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This Note reviews the history of Basque terrorism in Spain and the Spanish's government's recent decision to ban Batasuna, the political party affiliated with the militant group, ETA. Although Article 11 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms affords Spanish citizens the freedom of association, it recognizes Spain's need to protect its citizens from terrorist violence. This Note argues that the European Court of Human Rights, based on relevant case law, will most likely find that Batasuna's dissolution does not violate Article 11 because it is necessary and proportional to the end of protecting Spain's democratic system.

The issue of human rights is a problem of great concern in the European Union. Previous alliances faced problems related to human rights in the areas of geopolitics and geo-economics. The ECHR (European Convention of Human Rights) is present as a regime carrying out human rights values that were previously influenced by COE (The Convention of Europe) in the European Union. The development of the ECHR as a human rights regime in the European Union is very dependent on the conditions of the EU member states themselves, which were previously fragmented into fascist and communism systems and must be transformed into democratic liberals. Data in this research will be explored through literature method (library research). The process of developing the ECHR as a human rights regime should be analyzed through an international regime approach using the theory of regime-interplay which will examine the ECHR process as one of the influential human rights regimes in the European Union.Bahasa Indonesia Abstract: Isu Hak Asasi Manusia adalah masalah yang sangat diperhatikan di Uni Eropa. Aliansi negara-negara Eropa sebelumnya menghadapi masalah yang berkaitan dengan Hak Asasi Manusia yang dihubungkan dengan aspek geo-politik dan geo-ekonomi di kawasan tersebut. ECHR (Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia) hadir sebagai rezim yang menjalankan nilai-nilai HAM yang sebelumnya dipengaruhi oleh COE (Konvensi Eropa) di Uni Eropa. Perkembangan ECHR sebagai rezim hak asasi manusia di Uni Eropa sangat tergantung pada kondisi negara-negara anggota UE sendiri, yang sebelumnya terfragmentasi menjadi sistem fasisme dan komunisme, dan harus ditransformasikan menjadi sistem liberal. Data dalam penelitian ini akan dianalisa melalui metode literatur (studi pustaka). Proses pengembangan ECHR sebagai rezim Hak Asasi Manusia dianalisis melalui pendekatan rezim internasional menggunakan teori regime-interplay yang akan menelaah proses ECHR sebagai salah satu rezim HAM yang berpengaruh di Uni Eropa.

This is the first paper to examine pain and suffering damages in complex human rights cases decided under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). This is, those involving more than one violation. For the empirical analysis we constructed a dataset based on cases decided by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), containing N=1685 observations. Based on hierarchical cluster analysis we first identify four clusters, comprising two to four violated Convention articles. We then use multiple regression analysis to examine how pain and suffering damages are affected in cases involving multiple violations. We find that pain and suffering damages in European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) cases are not additive. Instead, applicants receive proportionally less monetary compensation for more violated Convention articles.

This is the first paper to examine pain and suffering damages in complex human rights cases decided under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). This is, those involving more than one violation. For the empirical analysis we constructed a dataset based on cases decided by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), containing N=1685 observations. Based on hierarchical cluster analysis we first identify four clusters, comprising two to four violated Convention articles. We then use multiple regression analysis to examine how pain and suffering damages are affected in cases involving multiple violations. We find that pain and suffering damages in European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) cases are not additive. Instead, applicants receive proportionally less monetary compensation for more violated Convention articles.

Viele Menschenrechtsverträge geben den Mitgliedsstaaten die Möglichkeit, gewisse Rechte, zeitlich begrenzt zu derogieren, etwa im Fall eines Notstandes oder einer ähnlichen Krise. Diese Notstandsklauseln finden sich in modernen Menschenrechtsverträgen wie dem Internationalen Pakt über bürgerliche und politische Rechte, der Amerikanischen Menschenrechtskonvention oder der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention. In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurde der internationale Terrorismus zu einer immer größer werdenden Gefahr für die internationale Gemeinschaft und ist deswegen im Zusammenhang mit Staatsnotstand von großer Relevanz. Um festzustellen, ob terroristische Bedrohungen einen Notstand nach Artikel 15 EMRK rechtfertigen können, wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit zuerst die Derogation von Menschenrechten im Allgemeinen betrachtet. Der Zweck, sowie die Vor- und Nachteile einer Notstandsklausel werden erörtert. Im Hauptteil der Arbeit wird der Focus auf Artikel 15 EMRK gelegt. Die Diskussion möglicher Terrorismusdefinitionen und relevanter Rechtsprechung des EGMR, zusammen mit der Betrachtung der Entwicklung von Artikel 15 EMRK und einem Vergleich mit anderen Notstandsklauseln, ermöglichen es festzustellen, ob terroristische Bedrohungen einen Notstand nach Artikel 15 EMRK rechtfertigen. Weiters werden mögliche negative Auswirkungen, die ein Notstand auf Grund von Terrorismus, auf juristische Personen haben kann, betrachtet. ; Various human rights treaties include clauses, which allow a State to temporarily derogate from certain civil and political liberties in the event of an emergency or national crisis. Derogation clauses can be found in modern human rights treaties like the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, and the European Convention on Human Rights. Throughout the decades terrorism has always posed a threat to the international community and has hence been a relevant issue in the context of derogation as an emergency measure. In order to evaluate whether terrorist threat can justify derogation according to Article 15 ECHR, this thesis provides an overview of derogation of human rights. The purpose, as well as advantages and disadvantages of derogation clauses are discussed. The core part of the thesis focuses on the derogation clause of the European Convention on Human Rights, which can be found in Article 15. Possible definitions of terrorism and an evaluation of relevant case law, as well as the discussion of the development of Article 15 ECHR and a comparison to other derogation clauses are provided, in order to analyze whether terrorism may justify derogation under Article 15 ECHR. Furthermore, the possible negative effects on legal entities, which are posed by emergency measurements to counter terrorism, are discussed under the aspect of recent developments. ; von Jana Magdalena Raith, BA ; Abstracts in Deutsch und Englisch ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2016 ; (VLID)1506348

Human rights problems exist all over Europe. Although the European Court of Human Rights is competent to deal with individual complaints about such problems, the Court is much criticised. Moreover, there may be little political will or capacity to tackle the structural problems which have caused such complaints to be made. At the same time, the judgments of the Court can be shown to have great impact on national case-law, legislation and policy. Paradoxically, thus, the Court's case-law has an important transformative power, as is further explained in this article.

This paper, deals with the specific position of the European Convention of Human Rights within the EU human rights architecture. Special attention is drawn to the relationship between the European Convention of Human Rights and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, as well as the relationship between the European Convention of Human Rights and general legal principles. Despite some tensions between the Luxembourg and the Strasbourg systems of protection, the European Convention remains an important external pillar of the human rights doctrine of the EU Court of Justice. The European Convention and the relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights continue to be a stabilizing element of the European protection of human rights.

The advancement of new technologies is radically changing the world. Nowadays society is a transparent society. In recent years, the use of video surveillance cameras (also called Closed Circuit Television, or CCTV) throughout the world has grown to unprecedented levels. And there we find out many problems, concerning protection of an individuals private life. The work discusses the issue of right to private life protection in a context of video surveillance. The right to private life is quite young in world's legitimate system and especially in Lithuanian law system. Personal data protection as a part of privacy right is an aspect of human rights. This proposition is universally accepted. As long ago as 1948, privacy was given recognition in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1950, privacy was implemented in European Convention of Human Rights. This work is divided into three parts. One of them is talking about a conception of a privacy, separates data protection conception from right to private law, the second one is talking about video surveillance systems in general, their technical capacity, the last one is talking about European Convention of Human Rights and its article 8 as the main principle which is a sound base for European Union and Lithuanian regulation of video surveillance, analysis Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Directive 95/46/EC of the European Union, Constitution of Lithuania, Lithuanian Data Protection Law in the context of video surveillance. As the studies of right to privacy (and personal data as a part of it) protection in the context of video surveillance are only making their first steps in Lithuania, these thesis was aiming to explore and define the right to privacy (personal data protection problem) in oder to give firm grounds for the scientific investigations of this field in the future.

The advancement of new technologies is radically changing the world. Nowadays society is a transparent society. In recent years, the use of video surveillance cameras (also called Closed Circuit Television, or CCTV) throughout the world has grown to unprecedented levels. And there we find out many problems, concerning protection of an individuals private life. The work discusses the issue of right to private life protection in a context of video surveillance. The right to private life is quite young in world's legitimate system and especially in Lithuanian law system. Personal data protection as a part of privacy right is an aspect of human rights. This proposition is universally accepted. As long ago as 1948, privacy was given recognition in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1950, privacy was implemented in European Convention of Human Rights. This work is divided into three parts. One of them is talking about a conception of a privacy, separates data protection conception from right to private law, the second one is talking about video surveillance systems in general, their technical capacity, the last one is talking about European Convention of Human Rights and its article 8 as the main principle which is a sound base for European Union and Lithuanian regulation of video surveillance, analysis Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Directive 95/46/EC of the European Union, Constitution of Lithuania, Lithuanian Data Protection Law in the context of video surveillance. As the studies of right to privacy (and personal data as a part of it) protection in the context of video surveillance are only making their first steps in Lithuania, these thesis was aiming to explore and define the right to privacy (personal data protection problem) in oder to give firm grounds for the scientific investigations of this field in the future.

The advancement of new technologies is radically changing the world. Nowadays society is a transparent society. In recent years, the use of video surveillance cameras (also called Closed Circuit Television, or CCTV) throughout the world has grown to unprecedented levels. And there we find out many problems, concerning protection of an individuals private life. The work discusses the issue of right to private life protection in a context of video surveillance. The right to private life is quite young in world's legitimate system and especially in Lithuanian law system. Personal data protection as a part of privacy right is an aspect of human rights. This proposition is universally accepted. As long ago as 1948, privacy was given recognition in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1950, privacy was implemented in European Convention of Human Rights. This work is divided into three parts. One of them is talking about a conception of a privacy, separates data protection conception from right to private law, the second one is talking about video surveillance systems in general, their technical capacity, the last one is talking about European Convention of Human Rights and its article 8 as the main principle which is a sound base for European Union and Lithuanian regulation of video surveillance, analysis Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Directive 95/46/EC of the European Union, Constitution of Lithuania, Lithuanian Data Protection Law in the context of video surveillance. As the studies of right to privacy (and personal data as a part of it) protection in the context of video surveillance are only making their first steps in Lithuania, these thesis was aiming to explore and define the right to privacy (personal data protection problem) in oder to give firm grounds for the scientific investigations of this field in the future.

The advancement of new technologies is radically changing the world. Nowadays society is a transparent society. In recent years, the use of video surveillance cameras (also called Closed Circuit Television, or CCTV) throughout the world has grown to unprecedented levels. And there we find out many problems, concerning protection of an individuals private life. The work discusses the issue of right to private life protection in a context of video surveillance. The right to private life is quite young in world's legitimate system and especially in Lithuanian law system. Personal data protection as a part of privacy right is an aspect of human rights. This proposition is universally accepted. As long ago as 1948, privacy was given recognition in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1950, privacy was implemented in European Convention of Human Rights. This work is divided into three parts. One of them is talking about a conception of a privacy, separates data protection conception from right to private law, the second one is talking about video surveillance systems in general, their technical capacity, the last one is talking about European Convention of Human Rights and its article 8 as the main principle which is a sound base for European Union and Lithuanian regulation of video surveillance, analysis Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Directive 95/46/EC of the European Union, Constitution of Lithuania, Lithuanian Data Protection Law in the context of video surveillance. As the studies of right to privacy (and personal data as a part of it) protection in the context of video surveillance are only making their first steps in Lithuania, these thesis was aiming to explore and define the right to privacy (personal data protection problem) in oder to give firm grounds for the scientific investigations of this field in the future.

The Internet-related cases coming to the European Court of Human Rights provide a good illustration of the challenges posed to the protection of human rights as based on the European Convention of Human Rights drafted in 1950. Considering that the Convention is a 70-year-old instrument, the Strasbourg Court has to deal with these cases using the body of principles and interpretation methods and techniques that has been developed so far, and in particular the 'living instrument' doctrine. In this study I propose to explore some main threads in the Court's jurisprudence on Internet-related cases, outlining the specific nature of Internet-related cases, discussing the problem of rights connected with the Internet as well as the impact of the Internet on such classical rights as freedom of expression and the right to privacy. I conclude that the Internet-related case law of the Convention is in a process of constant development. The Strasbourg Court has demonstrated that it is capable of dealing with Internet-related cases based on general Convention norms and using its well-developed interpretation techniques. The striking feature of Strasbourg's case law is the ECtHR's recognition of the considerable importance of the Internet as regards the exercise of freedom of expression, and in particular freedom to seek and access information. Although the ECtHR regards the Internet as a communication medium, however, it recognises its specific features which affect the performance of rights protected by the Convention as well as dangers it poses for the protection of human rights under the European Convention of Human Rights. ; University of Gdańsk, Poland ; Adam Wiśniewski is Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Public International Law in the Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Gdańsk, Poland. ; adam.wisniewski@prawo.ug.edu.pl ; 109 ; 133 ; 3 ; Best M.L., Can the Internet Be a Human Right? (in:) S. Hick, E.F. Halpin and E. Hoskins (eds.), Human Rights and the Internet, New York 2000. ; Decision of the ECtHR of 11 March 2014 as to the admissibility of the case of Akdeniz v. Turkey, application no. 20877/10. ; Decision of the ECtHR of 18 October 2005 as to the admissibility of the case of Perrin v. the United Kingdom. ; Directive 2000/31 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market. ; Garlicki L. (ed.), Konwencja o Ochronie Praw Człowieka i Podstawowych Wolności. Tom I, Komentarz do artykułów 1–18, Warsaw 2010. ; Flogartis S., Zwart T., Fraser J., The European Court of Human Rights and its Discontents. Turning Criticism into Strength, Cheltenham/Northampton 2013. ; Gosztonyi G European Court of Human Rights: Internet Access as a Means of Receiving and Imparting Information and Ideas, "International Comparative Jurisprudence" 2020, vol. 6, no. 2, https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/6292. ; Human Rights Council: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue, 16 May 2011, A/HRC/17/27, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/G12/153/25/PDF/G1215325.pdf?OpenElement. ; Human Rights Council: The promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet, 27 June 2016, https://www.article19.org/data/fi les/Internet_Statement_Adopted.pdf. ; Internet: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe, 2011, updated June 2015, https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/research_report_internet_eng.pdf. ; Kakavoulis K., The case Google Spain v. AEPD and Mario Costeja Gonzalez of the Court of Justice of the European Union: A Brief Critical Analysis, https://www.homodigitalis.gr/en/posts/2900. ; Mik C., Charakter, struktura i zakres zobowiązań z Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka, "Państwo i Prawo" 1992, no. 4. ; Murphy T. and O Cuinn G., Works in Progress: New Technologies and the European Court of Human Rights, "Human Rights Law Review" 2010, vol 10, no. 4. ; Karska E. and Karski K., Introduction: Extraterritorial Scope of Human Rights, "International Community Law Review" 2015, vol. 17, no. 4–5. ; Prebensen S.C., The Margin of Appreciation and Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the Convention, "Human Rights Law Journal" 1998, vol. 19, no. 1. ; Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue, GE.11–13201, 16 May 2011, https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/ 17session/A.HRC.17.27_en.pdf. ; Jasmontaite L. and Hert P. de, Access to the Internet in the EU: A Policy Priority, a Fundamental, a Human Right or a Concern for eGovernment? "Brussels Privacy Hub Working Paper" February 2020, vol. 6, no. 19, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339860840_Access_to_the_Internet_in_the_EU_a_policy_priority_a_fundamental_a_human_right_or_a_concern_for_eGovernment. ; Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 'Freedom of Expression on the Internet: A study of legal provisions and practices related to freedom of expression, the free flow of information and media pluralism on the Internet in OSCE participating States', 15 December 2011, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/e/f/80723.pdf. ; Rzucidło J., Prawo dostępu do internetu jako podstawowe prawo człowieka: Część I, "Kwartalnik Naukowy Prawo Mediów Elektronicznych" 2010, no. 2. ; Szeghalmi V., Difficulties Regarding the Right to Be Forgotten in the Case Law of the Strasbourg Court, "Athens Journal of Law" 2018, vol. 4, no. 3. ; Wiśniewski A., Koncepcja marginesu oceny w orzecznictwie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka, Gdańsk 2008. ; Zieliński M., Dostęp do Internetu jako prawo człowieka? W sprawie potrzeby nowej wolności w konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, "Przegląd Sejmowy" 2013, no. 4. ; 26

International Human Rights Courts (IHRCts), such as the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), have come under increasing criticism as being incompatible with domestic judicial and legislative mechanisms for upholding rights. These domestic instruments are said to possess greater democratic legitimacy than international instruments do or could do. Within the UK this critique has led some prominent judges and politicians to propose withdrawing from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Legal cosmopolitans respond by denying the validity of this democratic critique. By contrast this article argues that such criticisms are defensible from a political constitutionalist perspective but that International Human Rights Conventions (IHRCs) can nevertheless be understood in ways that meet them. To do so, IHRC must be conceived as legislated for and controlled by an international association of democratic states, which authorizes IHRCts and holds them accountable, limiting them to 'weak review'. The resulting model of IHRC is that of a 'two level' political constitution. The ECHR is shown to largely accord with this model, which is argued to be both more plausible and desirable than a legal cosmopolitan model that sidelines democracy and advocates 'strong' review.

Today the organised crime does not limit within one country's boundaries. Thus, in order to fight it, the use of special investigative methods that would be the most effective, is inevitably used. On one hand, by the use of such special investigative methods it is aimed to protect the rights and fundamental freedoms of persons and secure society. However, on the other hand, the use of such investigative methods may violate the rights of persons with regard to whom such methods are applied. In the context of different international organisations such as the Council of Europe, United Nations, European Union a number of conventions are adopted that allow special investigative methods, including undercover agents, wiretapping, interception of telecommunications and access to computer systems and etc. that would facilitate to gather evidence in such sphere.

Innerhalb der nächsten Jahre kann die EU der EMRK beitreten und sich damit der externen Kontrolle eines internationalen Vertragsregimes unterwerfen. Individuen werden somit den EGMR wegen angeblicher Menschenrechtsverletzungen durch EU-Recht anrufen und Beschwerden direkt gegen die EU richten können.Diese Dissertation behandelt die Frage, wie der Beitritt und das EMRK-Schutzsystem mit der Autonomie des EU-Rechts vereinbart werden können. Dabei wird auch berücksichtigt, wie dieses Ziel erreicht werden kann, ohne dabei das existierende EMRK-System zu gefährden. Daher untersucht diese Dissertation die definitorische und theoretische Grundlage des Begriffs ?Rechtsautonomie? und, im darauffolgenden Hauptteil, fünf verschiedene Rechtsprobleme, welche der Beitritt der EU zur EMRK aufwirft. Diese Kapitel umfassen den rechtlichen Status der EMRK und des Beitrittsabkommens innerhalb des Unionsrechts nach dem Beitritt; die externe Kontrolle des EU-Rechts durch Straßburg und die mögliche Subordination des EuGH unter den EGMR; die Zukunft der Individualbeschwerden und die Einführung des sogenannten ?co-respondent?-Mechanismus; die rechtliche Ausgestaltung von Staatenbeschwerden nach den Beitritt und potentielle Jurisdiktionskonflikte zwischen Straßburg und Luxemburg; und schließlich das Wechselspiel des in der EMRK verankerten Subsidiaritätsprinzips (Erschöpfung des innerstaatlichen Instanzenzuges) und der Einbindung des EuGH in EU-relevanten Fällen.Diese Dissertation zeigt, dass das Beitrittsabkommen durchaus geeignet ist, die Autonomie des EU-Rechts mit dem EMRK-System in Übereinstimmung zu bringen. Außerdem demonstriert diese Arbeit, dass diese Autonomie aufrechterhalten werden kann, ohne dabei das bestehende Schutzsystem der EMRK in irgendeiner Weise zu gefährden oder den Schutzstandard für Individuen zu senken. Damit ist es das abschließende Resultat dieser Dissertation, dass die Autonomie der EU-Rechtsordnung tatsächlich mit dem EMRK-System vereinbar ist. ; Within the next couple of years, the EU may finally accede to the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) and become subject to the external judicial supervision of an international treaty regime. Individuals will be entitled to submit applications, alleging that their fundamental rights have been violated by legal acts rooted in EU law, against the EU directly to the Strasbourg Court.This study focuses on the question how accession and the system of human rights protection under the ECHR can be reconciled with the autonomy of EU law. This study therefore explores the definitional and theoretical basis of the term ?legal autonomy? and five specific legal issues relating to the EU?s accession to the ECHR. These particular issues cover the legal status and the rank of the ECHR and the Accession Agreement within EU law after accession; the external review of EU law by Strasbourg and the potential subordination of the Luxembourg Court under the European Court of Human Rights; the future of individual applications and the introduction of the so-called co-respondent mechanism; the legal arrangement of inter-party cases and the presumable clash of jurisdictions between the Strasbourg and Luxembourg Courts; and the interplay between the ECHR?s subsidiarity principle (the exhaustion of local remedies) and the prior involvement of the Luxembourg Court in EU-related cases.This study shows that the Draft Accession Agreement is adequate to reconcile the autonomy of EU law with the ECHR?s system of human rights protection, and proves that the drafters of the Accession Agreement accomplished to reconcile the accession of one legal system to another without decreasing the standards of human rights protection provided for by the ECHR. It is therefore the final result of this study that the autonomy of EU law and the EU?s accession to the ECHR are in fact compatible with each other without compromising the system of human rights protection established by the ECHR. ; by Paul Gragl ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Diss., 2012 ; OeBB ; (VLID)222300