Suchergebnisse

Institutional analysis and analysis of documents of key educational integration
processes in Europe: Bologna process and Copenhagen process. Revelation of
mechanisms of governance of educational areas created on the basis of these
processes and comparison of this mechanisms with ones of governance of the
common space of research and education including cultural aspects that is being build
between the EU and Russia. Conclusions: no single center in Bologna process, in
spite of existence of the Bologna Follow-Up Group as formal governance body; the
governance body of Copenhagen process is definite and it is the same organization
that started the process; such model is more efficient.

The renewable energy sector is becoming increasingly important in the global energy balance. This process can be explained by the depletion of fossil resources and the global environmental concern. Economies need more energy-efficient technologies to meet the growing volume of energy consumption. In the last quarter of the century, the European Union has seen a rapid development of renewable energy sources. Its aim is not only to diversify energy consumption, but to switch to renewable sources in order to reduce its dependence on traditional energy imports. The article examines the strategy of the European Union in the field of renewable energy technologies and their prospects. In the European Union, the renewable energy sector is regulated both at the organizational and national levels. The current regulatory framework is being improved; it establishes uniform requirements for all member states. However, each country has adopted its own national plans for renewable energy development. The European Union countries can independently determine the measures of state stimulation and support of renewable energy development. The most effective of them are: tax incentives, green tariffs, grants and loans. Despite certain difficulties, including those associated with the current level of technology development, renewable energy has a very high potential for further development, and the share of energy generated from renewable sources is increasing every year. ; Все большее значение в мировом энергетическом балансе приобретает сектор возобновляемой энергетики, что объясняется не только исчерпаемостью ископаемых ресурсов, но и обеспокоенностью мирового сообщества проблемами экологии и климата. В настоящее время необходимы более энергоэффективные технологии, которые смогут обеспечить растущие объемы энергопотребления. Быстрое развитие возобновляемых источников энергии за последнюю четверть века наблюдается в Европейском союзе, который стремится не просто диверсифицировать свое энергопотребление, но со временем полностью перейти ...

The handbook contains teaching materials for the courses developed by Nizhnevartovsk State University's teaching staff within the framework of Jean Monnet Modules implementation. The projects were supported in 2016. International scientific and educational activity is one of the most important indicators of higher educational institutions effective work in Russia. The necessary scientific and educational basis for international grant implementation projects has been created in Nizhnevartovsk State University (NVSU). Following the results of the 2nd Erasmus+ competition within the framework of Jean Monnet Activities, scientific and methodical seminar was held, at which teaching materials' presentations of supported Jean Monnet Module projects were submitted: - The European Union Social Policy. Academic coordinator: Lala Yakubova. - Interaction of environment and human health: Experience of the European Union. Academic coordinator: Denis Pogonishev, Irina Pogonisheva. The courses are implemented with the financial support of the European Commission in the framework of supported Jean Monnet Modules: The European Union Social Policy, 574865-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE and Interaction of environment and human health: Experience of the European Union, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE. The content of this material reflects the authors' opinion; the European Commission is not responsible for the use of the information contained therein. Курсы осуществляются при финансовой поддержке Европейской комиссии в рамках поддерживаемых модулей Жана Монне: Социальная политика Европейского союза, 574865-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE и Взаимодействие окружающей среды и здоровья человека: Опыт Европейского Союза, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE. Работа программа для курса « Окружающая среда и здоровье человека: опыт ЕС » разработана в рамках модуля Жана Моне « Взаимодействие окружающей среды и здоровья человека : Опыт Европейского Союза », 574826- EPP -1-2016-1- RU - EPPJMO - МОДУЛЬ . Этот курс является частью учебных ...

The author analyzes an action of Slovakia against a decision of the Council of the European Union on relocation of refugees from Italy and Greece to other Member States in terms of the argumentation of Slovakia. Furthermore, the author explores argumentation of Hungary, which filed its action against the decision of the Council of the European Union for similar reasons as Slovak Republic did. These reasons are based on the fact that majority of Eastern European members of the Union is missing economic and social capabilities to integrate refugees from Africa and the Middle East. Because of this reason, some of Member States (Slovakia and Hungary) have decided to challenge decision mentioned judicially. Strong disagreements over relocation of refugees within European Union could serve as possible crucial base for future development of political relations between EU Member States. Within the research the author presents an assessment of Slovak and Hungarian argumentation, and at some places, he compares it to argumentation of the Czech Republic, which has opposed the relocation of refugees, as well. In his study author applies official EU documents, official documents of Member States and statements of their officials, mass media publications, just to name a few. In the second part of the article the author pays attention to possibilities for development of arguments related to the violation of the principle of proportionality, which was not sufficiently developed by Slovakia. The author concluded that the most sustainable solution to resolve migration crisis for EU would be financial support to be provided to neighboring countries (of crisis regions) most affected by migration, but not relocation of refugees within European Union.

The European football is in need of proper governance. This fact has been acknowledged in a number of EU documents, as well as by some of its member-states, Britain and France in particular. Weak governance undermines the fi nancial stability of football clubs and the ability of sport to fullfi l its key social functions. Besides other things, it open channels of external interference in the functioning of FIFA and UEFA as selfregulating bodies of football governance. The present article is devoted to the exploration of governance modes transformation in European and international football, infl uences by the European integration process. Global governance is employed here as an analytical approach. It allows to specify the role of the EU in development and maintenance of rules and norms, which limit the freedom of state and nonstate actors, involved in the sphere of football. The 2007 Lisbon Treaty endowed the EU with direct competence in the field of sport. But today it will still be a mistake to conclude that the European institutions are directly responsible for the formation of new structures of football governance. Nevertheless, their activity does have an impact on the lives of those who are involved in it. Unsatisfi ed stakeholders (football clubs, players and fans) turn to the EU for support when seeking alternative ways for settlement of disputes, when they do not find resolution in the internal structures of football governance. Vertical pathways, established in the traditional pyramid of the European football governance are subsequently undermined. Thus, the EU influence makes it easier to turn to structures of network governance. ; Тот факт, что в европейском футболе отсутствует должное управление, был признан в ряде документов Европейского союза, а также некоторыми государствами – членами ЕС, в особенности Великобритани- ей и Францией. Слабое управление подрывает финансовую стабильность футбольных клубов и способность спорта выполнять свои ключевые со- циальные функции. Оно, помимо прочего, открывает каналы для внешнего вмешательства в функционирование ФИФА и УЕФА как ключевых органов футбольного управления. Настоящая статья посвящена анализу эволюции форм управления в европейском и международном профессиональном фут- боле, которая происходит под влиянием европейской интеграции. В каче- стве аналитического подхода использовано глобальное управление. Данный подход помогает уточнить роль ЕС в разработке и поддержании правил и норм, ограничивающих свободу действия государственных и негосудар- ственных акторов, вовлеченных в сферу футбола. На основании Лиссабонского договора 2007 г. ЕС был наделен прямой ком- петенцией в спортивной области. Но и сейчас было бы ошибкой утверждать, что европейские институты несут прямую ответственность за оформление новых структур футбольного управления. Однако их деятельность всё силь- нее сказывается на жизни тех, кто в него вовлечён. Недовольные стейкхол- деры (футбольные клубы, игроки и болельщики) прибегают к содействию ЕС как к альтернативному способу регулирования споров, которые не на- ходят разрешения во внутренних структурах футбольного управления. Тем самым подрываются вертикальные каналы власти, сформировавшиеся в традиционной пирамиде управления европейским футболом. Под влияни- ем ЕС облегчается переход к более демократичным структурам сетевого управления.

The article examines problems of harmonization of the European Union legislation in the field of intellectual property. The author considers the competence of the EU in the field of intellectual property, as well as the interaction of the EU legislation and the national legislation of the EU member states. The article also analyzes the role of the European Commission in the development of the harmonization of legal norms on intellectual property, as well as the significance of the judicial practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which is engaged in filling gaps in legislation by interpreting and explaining the EU directives on intellectual property. ; В статье проведено исследование проблем гармонизации законодательства Европейского Союза в области интеллектуальной собственности. Автор рассматривает компетенцию Европейского Союза в области интеллектуальной собственности, а также взаимодействие законодательства ЕС и национального законодательства государств - членов Европейского Союза. В статье, кроме того, анализируется роль Европейской Комиссии в развитии гармонизации правовых норм интеллектуальной собственности, а также судебная практика Суда Правосудия Европейского Союза, который занимается восполнением пробелов в законодательстве путем интерпретации и разъяснения директив ЕС об интеллектуальной собственности.

Раздел "Международное право" ; Статья посвящена рассмотрению недавней совместной инициативы Европейской комиссии и Высокого представителя Европейского союза по внешней политике и политике безопасности по пересмотру Европейской политики соседства с целью более эффективной реализации данной политики и более тесного вовлечения всех стран-партнеров. Автор анализирует структуру коммуникаций между ними, а также рассматривает новые подходы, нацеленные на стабилизацию соседства посредством построения более тесного партнерства через экономическое развитие и торговлю, усиление безопасности в регионе и противодействие международной преступности. На основании результатов данного анализа автором выдвинуты рекомендации по дальнейшему обсуждению в процессе создания нового механизма взаимодействия в рамках Европейской политики соседства между странами-партнерами и ЕС. = The article is devoted to the recent joint initiative of the European Commission and the High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to review the European Neighbourhood Policy in order to ensure its more effective implementation and greater involvement of all the partners. The author analyses the structure of the communication and new approaches aimed at stabilizing the neighbourhood, building stronger partnerships through the economic development and trade, strengthening the security of the region and combating the international crime. Based on the result of this analysis some recommendations are made for further consideration in the process of forming a new mechanism of cooperation within the ENP between the partner countries and the EU.

Ключевые слова: СССР; Белорусская ССР; Европейская экономическая ко-миссия; хрущевская «оттепель»; международное экономическое сотрудничество; экономическая дипломатия; советская федерация; субъект советской федерации; субъект международных отношений; развивающиеся страны. = Key words: USSR; Byelorussian SSR; European Economic Commission; Khrushchev Thaw; international economic cooperation; economic diplomacy; Soviet Federation; subject of the Soviet Federation; subject of international relations; developing countries. ; На основе документов Архива МИД Республики Беларусь впервые в историографии осуществлено комплексное исследование деятельности Белорусской ССР в Европейской экономической комиссии в годы хрущевской «оттепели», когда внешнеполитическая активность республики значительно усилилась. Будучи субъектом международных отношений, она продолжала оставаться при этом субъектом советской федерации. Рассмотрено участие республики в сессиях ЕЭК и ее комитетов (по сельскому хозяйству, лесоматериалам, жилищному строительству, электроэнергии, газу, статистике), а также его результаты. Особое внимание уделено усилиям Минска по формированию института постоянного представителя БССР при Европейском отделении ООН, роли государственных структур, прежде всего внешнеполитического ведомства, и их отдельных представителей в развитии международного экономического сотрудничества. Раскрыт механизм принятия решений по вопросам отношений с ЕЭК на республиканском уровне и влияние на него общесоюзного руководства. Показаны место и роль ЕЭК в системе внешнеполитической деятельности БССР, определено значение этой структуры в деятельности республиканского МИД и международной активности других министерств и ведомств. На примере многосторонней дипломатии ЕЭК и участия в ней Белорусской ССР отражены особенности реализации принципа мирного сосуществования двух социально-политических систем в экономической сфере. Определены проблемы, сложности и результаты участия республики в ЕЭК в указанный период. Подчеркнуто, что членство БССР в комиссии имело прежде всего прагматический характер, который преобладал над пропагандистским, однако в условиях холодной войны и советской экономической системы потенциал международного сотрудничества в экономической сфере реализовывался далеко не в полной мере. ; For the first time in historiography, based on the documents of the Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus, a comprehensive study of the activities of the Byelorussian SSR in the Economic Commission for Europe during the Khrushchev Thaw, when the foreign policy activity of the re-public significantly increased, was conducted. Being a subject of international relations, the Byelorussian SSR at the same time continued to remain a subject of the Soviet Federation. The participation of the republic in the sessions of the ECE and its Committees (on agriculture, timber, housing, electricity, gas, statistics), as well as the evaluation of the results by the Board of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the republic, are considered. Particular attention is paid to the efforts of Minsk to form the institution of the Permanent Representative of the BSSR to the UN European Office, the role of government agencies, primarily the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and their individual representatives in the development of international economic cooperation. The decision-making mechanism on relations with the ECE at the republican level and the influence of the All-Union Center on it are disclosed. The place and role of the ECE in the system of the foreign policy of the BSSR are shown, the significance of the Commission in the activities of the republican Foreign Ministry and the international activity of other ministries and departments is determined. On the example of ECE multilateral diplomacy and the participation of the Byelorussian SSR, the particularities of the implementation of the principle of peaceful coexistence of two socio-political systems in the economic sphere are described. The problems, difficulties, and results of the republic's participation in the ECE during the specified period are considered. It was emphasized that the member-ship of the BSSR in the Commission was primarily pragmatic, which prevailed over the propaganda aspect, but in the conditions of the Cold War and the Soviet economic system, the potential of international cooperation in this area was far from being fully realized.

The article examines mechanisms of the intellectual property rights protection within the European Union. The author considers basic legal acts responsible for the protection of the intellectual property rights, in particular EU directives and regulations. The article also analyses the importance of the main bodies in the field of intellectual property rights protection, mainly the European Union Intellectual Property Office and the European Patent Office. The new measures taken by the European Commission and aimed at encouraging EU enterprises to invest in innovative and creative processes are mentioned. ; В статье проведено исследование механизмов защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности в рамках Европейского Союза. Автор рассматривает основные нормативно-правовые акты, отвечающие за охрану прав интеллектуальной собственности, в частности, директивы и регламенты ЕС. В статье также показана роль основных органов защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности в ЕС, а именно, Ведомства по интеллектуальной собственности Европейского Союза и Европейского патентного ведомства. Упомянуты новые меры, принятые Европейской Комиссией, направлены на стимулирование предприятий ЕС к инвестициям в инновационные и творческие процессы.

The reform of the railways in the EU was followed by strengthening of the position of the industry in the transport market, and at the same time by the necessary support rendered to rail companies that perform important social functions. In this context, the authors distinguish the activities of the committee for social dialogue in the railway transport, which, in cooperation with the European Commission carries out projects and prepares decisions designed to protect the interests of staff, labor rights of wage earners, and simultaneously preserves the opportunity for mutually beneficial cooperation between trade unions, businesses and governments. ; Одним из условий реформ на железных дорогах в странах ЕС стали укрепление позиций отрасли на рынке перевозок, обязательность поддержки компаний, выполняющих социально значимые функции. В этом контексте авторы статьи выделяют деятельность комитета социального диалога на железнодорожном транспорте, который во взаимодействии с Еврокомиссией осуществляет проекты и готовит решения, призванные защищать интересы персонала, трудовые права наёмных работников, и одновременно сохраняет возможность для взаимовыгодного сотрудничества профсоюзов, бизнеса и государства.

The article deals with the Soviet system of attestation of scientific and scientific-pedagogical staff of pre-war period through the activities of the Higher Attestation Commission (abbreviated as VAK), which was established in 1933 and controlled the awarding of advanced academic degrees and academic ranks in all of the USSR. This revising of VAK history is caused by the topicality of its modernization. Presently West European model of attestation is being extensively discussed in Russian society as more effective and democratic compared with currently existing. We think Soviet experience also deserves to be more carefully examined as a further alternative. The reviewed material has lead to the conclusion that the Soviet system of attestation of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel staff was not used as some kind of tool of "totalitarian" regime of Stalinism at the initial stage of its existence. That trend began to appear since 1936. With regard to period of 1933-1936 years we can consider the system of attestation as a rather democratic model. That also can be referred towards the Soviet science of that period when scientists actively published their scientific articles in international journals and made foreign scientific work trips. During the short period of 1933-1935 years the presence of public and scientific component was notable in the functioning of the attestation system. At that period of time the right of assignment of a number of titles and degrees was granted to councils of higher education institutions and research institutions either completely independently or with the approval of the qualification commissions of adequate People's Commissariats. In this case the Higher Attestation Commission acted as the highest court of cassation, and did not participate at first-hand in the process of assigning of titles and degrees except for doctoral degree and professor rank. What should be particularly emphasized is the role as coordinating center that played VAK in the Soviet era, coupling science with industry. VAK detected scarce specialties and aimed to provide the national economy with experts of economic and industrial sections. This feature has been obviously lost by now. As a result, high-tech sectors of the economy did not receive sufficient quantity of specialists, and scientific researches did not find an entry into the national economic market. In this lost peculiarity of VAK the author sees the main advantage of the Soviet system of certification of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of the Soviet period, which was also free from the ideological component in the short period of 1933-1935 years.

In this article the main aspects of the European Green Deal proposed by the European Commission in December 2019 are analyzed, putting the Green Deal into the broader context of European Union (EU) climate governance in order to assess whether and how it advances the EU's climate agenda. Four broad and interrelated categories to evaluate the Green Deal are proposed. Its performance depends on whether it is and will remain a policy priority, despite the COVID-19 emergency and the ensuing economic crisis. Second, successful implementation depends on adequate financial endowment, including the shift of public funding from hydrocarbons to renewables and energy efficiency in post-pandemic economic programmes. The legal competence of EU institutions to coordinate and enforce the implementation of the Green Deal is also essential, as highlighted by ongoing discussions concerning governance to achieve zero net emissions by 2050. Furthermore, international cooperation with third partners on issues such as border carbon adjustment, technology transfers, and green industry will influence both the implementation of the Green Deal in the EU and the contribution of other major emitters to the climate agenda. The impact of the European Green Deal on EU-Russia relations is also investigated. In this respect, it is argued that the Green Deal poses a serious challenge to the traditional pattern of EU-Russia energy trade, which has been dominated by fossil fuels. However, the Green Deal also offers new avenues for cooperation and for a more sustainable EU-Russia energy relationship.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное частное право" ; Статья касается вопросов определения статуса агентского договора в соответствии с антимонопольным законодательством ЕС. Несмотря на то, что в соответствии с Руководством по вертикальным ограничениям 2010 г. действие статьи 101 Договора о ЕС не распространяется на агентский договор, автор, изучая правоприменительную практику, приходит к выводу о том, что агентский договор может в определенных случаях нарушать антимонопольное законодательство ЕС. С одной стороны, Руководство по вертикальным ограничениям 2010 г. выдвигает ряд требований к содержанию агентского договора для неприменения к нему статьи 101 Договора о ЕС (соответствия требованиям антимонопольного законодательства ЕС). С другой стороны, решения Европейской комиссии и дела, рассмотренные Судом ЕС, демонстрируют иной подход: не только изучают положения конкретного агентского договора, но и рассматривают все договорные отношения агента. Как результат, существует правоприменительная практика, когда агентский договор подпадает под действие статьи 101 Договора о ЕС (в случае, когда агент производит свой товар, выступает агентом у большого количества принципалов). В статье даются практические рекомендации белорусским субъектам хозяйствования, заключившим международный агентский договор, уделению особого внимания условию о del credere. = The article considers the problems of determining the status of an agency contract under competition law of the European Community. Although under Guidelines on vertical restraints 2010 an agency contract is an exemption from Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, while analyzing legal practice the author comes to the conclusion that an agency contract can infringe competition law of the European Community. The author found two different tendencies on the issue. On the one hand, the Guidelines on vertical restraints 2010 propose a number of criteria for an agency contract to fall under exemption from Article 101 TFEU (to conform to competition law of the European Community). On the other hand, the decisions of the European Commission and the European Court of Justice show a different approach. The European Commission and ECJ tend to analyze not just the contract itself, but all other legal relationships of the agent and others. As a result, under certain decisions the agency contract falls under Article 101 TFEU, when an agent produces his own products, is an agent of a big number of principals at the same time. On the basis of the above-mentioned the author offers practical advice for national parties to an international agency contract to give special consideration to del credere provision in the contract.