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Engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: Lithuania during the reform diet: up until the 3 May 1791 Constitution

The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the orientation towards climate change neutrality have fundamentally changed the way we look at competitiveness. Global challenges have increased interest in countries' competitiveness. Thus, in the final master's project the competitiveness of the European Union countries is evaluated according to the most important determinants, ecological footprint and the countries are clustered according to the obtained analysis results. In the literature review the latest concept of competitiveness is presented, 9 groups of competitiveness factors and 52 factors-indicators are identified. The missing values are filled in by MICE method, and after evaluating the correlation, 42 factors-indicators are further used in the study. Three methods are used for clustering - hierarchical Ward linkage method, K-means and machine learning method t-SNE. After the cluster analysis, the countries are clustered into four groups. Neighboring countries have been found to be most similar in terms of competitiveness. Country cluster profiles are interpreted using the results of the PCA method. According to the identified groups of factors, the competitiveness index developed by the author of the project revealed that the most competitive EU countries are Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands. The least competitive countries are Romania, Bulgaria and Greece. Assessing the link between the ecological footprint and competitiveness, positive progress is seen in the EU. In addition, EU countries are moving from low competitiveness and low ecological footprint to high competitiveness and low ecological footprint.

In this study, samples of maize and grass silage were collected from various farms of Lithuania and were analysed for mycotoxins: aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2) and zearalenone (ZEA), over the 2017–2019 period. Silage nutrient composition, including content of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, starch (for maize), and acidity (pH) were investigated, and fermentation degree was computed. All samples contained at least one mycotoxin, 85% of samples were co-contaminated with all four mycotoxins tested, 13% of samples contained three and only 1.5% of samples contained two mycotoxins. In general, the concentrations of DON, ZEA and T-2 were respectively 5, 1.7 and 2 times higher in maize silage than in grass one. Maize silage had the highest levels of ZEA and AFB1 , exceeding the European Union's (EU) maximum allowable limits. In grass silage, mycotoxin with the highest concentration exceeding the allowable limits was AFB1 . Between the experimental years, statistically significant differences were found only in T-2 content in maize silage. Silage storage had an impact only on AFB1 concentrations: its highest concentration (10.9 ± 1.1 μg kg-1) was found in trench silos, while in silage clamps and bales that ones were lower by 48% and 44%, respectively. DON negatively correlated with dry matter in grass silage. ZEA negatively correlated with crude protein content and pH in maize silage and with dry matter and crude fibre content and pH in grass silage, but positively correlated with fermentation degree in both silages. T-2 negatively correlated with crude protein content and positively correlated with crude fibre content in grass silage.

In this study, samples of maize and grass silage were collected from various farms of Lithuania and were analysed for mycotoxins: aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2) and zearalenone (ZEA), over the 2017–2019 period. Silage nutrient composition, including content of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, starch (for maize), and acidity (pH) were investigated, and fermentation degree was computed. All samples contained at least one mycotoxin, 85% of samples were co-contaminated with all four mycotoxins tested, 13% of samples contained three and only 1.5% of samples contained two mycotoxins. In general, the concentrations of DON, ZEA and T-2 were respectively 5, 1.7 and 2 times higher in maize silage than in grass one. Maize silage had the highest levels of ZEA and AFB1 , exceeding the European Union's (EU) maximum allowable limits. In grass silage, mycotoxin with the highest concentration exceeding the allowable limits was AFB1 . Between the experimental years, statistically significant differences were found only in T-2 content in maize silage. Silage storage had an impact only on AFB1 concentrations: its highest concentration (10.9 ± 1.1 μg kg-1) was found in trench silos, while in silage clamps and bales that ones were lower by 48% and 44%, respectively. DON negatively correlated with dry matter in grass silage. ZEA negatively correlated with crude protein content and pH in maize silage and with dry matter and crude fibre content and pH in grass silage, but positively correlated with fermentation degree in both silages. T-2 negatively correlated with crude protein content and positively correlated with crude fibre content in grass silage.

Researched problem and relevance of the paper. In the second half of the 198th century the concept of medicine as art was finally refused: achievements of the science of medicine allowed to explain physiological processes, revealed the reasons of many pathological processes, quickly developed technologies granted a possibility not only observe all functions of an organism, nut frequently – to control them as well. On one hand, rapid development of the science of medicine and practice determined an obvious improvement of health indicators (decrease of babies' mortality, extension of average lifetime), on the other hand, it has to be admitted that possibilities to control the treatment process and to achieve the desired result are limited . Application of nanotechnologies and genes engineering in medicine aroused the problems of the preservation of the identity of an individual, therefore it had to be discussed anew the nature and essence and the effectiveness of the means ensuring the protection of patients' rights including the effectiveness of legal instruments. The topic of the regulation of patients' rights and duties and the effectiveness of the provided legal protection are determined by the following factors: multiplicity and complexity of the relationship of the physician and patient, frequent ethnical problems arising during treatment and examination, fragmentary regulation of the relationship of physician and patient at the national level and abundant non-codified so-called soft law norms, the participation of the state which provided social guarantees to patients in the relationship of physician and patient, phenomena of the culture of consumption and "shame and blame" in the health relationship, increasing effectiveness of health care and potential dangerous for the patient's health and rapid increase of patients' civil plaints and the amount of the adjusted loss, provoking health care services providers' civil liability insurance "crisis" (situation, when there no insurance companies in the market which provide the services of civil liability insurance). In 1997 the Council of Europe approved the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with re-gard to the Application of Biology and Medicine (hereafter in referred to as Convention on Human Rights and Biomedi-cine) which is a fundamental over-national document in the law doctrine, consolidating patients' rights. Political, eco-nomic, social processes of integration requires a deep analysis of the content of the patients' rights entrenched in the sys-tems of national rights, their implementation and protection mechanisms, the need of the provided legal protection unifi-cation and possibilities. Recognition of the sanctity of a person's body in health care, implementation of new treatment and examination methods, more frequent implementation of the automatic management of the data on a patient's health and other factor require to evaluate the topicality of the patient's rights' list and to correct them if needed. However, the aim of this paper – to examine, considering the acknowledgement in the law doctrine, the peculiarities of one of the most important patient's right – patient's right to the compensation of loss aroused due to treatment or examination, and the institutes influencing the conditions of compensation – informed consent of the patient and the patient's duties. The topicality of the theme is determined by different factors. In recent years the date of the performed researches confirms the topicality of the topic of the compensation of damage aroused due to treatment or examination: health care has been acknowledged as the most dangerous activity of humanity; frequency of undesirable events in developed countries comprises more than 10 percent of all treatment events , at least 44 000 residents of the United States of America (hereinafter – USA) die in hospitals due to the mistakes of treatment . Therefore it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the legal protection provided to patients. The conclusions of the audit performed by State control institutions of the Republic of Lithuania of the implementation of the compulsory insurance of the civil liability for the damaged performed to patients and the social researches performed in Lithuania show the distrust of the society in the system of the compensation to patient for damage and the dissatisfaction of the participants of the health system for the present legal regime of the patient's right to compensation for damage and the way of the implementation of this right. The validity of such opinion is supposed by the fact that the number of complaints regarding the compensation for damage suffered by patients is one of the smallest in the world (37 claims for a million of residents per year). The number of complaints regarding the compensation for damage suffered by patients in other countries varies a lot (for example, in North European countries there are five times more complaints regarding the compensation for damage suffered by patients for a million of residents per year than in the USA). On the other hand, the expenses for compensation of the damaged made for the patient in various countries correlates not with the number of the satisfied claims, but with the regime of the protection of patients' rights: the largest expenses of the compensation for damage suffered by patients where the patients' right to the compensation of damage is implemented according to the plaint order of the rule of civil liability in case of fault (USA – 112 EUR/ resident, Italy – 41 EUR/ resident) .At the meantime, in the countries which have implemented special systems of compensation for damage suffered by patients which are based on the concept of health care services providers' civil liability without fault, the expenses of these systems for one resident fluctuates from 4 to 9 Euros (9 EUR / resident in Denmark, 4 EUR / resident in Sweden, 6 EUR / resident in Finland, 8 EUR / resident in New Zealand). The systems of the compensation of special damage for patients are deemed as favourable for patients and it is often indicated that these systems are based on the concept of liability without fault. Therefore it is purposeful to examine of the countries with the longest experience of the regulation of the systems of the compensat

Researched problem and relevance of the paper. In the second half of the 198th century the concept of medicine as art was finally refused: achievements of the science of medicine allowed to explain physiological processes, revealed the reasons of many pathological processes, quickly developed technologies granted a possibility not only observe all functions of an organism, nut frequently – to control them as well. On one hand, rapid development of the science of medicine and practice determined an obvious improvement of health indicators (decrease of babies' mortality, extension of average lifetime), on the other hand, it has to be admitted that possibilities to control the treatment process and to achieve the desired result are limited . Application of nanotechnologies and genes engineering in medicine aroused the problems of the preservation of the identity of an individual, therefore it had to be discussed anew the nature and essence and the effectiveness of the means ensuring the protection of patients' rights including the effectiveness of legal instruments. The topic of the regulation of patients' rights and duties and the effectiveness of the provided legal protection are determined by the following factors: multiplicity and complexity of the relationship of the physician and patient, frequent ethnical problems arising during treatment and examination, fragmentary regulation of the relationship of physician and patient at the national level and abundant non-codified so-called soft law norms, the participation of the state which provided social guarantees to patients in the relationship of physician and patient, phenomena of the culture of consumption and "shame and blame" in the health relationship, increasing effectiveness of health care and potential dangerous for the patient's health and rapid increase of patients' civil plaints and the amount of the adjusted loss, provoking health care services providers' civil liability insurance "crisis" (situation, when there no insurance companies in the market which provide the services of civil liability insurance). In 1997 the Council of Europe approved the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with re-gard to the Application of Biology and Medicine (hereafter in referred to as Convention on Human Rights and Biomedi-cine) which is a fundamental over-national document in the law doctrine, consolidating patients' rights. Political, eco-nomic, social processes of integration requires a deep analysis of the content of the patients' rights entrenched in the sys-tems of national rights, their implementation and protection mechanisms, the need of the provided legal protection unifi-cation and possibilities. Recognition of the sanctity of a person's body in health care, implementation of new treatment and examination methods, more frequent implementation of the automatic management of the data on a patient's health and other factor require to evaluate the topicality of the patient's rights' list and to correct them if needed. However, the aim of this paper – to examine, considering the acknowledgement in the law doctrine, the peculiarities of one of the most important patient's right – patient's right to the compensation of loss aroused due to treatment or examination, and the institutes influencing the conditions of compensation – informed consent of the patient and the patient's duties. The topicality of the theme is determined by different factors. In recent years the date of the performed researches confirms the topicality of the topic of the compensation of damage aroused due to treatment or examination: health care has been acknowledged as the most dangerous activity of humanity; frequency of undesirable events in developed countries comprises more than 10 percent of all treatment events , at least 44 000 residents of the United States of America (hereinafter – USA) die in hospitals due to the mistakes of treatment . Therefore it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the legal protection provided to patients. The conclusions of the audit performed by State control institutions of the Republic of Lithuania of the implementation of the compulsory insurance of the civil liability for the damaged performed to patients and the social researches performed in Lithuania show the distrust of the society in the system of the compensation to patient for damage and the dissatisfaction of the participants of the health system for the present legal regime of the patient's right to compensation for damage and the way of the implementation of this right. The validity of such opinion is supposed by the fact that the number of complaints regarding the compensation for damage suffered by patients is one of the smallest in the world (37 claims for a million of residents per year). The number of complaints regarding the compensation for damage suffered by patients in other countries varies a lot (for example, in North European countries there are five times more complaints regarding the compensation for damage suffered by patients for a million of residents per year than in the USA). On the other hand, the expenses for compensation of the damaged made for the patient in various countries correlates not with the number of the satisfied claims, but with the regime of the protection of patients' rights: the largest expenses of the compensation for damage suffered by patients where the patients' right to the compensation of damage is implemented according to the plaint order of the rule of civil liability in case of fault (USA – 112 EUR/ resident, Italy – 41 EUR/ resident) .At the meantime, in the countries which have implemented special systems of compensation for damage suffered by patients which are based on the concept of health care services providers' civil liability without fault, the expenses of these systems for one resident fluctuates from 4 to 9 Euros (9 EUR / resident in Denmark, 4 EUR / resident in Sweden, 6 EUR / resident in Finland, 8 EUR / resident in New Zealand). The systems of the compensation of special damage for patients are deemed as favourable for patients and it is often indicated that these systems are based on the concept of liability without fault. Therefore it is purposeful to examine of the countries with the longest experience of the regulation of the systems of the compensat

Master's thesis formulates a problem for household participation in II pension pillar. It identifies the factors that have the greatest impact on households choice to withdraw or extend the accumulation in II pension pillar. Master's thesis is formed – to analyze theoretically the characteristics of the pension system and to identify households choice accumulate II pillar determinants and to assess the determinants effects of the Lithuanian population cumulated II pension pillar, pension reform aspect. Theoretical part of the thesis provides analyzed and systematized various Lithuanian and foreign authors' opinion about the household saving significance and cause, the pension system's development, pension pillars, which dominates in the world. It was identify the advantages and disadvantages of the pension system and systematise factors (economic, political, demographic and social), which promotes the accumulation of their old age through the pension system pillars. It was found that there is no universal pension systems that is appropriate for differentparts of the world. And it should take into account each country's political, economic, demographic and social situacijon when it needs to choose pay as you go and funded pensions systems alternatives. Empirical part of the thesis analyses Lithuanian social insurance to insured persons, II pillar participants, pensioners, contributions and benefits dynamics and structure of the retrospective point of view. It was found that 73.29 percent. social insurance for insured persons are II pension pillar participants, because they wanted to ensure financial security during pension. The average pension is only 230.50 EUR and the poverty line - 208 EUR in Lithuania. It was a quantitative survey (questionnaire) to collect the raw data on household participation in the II pension pillar. It was found that most of of respondents share (48.25 percent.) decided to keep under the conditions in force until 2012. 39,75 percent. of the respondents chose to expand the collection of pension contributions and pay additional pension contributions from their own funds. The smallest share of respondents (12 percent.) decided to stop the accumulation of II pension pillar. Logistic regression analysis showed that the primary factor leading to the choice to withdraw, modify or extend the storage conditions of II pension pillar is training after high school graduation.