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Research on the Balkan joint family, often incorrectly generalized aszadruga, shows three striking characteristics. First, although there is an abundance of scholarly literature on this issue, most of it is not linked to general questions about family and household structure in western Europe or even eastern Europe. This is unfortunate because findings are not seen in a broader context and are interpreted in isolation.

Evaluates recent successes and failures in US property investments
in Europe and attempts to anticipate future trends. Summarizes the
material events and background that caused these investors to initiate
European property investment and discusses the form and approach adopted
by the US investor. Concludes that it is expected that a small group of
large, sophisticated US property investors will continue to invest
selectively in Europe.

Despite the greater political formalization of the green movement in Western Europe, North American and Antipodean developments are ultimately more fundamental than those that have occurred in Europe. Examines evidence under: electoral thresholds; the historical legacy of the environment movement; the different contextual roles played by the anti-nuclear movement and wilderness experience, and ecology, marxism and the new left. (Abstract amended)

Book reviewed in this article:Capitalism since World War II: The making and breaking of the greal boomPolicies and Politics in Western Europe: The Impact of the RecessionThe EEC and the Food IndustriesBlue Gold: The Political Economy of Natural GasDerBeitrag des Rechts zum europäischen Einigungsprozess:Western Europe and the United States: The Uncertain AllianceEuropean Defence CooperationIntegration, Development And Equity: Economic Integration in West AfricaNational Energy Planning and Management in Developing Countries

Mutual trade relations between Europe (mainly EC countries) and Far Eastern developing countries (member countries of the ASEAN, Hongkong, South Korea, Taiwan and China) in the 1970s are analyzed and trade prospects for the 1980s discussed. Strong impact on economic growth of the Far Eastern developing countries (except China) by the prolonged and severe recession in the USA and Europe). (DÜI-Sen)

Forecasting the future.--The end of the war.--Nations in liquidation.--Braintree, Bocking and the future of the world.--How far will Europe go towards socialism?--Lawyer and press.--The new education.--What the war is doing for women.--The new map of Europe.--The United States, France, Britain, and Russia.--"The white man's burthen."--The outlook for the Germans. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Forecasting the future.--The end of the war.--Nations in liquidation.--Braintree, Bocking and the future of the world.--How far will Europe go towards socialism?--Lawyer and press.--The new education.--What the war is doing for women.--The new map of Europe.--The United States, France, Britain, and Russia.--"The white man's burden."--The outlook for the Germans. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Reviews"Thanks to Crespy's impressive knowledge of the field and her admirable clarity of writing, readers are guided through academic and policy debates about Social Europe to attain a full understanding of present-day challenges and future perspectives. A must-read for students, researchers and all those interested in a fairer and more democratic European Union." – Maurizio Ferrara, Professor of Politics, University of Milan"Amandine Crespy, a leading scholar on Social Europe, presents an excellent 'state of the art' on the (increasing) complexity of European social integration. This book is an excellent, well-documented, analysis of the piecemeal development of social Europe, presented clearly and pedagogically. I especially appreciate how critical reflections on the challenges with the social dimension of Europe are woven into each chapter. Strongly recommended for academics, practitioners and students interested in the social dimension of Europe." – Caroline de la Porte, Professor, Copenhagen Business SchoolDescriptionOver recent years it has become increasingly clear that the European Union is falling short of its promise to enhance social cohesion across the continent. Welfare state modernization has been at the centre of divisive debates over the redistribution of wealth and imbalances between a wealthy European core and its peripheries. Some see the policies and governance of the EU as part of the problem, others rather as the solution.This book examines the key issues facing the EU's social policy-making. Each chapter focuses on a single challenge and explores the arguments and considerations that coalesce around it. The book helps students and researchers alike to understand how the EU operates and shapes social policy on multiple levels, and to better assess the EU's role in supporting social cohesion.ContentsIntroduction: "Social Europe": irrelevant, catching up, or dangerous?1. What is the European social question?2. Is the EU a key player in addressing social issues?3. Are socially-minded actors ...

This paper evaluates the salience of differentiated integration (DI) and the positions of successive Hungarian governments since the country's EU accession. It finds that DI has a low-salience and tends to come up in relation to specific events or policy debates. DI-related discussions rarely cross the bounds of the parliamentary arena and references to DI in government programmes, prime minister speeches and European Council statements are rare. At the conceptual level, DI salience peaked in 2017, which can be attributed to the debates on the future of Europe, even though Hungary did not officially participate in this process. The European Public Prosecutor's Office has been the most important DI-related issue in the Hungarian context, linked also to broader problems of corruption and democratic backsliding in the country. In terms of DI positions, these tend to reflect a government-opposition pattern. More specifically, the opposition vocally rejects the concepts of 'two-speed Europe,' 'multiple-speed Europe' and most of all 'two-tier Europe' for fear that Hungary may be 'left out' or 'left behind' in Europe. On the other side, while successive Fidesz-governments have not embraced the concepts of two-speed or multiple-speed Europe per se, they have not completely rejected them either. Top government officials are particularly supportive of enhanced cooperation, which they view as a mechanism that empowers the Member States. ; This [report/publication/etc] is part of the InDivEU project which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 822304. The content of this document represents only the views of the InDivEU consortium and is its sole responsibility. The European Commission does not accept any responsibility for use that may be made of the information it contains.

On 28-29 May 2020 in full Coronavirus pandemic upsurge and lockdown conditions the Eleventh Conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies gathered on Zoom instead of The Palace of Culture and The Middle Age Citadel of Târgu Mureș as initially planned. The meeting was summoned in partnership with Rethinking Europe in order to reflect, from the perspective of the Baltic Sea Region, upon the Old Continent in the context of Brexit and the pandemic. Questions on the impact of the recent evolutions on Baltic and Scandinavian states have been raised, but the perspective was much wider looking on how the countries of this region responded to structural changes or alterations of the international environment over time.
The two plenary sessions on the EU after Brexit: Perspectives on the Future of Europe and Constructions of Christian Identity and the Idea of the Holy Land in the Northern Periphery: The Sawley World Map in Twelfth-Century England appropriately mirrored the sequential diversity of the conference. Panels have been devoted to Encounters, fantasies and perceptions in shaping Europe, Rethinking Europe in Nordic and Baltic cultures, Rethinking the Baltic Sea Region in Europe during the interwar period, Rethinking Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea Region in Europe during the two world wars, Intercultural relations in the Nordic and Baltic countries, Reception of Nordic literature, New perspectives on Norwegian literature, Teaching and use of Nordic languages. The main theories, concepts and ideas presented are resumed in the Book of Abstracts published before the conference, while the full papers are assembled in volume 12, issues 1 and 2 of our biannual peer review journal.
The Honorary Chair of the Conference, Her Excellency Dr. Violeta Motulaitė, Ambassador of the Republic of Lithuania in Romania and Bulgaria, Honorary President of the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies, has focused in her lecture, published in this issue, on the Lithuanian perspective of the current European Brexit and Covid crisis, professing that:

Access to public health services is a cause that benefits the people and concerns the vital interests of the people. Everyone has access to basic health care services. The continuous improvement in people's health is an important indicator of the improvement in people's quality of life. This paper selects data from the European Union (EU) on aspects of public health expenditure, medical care resources, and government emergency coordination capacity from the period 2008 to 2017. Principal component analysis and factor analysis are used to measure their public health service capacity scores and conduct a comparative analysis. On this basis, the TOBIT model is adopted to explore the driving factors that lead to the spatial differentiation of public health service capabilities, and to combine it with the data of the COVID-19 epidemic as of 8 August 2020 from the official announcements of the World Health Organization and governments for further thinking. The results indicate that the public health service capacity of countries in the EU is showing a gradual increase. The capacity in Western Europe is, in turn, higher than that of Northern Europe, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe. In addition, the overall capacity in Western Europe is relatively high, but it is not balanced and stable, while Northern Europe has remained stable and balanced at a high level. Population density, degree of opening up, education level, economic development level, technological innovation level, and degree of aging have a positive effect on public health service capabilities. The level of urbanization has a negative effect on it. However, in countries with strong public health service capabilities, the epidemic of COVID-19 is more severe. The emergence of this paradox may be related to the detection capabilities of countries, the high probability of spreading thCOVID-19 epidemic, the inefficient implementation of government policy, the integrated system of the EU and the adverse selection of youth. This paper aims to improve the ability ...

Background: Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of bluetongue virus (BTV), African horse sickness virus and Schmallenberg virus (SBV). Outbreaks of both BTV and SBV have affected large parts of Europe. The spread of these diseases depends largely on vector distribution and abundance. The aim of this analysis was to identify and quantify major spatial patterns and temporal trends in the distribution and seasonal variation of observed Culicoides abundance in nine countries in Europe. Methods: We gathered existing Culicoides data from Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Poland. In total, 31,429 Culicoides trap collections were available from 904 ruminant farms across these countries between 2007 and 2013. Results: The Obsoletus ensemble was distributed widely in Europe and accounted for 83% of all 8,842,998 Culicoides specimens in the dataset, with the highest mean monthly abundance recorded in France, Germany and southern Norway. The Pulicaris ensemble accounted for only 12% of the specimens and had a relatively southerly and easterly spatial distribution compared to the Obsoletus ensemble. Culicoides imicola Kieffer was only found in Spain and the southernmost part of France. There was a clear spatial trend in the accumulated annual abundance from southern to northern Europe, with the Obsoletus ensemble steadily increasing from 4000 per year in southern Europe to 500,000 in Scandinavia. The Pulicaris ensemble showed a very different pattern, with an increase in the accumulated annual abundance from 1600 in Spain, peaking at 41,000 in northern Germany and then decreasing again toward northern latitudes. For the two species ensembles and C. imicola, the season began between January and April, with later start dates and increasingly shorter vector seasons at more northerly latitudes. Conclusion: We present the first maps of seasonal Culicoides abundance in large parts of Europe covering a gradient from southern Spain to northern Scandinavia. The identified temporal trends and spatial patterns are useful for planning the allocation of resources for international prevention and surveillance programmes in the European Union.

During 2015 an unprecedented 1.3 million migrants applied for asylum in Europe. Those entering or seeking entry to Europe in 2015 were largely seeking refuge from wars, conflicts, and political oppression in Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan and Eritrea. While some arrived via the Balkan land routes, the vast majority had made treacherous Mediterranean sea-crossings, with an estimated 3771 drowning in 2015. In the summer of 2015 newspapers and news websites were filled with images of drowned children, people desperately paddling towards shore on overloaded dinghies, and the flotsam of crossings discarded on beaches. However, one of the most notable features of the depiction of the refugee crisis has been the mainstreaming of racist political rhetoric, allied with the implementation of racist policies and practices against foreigners. The scale of this campaign of state-racism is unprecedented in Europe since the Nazi propaganda of the Second World War, and has transatlantic echoes in the xenophobic, isolationist language of the US presidential campaign. This article examines the political aesthetics of the current 'refugee crisis', and the life-and-death stakes of the struggle over the meaning of foreignness that is taking place, and focuses on emergent forms of political film-making that employ mobile technologies. These include videos made on phones and distributed online or edited into documentary films, all of which are being employed in a struggle over the meaning of refugeeism. The mobile phone has acquired a crucial symbolic significance with regard to the plight of refugees, offering a means of both documenting their experience and distributing these audio-visual records. For instance, the Chinese artist/activist Ai Weiwei, has used smartphones in the project #safepassage in order to record his journeys around refugee camps in Europe and the Middle East. This article examines films made by refugees, which document their journeys to and across Europe; the key case study is Exodus: Our Journey to Europe (2016), a ...

This article presents the policy of the united Germany towards Russia, its underpinnings and its positive and negative effects on Europe and the world in the twenty-first century. The author questions the objectives and consequences of this policy for Germany, Russia and Europe. He tries to answer the questions of whether there will be another Rapallo and whether Russia and Germany will try to play a dominant role in Europe. Does the cooperation of Germany and Russia contribute to peace in Europe and Euro-Atlantic relations? Will the position of Germany in the EU increase after Brexit? This is not an easy task, given the complex and dynamic situation in the world and the difficult socio-political and economic situation of contemporary Russia, as well as the enormity of the tasks that the country needs to perform to become a modern, strong, well-managed, democratic and peaceful power. Russia has long been assisted by Germany in this process, a country which today is the undisputed leader in Europe and plays an increasingly important role in the world.The main thesis of this article is that the way to a new democratic and multipolar global order is still very long and that Germany – mindful of history and the tragic experience – will not return to the policy of cooperation with Russia, which would lead to a new division of Europe and the world. According to the author, Germany remembers the past and will therefore remain a democratic country and an important link in the Euro-Atlantic system. Furthermore, Russia will also become a democratic, peaceful state and an important actor in a new, multipolar global order. This will happen after it liberates itself from the rule of Vladimir Putin. This will not happen quickly unless Russia faces an economic disaster and the eruption of social discontent (Euromaidan on the Red Square), which forces Vladimir Putin to leave the political scene.