programs are shaped by evidence and designed for replication and scale-up, they can reach large numbers of the people at greatest risk and increase their ability to avoid infection.

The adverse situation in the various local government areas of SNNPR'S, Ethiopia has led the researcher to go into this very topic. Hence, the purpose of this work is to enlighten people, mostly students in the school of financial studies on how revenue generated in local governments, problems confronting them as regards revenue generation as well as prospects. The function of revenue generation is basic sources of economic engagement for the local government to offer economic, social and services provision for citizen. On the other hands, revenue generation in its unique behavior, independently clarify mandatory act to this organ to fulfil those provision for citizen and development desire of the populace. The aim of the study is to assess revenue generation and its challenges in local level, in Haddiya Zone, by employing qualitative and quantitative research methods. The study adopts the participant observation method and source data from the secondary sources. Sample of 200 were included in the study by employing purposive sampling technique and 176 questionnaires returned back then analyzed. The observation, focus group discussion and statistical analysis employed for study. Additionally, secondary data gathered from revenue authority and finance department with four-year internal collected revenue and regional transfer report, years from 2015/16 to 2018/19. The paper holds that the revenue collection without revenue independence, collection performance practice without best mechanism and absence of resource mobilization in studied way, lack of practice supporting revenue generation management, shortage of revenue collecting electronics infrastructure wide area network system, that have directly affect revenue generation. Based on this, the paper recommended among other that, local government, Haddiya Zone Tax Authority and respective body should commit to secure sustainable internal revenue generation, improve positively affecting factors, forward feedback to the area of complex tax laws to the concerned authority, and encourage taxpayers who good perform.

Instilling democracy on an unshakable ground in a given society is the main goals of political leaders and political philosophers. This process on its base needs an educated citizen that clearly understands and develops an inherent character about one's own rights and responsibilities. At its core, 'Citizenship' is the legal status of citizens which advocate and empower citizenship rights in the political system. At minimum, there will be the right to be domiciled in and take part in the political decision-making process of the state, usually through voting. Forming an inclusive and responsible citizen is also one of the basic and critical point throughout the history of state formation of Ethiopia. Especially, in multicultural society like Ethiopia, social, cultural, economic and political exclusion will be the basic problem that the country faces. Maybe it will be possible to reduce these social problems through the introduction of different legal statements and rules. However, the legal inclusion can never be a guarantee for developing and ensuring social and cultural inclusion of individuals in a given political community. Rather, educating and creating awareness about citizenship and citizenship rights can possibly mitigate such problems from the grassroot level. Bearing this in mind, the paper attempt to made general assessment and explication about the development and practice of citizenship and citizenship rights in Ethiopia. In doing so, different literature, legal documents, governmental reports and records were used as sources of data. Accordingly, this paper made an assessment, though not made a conclusion, about practice and development and practice of citizenship in to four basic periods namely, pre-Emperor Haile Selassie, Haile Selassie, Derg and the EPRDF. DOI:10.5958/2347-6869.2018.00017.1