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International audience ; Uzbek ethnography is currently attempting to develop in an autonomous fashion by detaching itself from the heritage of a foreign intellectual tradition. The immense corpus constituted by scholars from Russia and then by Soviet ethnologists serves, nevertheless, as a reference-point for contemporary Uzbek ethnologists. These problematic constructions of reality contribute today towards determining the way in which this society regards itself. At the time of Perestroika, Soviet ethnographers engaged in a vigorous debate which resulted in a redefinition of the discipline. Uzbekistan appears not to have participated in these discussions and ethnography remains subject to political control. However, the arrival of numerous international organisations has transformed the scientific landscape. Certain former ethnographers have become « local experts » and are producing a new form of knowledge about their society for international sponsors. These foreign organisations are henceforth participating in the construction of the object but also in the legitimation processes of local ethnographers. This new interaction is not establishing itself in a context of passivity and engenders numerous forms of resistance, indeed of opposition, in the face this new configuration. ; L'ethnographie ouzbèke actuelle tente de se construire de façon autonome en se détachant de l'héritage d'une tradition intellectuelle allogène. L'immense corpus constitué par des savants venus de Russie puis par les ethnologues soviétiques sert néanmoins de référence aux ethnologues ouzbeks contemporains. Ces découpages problématiques de la réalité contribuent aujourd'hui à déterminer le regard que cette société porte sur elle‑même. Au moment de la Perestroïka, les ethnographes soviétiques ont eu un vif débat qui a débouché sur une redéfinition de la discipline. L'Ouzbékistan semble être resté à l'écart de ces discussions et l'ethnographie demeure sous la tutelle du pouvoir politique. Cependant l'arrivée de multiples organisations ...

Kazakh ethnology is experiencing a deep crisis. Subject to politics since its inception, it has served first the administrative and expansionist projects of the Russian Empire and then the USSR's collectivisation-sedentarisation and folklorisation objectives. Field studies in the kolkhoze were organised and monitored by the scientific institution since the 30s and led to descriptive work on material culture and 'survivors'. Only historians have emerged from intense theoretical anthropological debates on the nature of Kazakh nomadism, but their diachronic analyses were not related to the present data. Kazakhstan's independence has not really allowed ethnology to renew its themes and to reform its methods. Affected by the dessertion of researchers and the disappearance of masters, discipline is causing a deterioration in the level of demands and a scarcity of work. The themes addressed are characterised by a desire to promote a lost tradition, with the tacit encouragement of a nationalist climate. This is irreconcilable with an assessment of the impact of the Soviet experience on Kazakh society. There is little work on recent fundamental changes in Kazakh society (pastoralism, lignager system). ; International audience Kazakh ethnology is experiencing a profound crisis. Subject to political control ever since its emergence, it first served the administrative and expansionist projects of the Russian Empire, then the aims of collectivisation-settling and " folklorisation " of the USSR. From the 1930s. field studies in the kolkhoz were organised and controlled by the scientific establishment and resulted in descriptive works on material culture and " survivals ". Only historians engaged in lively anthropological debates of a theoretical nature on the question of Kazakh nomadism, but their diachronic analyses were not related to contemporary data. The independence of Kazakhstan has not really enabled ethnology to renew its themes or to reform its methods. Deserted by researchers and also affected by the loss of older ...

Work and workers in Algeria sets out the premisses of the sociological and anthropological work that Pierre Bourdieu will later develop. This text tries to examine the epistemological assumptions and positions that characterise this book and then show how they differ from the ethological perspectives developed by Gérard Althabe at the same time. The confrontation between the two authors reveals two inverted views. Mr Bourdieu remained committed to a structural approach which he redesigned to think about the relationship of dominance through the mechanisms of their reproduction; the sociological investigation and ethnographic approach are conceived from this perspective as a means of achieving 'objectively' the symbolic structure (objective and subjective) of social positions. Althabe is based on a constructive approach focusing on the production of social reports: the ethnological survey is conceived as a way of knowledge based on communication between the researcher and the subjects of which he or she wants to understand the universe. After Georges Balandier, he focused on a world that was built up by changing the ratios of domination by imaginary power, while Pierre Bourdieu emphasised the mechanisms for reproducing dominance through symbolic. Althabe shows how the world of dominance makes sense from the point of view of the dominate world, whereas Bourdieu analyses the dominant position in the world of dominance. ; Travail et travailleurs en Algérie pose les prémisses de l'œuvre sociologique et anthropologique que Pierre Bourdieu développera ultérieurement. Ce texte s'efforce d'examiner les postulats et positions épistémologiques qui caractérisent cet ouvrage, pour montrer ensuite en quoi ils se distinguent des perspectives ethnologiques élaborées par Gérard Althabe à la même époque. La confrontation entre les deux auteurs laisse apparaître deux conceptions inversées. Bourdieu demeure attaché à une approche structuraliste qu'il réaménage pour penser les rapports de domination à travers les mécanismes de leur ...

Moving from the study of the political in traditional societies to the observation of French politics allows ethnology to plot some of the aspects of modern reality overlooked by other sciences. The identity and territory of the elected representative or of the elector make up the specific space and scale which its outsider's eye is attracted to. Thus Marc Abélès analyses the connection between ethnology and political science.

Valery Tishkov has been director of the Institute of Ethnology & Anthropology at the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1989. A specialist in the indigenous peoples of northern Canada, Tishkov is labeled a constructivist for his critique of the theory of etnos, a dominant concept in Soviet anthropology from the 1960s. But he is also a practitioner: appointed Minister of Nationalities in 1992, Tishkov has been instrumental in making the Ethnology Institute a center of expertise for the Russian authorities to draw on. Since the turn of the millennium he has joined the camp of those who uphold the idea of a normalized, post-conflict situation in Chechnya and, consequently, back Vladimir Putin's policy in the region. In an interview granted to Raisons politiques, Tishkov discusses the relationship between anthropology & politics in his country, revealing the rift between conceptual modernity & political liberalism in contemporary Russia. Adapted from the source document.

This exploratory research begins with a review of the origins of the velocipede and the motivations that led Karl von Drais to design the draisienne. We will then discuss the innovation of the modern bicycle, looking at the invention of the pedal and the saddle. As this research is the fruit of long-term work, we will be led to clarify two elements of the history of velocipedy, namely the use of the term "la petite reine" and to add some details about the folding bicycle. The invention of the modern bicycle will be the occasion to enter into discussion with the Simondonian apparatus, which will allow us to rebound on two contemporary aspects linked to neoliberalism with the injunction to mobility and its re- moralisation. Our journey will lead us to the study of two practices linked to the bicycle, namely cycling and travelling. Finally, the acceleration of daily cycling practices in the contexts of the ecological transition and the Covid 19 pandemic will be the occasion for a return to the economic, political, social and cultural stakes linked to the city in the face of new postures, as much from the point of view of activist and associative movements as from the point of view of the State and its ramifications. ; Cette recherche exploratoire débute par une relecture des origines du vélocipède et des motivations qui ont conduit Karl von Drais à concevoir la draisienne. Nous discuterons ensuite de l'innovation qu'à constituée la bicyclette moderne, en nous penchant sur une relecture de l'invention de la pédale et de la selle. Cette recherche étant le fruit d'un travail sur le long terme, nous serons amené à préciser deux éléments de l'histoire de la vélocipédie que sont l'emploi du terme de « la petite reine » et d'ajouter quelques précisions sur le vélo pliant. L'invention du vélo moderne sera l'occasion d'entrer en discussion avec l'appareil simondonien, ce qui nous permettra de rebondir sur deux aspects contemporains liés au néolibéralisme avec l'injonction à la mobilité et sa re-moralisation. Notre parcours ...

This exploratory research begins with a review of the origins of the velocipede and the motivations that led Karl von Drais to design the draisienne. We will then discuss the innovation of the modern bicycle, looking at the invention of the pedal and the saddle. As this research is the fruit of long-term work, we will be led to clarify two elements of the history of velocipedy, namely the use of the term "la petite reine" and to add some details about the folding bicycle. The invention of the modern bicycle will be the occasion to enter into discussion with the Simondonian apparatus, which will allow us to rebound on two contemporary aspects linked to neoliberalism with the injunction to mobility and its re- moralisation. Our journey will lead us to the study of two practices linked to the bicycle, namely cycling and travelling. Finally, the acceleration of daily cycling practices in the contexts of the ecological transition and the Covid 19 pandemic will be the occasion for a return to the economic, political, social and cultural stakes linked to the city in the face of new postures, as much from the point of view of activist and associative movements as from the point of view of the State and its ramifications. ; Cette recherche exploratoire débute par une relecture des origines du vélocipède et des motivations qui ont conduit Karl von Drais à concevoir la draisienne. Nous discuterons ensuite de l'innovation qu'à constituée la bicyclette moderne, en nous penchant sur une relecture de l'invention de la pédale et de la selle. Cette recherche étant le fruit d'un travail sur le long terme, nous serons amené à préciser deux éléments de l'histoire de la vélocipédie que sont l'emploi du terme de « la petite reine » et d'ajouter quelques précisions sur le vélo pliant. L'invention du vélo moderne sera l'occasion d'entrer en discussion avec l'appareil simondonien, ce qui nous permettra de rebondir sur deux aspects contemporains liés au néolibéralisme avec l'injonction à la mobilité et sa re-moralisation. Notre parcours ...