In the current study of conflicts, dominant visions tend to underline the decisive role of primordial ethnic or religious identities. This primordialist perspective, however, takes attention away from other important causes that contribute to the emergence and perpetuation of conflict, namely deep socioeconomic inequalities between groups. Departing from Sudan's North-South conflict, its origins and the evolution in the conflict resolution and peacebuilding models that culminated with the signature of the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, we argue that effective and sustainable peace strategies in Sudan (and elsewhere) imply addressing the more structural inequalities at stake and the deconstruction of simplistic views of the role of ethnicity and religion. Adapted from the source document.
Beginning with historical research about the Balkans, the author traces a social & political profile of the countries that today form the region, placing it until these days & to the military & ethnic conflicts that have taken place on it. The indifference of the major powers with the problematic issues of the region & the inclusion of some of these countries in the European Union are also discussed along the article. References. Adapted from the source document.
Examines historical dimension of humanitarian intervention, focusing on the 1875-78 Eastern Crisis in the Balkans and the Bosnian conflict of 1992-95. Summaries in English and French p. 317-9.
In: Contexto internacional: revista semestral do Instituto de Relações Internacionais, IRI, Pontíficia Universidade Católica, PUC, Band 30, Heft 2, S. 309-360
The article analyzes the past, present, & future potential role of the EU in the ongoing ethnic division in Kosovo, with a focus on what the EU can do diplomatically toward furthering a final political resolution, particularly one that will be acceptable to Serbs & ethnic Albanians alike. The discussion begins with a summary of the EU's diplomatic efforts throughout the Balkan wars of the 1990s. Other specific topics surveyed include the current political posture of Serbia with regards to the question of Kosovo, the posture of the majority Albanians in Kosovo, & the posture of the minority Serbs in Kosovo. The article concludes that, given the fact that Portugal now occupies the rotating presidency of the EU, Portugal is now in a unique diplomatic position to help bridge the gaps between the various players in the dispute regarding Kosovo. R. Young
In: Política internacional, Band 3, Heft 20, S. 5-113
ISSN: 0873-6650
Examines the legality and legitimacy of humanitarian intervention by the international community and NATO participation in warfare in Kosovo; includes historical analysis of Serb-Albanian relations; 8 articles. Summaries in English p. 250-1.
Recent results of presidential elections in Latin America suggest a turn to the left in various countries. In Bolivia, such a movement includes the victory of an Aymara Indian who is also a leader of coca farmers. The article proposes an interpretation of this event, describes and discusses the main actions of the new government, stressing the reactions they provoked, and explores the class, ethnic and territorial dimensions of the resulting conflicts. The regional aspects of the fights, seen in connection with the country's historical regionalism, are highlighted and their basic conditions are investigated. (Rev Econ Polit/GIGA)
O artigo discute dois paradoxos e um enigma que se desenvolveram no país durante as últimas décadas: o processo de democratização iniciado em 1978, que foi acompanhado por aumento espetacular da criminalidade; uma nação que foi construída pelos ideais da cordialidade e da conciliação mudados recentemente para os mecanismos da vingança pessoal e impulsos agressivos incontroláveis, visto que nem o perdão nem a pacificação foram discutidos publicamente no término do regime militar. Por fim, o enigma de uma violência brutal entre homens jovens que afetou muito pouco as mulheres e outras categorias de idade. Ao contrário dos conflitos étnicos que atingem a todos, no Brasil são os homicídios cometidos entre homens jovens que cresceram várias vezes nos anos 1980 e 1990. A fim de compreender isso, são utilizadas quatro dimensões: o contexto internacional do tráfico de drogas e de armas de fogo; a importância e os limites das explicações macrossociais sobre a criminalidade violenta que interage com os mecanismos transnacionais do crime organizado; a inércia institucional que explica a ineficácia do sistema de justiça; os processos microssociais ou as formações subjetivas sobre a concepção de masculinidade em suas relações com a exibição de força, dinheiro e armas de fogo. ; The article discusses two paradoxes and one enigma that have developed in this country during the last decades: a process of democratisation that started in 1978 coming forward with increasing criminality rates, especially homicide; a nation constituted on the idea of cordiality and conciliation that changed recently its dominant ideas and developed vengeance mechanisms and uncontrollable aggressive behaviour for there was never a public discussion of pacification and forgiveness; the enigma of a fierce violence among men, mainly young men has affected women comparatively much less. This suggests a model of violence dissimilar to the model present in ethnic conflicts where everybody is victim. To understand them, I have used four dimensions: the international context related to drug and gun trafficking, the institutional inertia that explains the malfunctioning of the justice system; the importance and limits of macro social explanations for violent criminality, such as poverty and social exclusion; the necessary look at micro social processes concerning subjective formations on masculinity linked to exhibition of force, money and guns.
Although almost two decades passed on the end of the Cold War & the preponderance of so called civil wars in lieu of wars between states, the problem one ethnicity & ethnic violence continues to receive a special attention on the part of a great number of researchers from most diverse domains of the social sciences. The present article tries to make a critical review of the academic debates on the subject. For brevity's sake, we refer only to the most visible & widespread perspectives, here presented through three great schools of thought -- Primordialism, Instrumentalism & Constructivism. Throughout we seek to assess their respective strengths & weaknesses in the construction of strategies for conflict management. Adapted from the source document.
In the 1970s & 1980s, migratory flows of Portuguese & luso-Africans from old Portuguese African colonies towards to Sao Paulo were the result of the pressures of difficult & complex African & Portuguese politics. Three very different cultural experiences were in play: that of the portuguese colony, the african context, & the Brazilian character of the destination, Sao Paulo. This paper explores the migrant's complex displacement experiences, the insertion of the migrant into the new context & the conflicts of identity that this migratory process entailed. We concentrate on the recent past, which has not been extensively researched. We use a method we call 'summarized life-histories', which seemed appropriate, as we didn't know what the immigrants would tell us. We present a number of specific cases to exemplify our analysis. Through them, we can see that memories refer to events, people & places from the three continents, through the conscious & unconscious construction of multiple identities.
Amazônica entra no segundo ano e traz aos leitores artigos que refletem sobre a difícil interlocução entre povos indígenas e não-indígenas, que se caracteriza pela luta pela sobrevivência cultural dos primeiros que têm como "adversário" as dificuldades relativas à compreensão da diversidade, expressas de inúmeras formas. O artigo sobre os Mbyá-Guarani no sul do Brasil de autoria de Sergio Baptista da Silva, Mártin César Tempass e Carolina Schneider Comandulli traz a público a diferenciada compreensão de território dos Mbyá-Guarani, fundamental ao processo de demarcação de terras, que conflita com a (in)compreensão dos não-indígenas, mas que deve ser vencida para garantir a livre determinação dos povos etnicamente diferenciados, sob pena de desconsiderar a secular mobilidade entre fronteiras internacionais.Noelia Enriz contribui ao debate, refletindo sobre a educação escolar indígena que se (em/de)bate entre os modelos intervencionistas e participativos, os primeiros que desconhecem a autonomia dos povos indígenas e o segundo que contempla as necessidade de formação de quadros políticos para intermediar disputas históricas. Se a leitura dos especialistas em Guarani parece distanciada do cotidiano amazônico, é preciso pensar que os Guarani, pela mobilidade encontram-se na Amazônia, além dela se originar. A mobilidade territorial é enfocada também no artigo de Fabíola Andrea Silva e Francisco Forte Stuchi, que avaliam as razões para a mobilidade Kaiabi na fronteira entre o Mato Grosso e o Pará, com implicações para a arqueologia. Luciana Barroso França se debruça sobre conflitos intra-étnicos no espaço da aldeia, entre dois grupos tupi-guarani, em contato forçado por contingências históricas. A partir do artigo de Gnecco, que discute os discursos arqueológicos sobre o outro e suas implicações para o presente – e futuro - fazemos a transição para a arqueologia, que é contemplada com o instigante artigo do Sanna Saunaluoma, que traz novos dados e perspectivas sobre os sítios monumentais do Acre e da Bolívia.Contribuindo com as discussões sobre as relações sociais produzida pelas trocas em feiras, que revelam outras chaves de entendimento, publicamos o relatório de pesquisa de Gutemberg Armando Diniz Guerra e César Augusto Martins de Souza sobre o caso de Altamira, na área do Xingu.Complementando e informando sobre as possibilidades de ampliar o olhar sobre a Amazônia, o ensaio fotográfico, as notícias de pesquisa, os resumos de teses e dissertações, assim como as resenhas brindam o leitor com a multiplicidade de produções sobre a região. Agradecemos ao Conselho Editorial e aos anônimos pareceristas que examinaram dezenas de artigos, alguns deles não aceitos para publicação, e aos autores dos artigos que aqui apresentamos pelas contribuições e paciência com o processo editorial. Convidamos os leitores a submeterem artigos e outras contribuições por intermédio do site da Revista.As Editoras ; Amazonica enters its second year, and brings to readers articles that reflect on the thorny dialogue between indigenous and non-indigenous persons, which is characterized by the struggle for cultural survival of the former, that struggle itself reflective of difficulties regarding the understanding of diversity, as expressed in myriad ways. The article on the Mbyá-Guarani in southern Brazil, written by Sergio Baptista da Silva, Martin Cesar Tempass, and Carolina Schneider Comandulli, presents a Mbyá-Guarani particular understanding of territory, fundamental to the process of land demarcation, which conflicts with the nonindigenous view. That nonindigenous view arguably needs to be overcome in order to ensure the free will of ethnically distinct peoples, accustomed to secular mobility across international borders. Noelia Enriz contributes to this debate by considering indigenous education, which is framed in terms of interventionist and participatory models. Interventionist models disregard the autonomy of indigenous people; in contrast, participatory ones focus on political training in order to mediate historical struggles. If the articles on the Guarani seem far removed from our regional focus, we must remember that Guarani mobility brought them back to the Amazon region, where they originated. Territorial mobility is also highlighted in the article by Fabiola Andrea Silva and Francisco Forte Stuchi. They evaluate the reasons for Kaiabi mobility along the border between Mato Grosso and Pará, with implications for archaeology. Luciana Barroso França stresses intra-ethnic conflicts within the village, between two Tupi-Guarani groups, in contact resulting from historical contingencies.From the article by Gnecco, who discusses archaeological discourse vis-à-vis the Other, together with its implications for the present - and future - we make the transition to archaeology, which is intimated in the provocative article by Sanna Saunaluoma, who brings new information and perspectives on monumental sites of Acre and Bolivia. Contributing to discussions on the social relations produced by trade fairs, which show other keys to understanding Amazonia in its current manifestations, we publish the research report by Gutemberg Armando Diniz Guerra and César Augusto Martins de Souza on the case of Altamira, Xingu river area.These papers in the aggregate complement and further inform efforts to extending outward our look on Amazon through the photo essay, research news, abstracts of theses and dissertations, and book reviews. These offer the reader a multiplicity of academic works on the region.We thank the editorial board and anonymous reviewers for this issue as well as the authors of the articles presented herein for their contributions and patience with the editorial process. We take the opportunity to extend a continuing invitation to readers of Amazonica to submit articles and other contributions through the website of the Journal. The Editors