Rapid spread of cryptocurrencies and the underlying technologies (blockchain) can transform the global financial system, as cryptocurrency has the potential to become a universal global currency. The article makes the conclusion concerning the timeliness and importance of cryptocurrency legitimization in Russia, which alongside the identified shortcomings contains significant competitive preferences for the banking industry, financial services market as well as for the state, drawing on quality blockchain technology mastering. The paper recommends to clarify the definition of electronic money in the Federal law «On National Payment System» under which a transaction with the cryptocurrency eliminates a third party intermediation. According to the authors, the spread of cryptocurrencies and the use of the blockchain technology will with a high degree of probability result in the transformation of the world monetary system due to the development of cryptoeconomy.
The subject of the research is management systems used in construction organizations and methods of decision support while choosing the system of management. The purpose of the work is to offer a method of decision support for managing a construction organization when choosing a transition to a process management approach or a project-oriented management approach. The article emphasizes the relevance of improving the quality of enterprise management in construction industry, and provides an overview of domestic and foreign literature on improving management methods. The study substantiates the need for a method to support decision-making while shifting to a new management system. The authors propose a method based on the evaluation criteria obtained through a survey of the company's management. The proposed method helps managers and founders to make a decision concerning the choice of management system and warns against erroneous decisions and losses associated with the introduction of a management system "inefficient" for the construction company.
Many countries are subject to sanctions, often imposed by more developed countries due to political circumstances on the part of economic. In such circumstances, the development of a country under sanctions can be characterized by a number of features, such as lack of access to credit funds of the global banking system, difficulties in carrying out international banking operations, etc. However, the example of some countries, in particular Iran, shows the ex-istence of opportunities for the development of the monetary system in terms of sanctions. The development of the monetary system of the Islamic Republic of Iran at the expense of decentralization is characterized by universal practical examples of counteraction to sanctions, confirming the possibility of real counteraction from the state subjected to sanctions. ; Многие страны находятся под действием санкций, зачастую налагаемых в связи с политическими обстоятельствами со стороны экономически более развитых стран. В подобных обстоятельствах развитие страны, находящейся под действием санкций может быть охарактеризовано рядом особенностей, таких как отсутствие доступа к кредитным средствам мировой банковской системы, сложности с выполнением международных банковских операций и т. д. Однако пример некоторых стран, в частности Ирана, показывает наличие возможностей развития денежно-кредитной системы в условиях санкций. Развитие денежно-кредитной системы Исламской республики Иран через децентрализацию, характеризуется унивесральными практическими примерами противодейстия санкциям, подтверждающими возможность реального противодействия со стороны государства, подвергнутого санкциям.
В статье рассматривается вариант системы поддержки принятия решений сотрудников и руководителей различных организаций. Раскрывается предназначение, необходимость и предполагаемый эффект программных модулей системы.
This article discusses organization of franchise systems, identifies the main stages of formation of franchise which are necessary for creation of quality franchise proposals and efficient development of the franchise network in the future. Also, the article analyses the activity and strategies of Russian franchisors on market. Special attention is paid to the promotion of a franchise as a key step in building a franchise network.
The scientific report presents the results of a study of various approaches to the construction of modern quality management systems in medical organizations. Trends in the development of healthcare systems in the world and in the Russian Federation are analyzed, it is shown what role, on the one hand, the development of the infrastructure of medical care for the population, the staff of medical organizations, and on the other hand, the satisfaction of patients with the quality of the services provided to them by the medical organization, plays.
Статья посвящена рассмотрению и анализу основных вех «холодной войны» и ее влиянии на систему региональной безопасности в Европе. Автор отмечает ключевую роль Старого Света в тот исторический период времени, выделяя колоссальное сосредоточение вооруженных сил в регионе вкупе с геополитической стабильностью.
Political and economic changes occurring in Russia in the past decades caused the emergence of new legal forms and concepts including non-commercial organizations. The discussion of the need to improve the system of tax control over non-commercial organizations has been going on for a while. The paper analyzes the national legislation concerning non-commercial organizations and makes a conclusion that at present an effective system of identifying non-commercial organizations for the purposes of tax administration does not exist. The financial statements of non-commercial organizations based on the SPARK database have been studied; a system of identification of non-commercial organizations through the unification of legal forms of non-commercial organizations and bringing the latter to a finite number of types: conventionally profitless non-commercial and profitable non-commercial organizations are proposed. ; Политические и экономические изменения, происходящие в России в последние десятилетия, явились условием возникновения новых юридических форм и понятий, к числу которых относятся и некоммерческие организации. Дискуссия о необходимости совершенствования системы налогового контроля некоммерческих организаций ведется давно. В статье проанализировано национальное законодательство в отношении некоммерческих организаций и сделан вывод об отсутствии действующей системы идентификации некоммерческих организаций для целей налогового администрирования. Исследованы финансовые отчеты некоммерческих организаций на основе базы системы СПАРК, предложена система идентификации некоммерческих организаций путем унификации организационно-правовых форм некоммерческих организаций и сведения всех их к конечному числу типов: условно бесприбыльные и прибыльные некоммерческие организации.
The purpose of the study is to characterize the Russian model of monetary circulation during the transition from pre-capitalist forms of economy to a relatively developed capitalism in the late XIX century. The paper provides the analysis of theoretical ideas on the specifics of metal, paper and credit instruments of circulation. The key principles of the Russian model of monetary circulation are formulated in the programs of statesmen (M. M. Speransky, E. F. Kankrin, S. Yu. Witte), in the works of economists who presented alternative concepts of money, the theoretical provisions of which formed the conceptual «core» of the new monetary system. The article reveals the features of quantitative approach of N. I. Turgenev, who was the first to analyze the factors of inflation development associated with issue of banknotes, and possible scenarios of monetary reform aimed at its mitigation. The author identifies fundamental differences in the methods of reforming Russia's monetary system in 1839-1843 and 1895-1897, considers the characteristic features of the new system of «state credit money», the concept introduced by M. M. Speransky, and the criteria for its stabilization. He then shows that the concept of «state credit money» arose at the intersection of the interests of market and state economy and reveals the role of state and commercial institutions in forming a new model of monetary circulation. The paper reveals the specifics of the domestic monetary system during the transition to capitalist production. The study contributes to the development of the theory of money, as it shows the relationship between the evolution of national economic system, the model of monetary circulation and the instruments of state regulation of the market situation. The author concludes that the changes that occurred in the theories of money are a reflection of changes in the monetary system itself and state monetary policy during the periods of economic transformation.
The purpose of the study is to characterize the Russian model of monetary circulation during the transition from pre-capitalist forms of economy to a relatively developed capitalism in the late XIX century. The paper provides the analysis of theoretical ideas on the specifics of metal, paper and credit instruments of circulation. The key principles of the Russian model of monetary circulation are formulated in the programs of statesmen (M. M. Speransky, E. F. Kankrin, S. Yu. Witte), in the works of economists who presented alternative concepts of money, the theoretical provisions of which formed the conceptual «core» of the new monetary system. The article reveals the features of quantitative approach of N. I. Turgenev, who was the first to analyze the factors of inflation development associated with issue of banknotes, and possible scenarios of monetary reform aimed at its mitigation. The author identifies fundamental differences in the methods of reforming Russia's monetary system in 1839-1843 and 1895-1897, considers the characteristic features of the new system of «state credit money», the concept introduced by M. M. Speransky, and the criteria for its stabilization. He then shows that the concept of «state credit money» arose at the intersection of the interests of market and state economy and reveals the role of state and commercial institutions in forming a new model of monetary circulation. The paper reveals the specifics of the domestic monetary system during the transition to capitalist production. The study contributes to the development of the theory of money, as it shows the relationship between the evolution of national economic system, the model of monetary circulation and the instruments of state regulation of the market situation. The author concludes that the changes that occurred in the theories of money are a reflection of changes in the monetary system itself and state monetary policy during the periods of economic transformation.
This article examines the specifics of the income inequality structure in modern Russian society, as well as the tendencies for its change during the country's post-Soviet period of development. It is shown that, compared to other countries, the traditional economic indexes which measure income inequality (decile ratio, Gini coefficient) position the Russian Federation as a country with a high degree of inequality within the mass layers of the population, especially when compared to Europe, albeit the level of inequality is slightly lower compared to BRICS member states. When using equivalence scales, which adjust the people's income after factoring in economies of scale in consumption, Russia's inequality figures improve even more. Based on quintile income distribution and the concentration of income within the highest quintile, Russia also occupies an intermediate position, surpassing most European countries, though not BRICS member states. However, the highest quintile is characterized by a high degree of differentiation. When transitioning from the wealthiest 20% of the population to the 1–5%, Russia's place among other countries of the world changes significantly: when it comes to the gap between the "upper crust" and the masses, Russia can be considered one of the leading countries in the world.
It has also been revealed that on the other end of the income distribution spectrum, at the population's lower strata, there has been a noticeable "rise" of low-income groups in the last few years, with them somewhat approaching the middle. It was manifested in a more rapid increase in prosperity among the lower 40% of the population when compared to the population in general, as well as in a noticeable decrease in poverty levels during the 2000's. Those citizens who were left in the lower strata of income distribution created a clearer image of poverty, which differs from the "average Russian" and emphasizes the importance of gauging not only low income level, but also an array of non-monetary inequality dimensions. Such a process of "homogenization" has lead to an increase in the size of groups with median and average income, with them being the most numerous groups in the current structure of Russian society. However, the increase in the number of people in said groups was not only caused by their shifts from low-income groups of the population, but also because of some members from the more prosperous strata experiencing an "averaging" of their level of income as well.
This article assesses the impact of sovereign countries in global financial governance. It uses the methodology of international political economy that studies the interaction between political and economic processes in the international arena. It shows the dualistic nature of international financial institutions, which, on the one hand, represent intergovernmental organizations and, on the other hand, are financial institutions with financial goals. The author investigates the principles of sovereign equality, equitable geographical representation and equal (parity) representation of groups of countries with distinct interests in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Group of 20 (G20) and Financial Stability Board (FSB). The IMF's decision-making mechanism is shown in detail, including its executive board and the recent redistribution of quotas among member states, with special attention on the formula for calculating quotas, its criticism and possible reform. The article shows the major causes of reducing the impact of the IMF and the formation of a new, globally distributed system of financial governance. The article shows the hierarchy (by function as well as by country representativeness) of the system of global financial governance, established by 2010. It discusses the leadership of countries according to quantity and to key indicators (revenues, assets and market capitalization) of global systemically important financial institutions (banks and insurance company). Based on countries' membership in the G7 and the G20, the FSB, IMF, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and Bank for International Settlements countries are designated as at the core, semi-periphery or periphery of the international financial system in the context of the world systems theory. The influence of the technical elite, prevailing in the international financial sector, as well as the qualitative composition (education) of its members are revealed. The article concludes that there is significant polarization in the international financial system (core and the socalled marginal majority). Unlike the IMF, the newly created global financial institutions of the G20 and FSB fully comply with the principles of equitable geographical representation and parity representation of states with distinct interests.
In this article an attempt of analysis of peculiarities of the market of crypto currency is carried out, peculiarities of peer payment systems such as Bitcoin, Namecoin, Litecoin, PPCoin, Novacoin are analyzed. Attitude to crypto currency in the modern world is ambiguous, due to the pseudo anonymity of crypto currency the use of crypto currency may have fraudulent schemes, may be used for financing shadow sector, including terrorism and drug trafficking. Author explores possible links of crypto currency and shadow economy, highlights the main distinguishing characteristics of crypto currency and payment schemes with their use, the analysis of pros and cons of presence of competitive money in the economic cycle of the country is carried out. ; В статье приводится попытка анализа особенностей рынка криптовалют, анализируются особенности пиринговых платежных систем, таких как Bitcoin, Namecoin, Litecoin, PPCoin, Novacoin. Отношение к криптовалютам в современном мире неоднозначно, в связи с псевдоанонимностью криптовалют использование криптовалют может иметь мошеннические схемы, в том числе финансирование теневого сектора терроризма и наркоторговли. Исследуются возможные взаимосвязи криптовалют и теневого сектора экономики, выделяются основные отличительные характеристики криптовалют и платежных схем с их использованием, проводится анализ плюсов и минусов наличия конкурентных денег в хозяйственном цикле страны.
Article on the use of the paradigm of self-organization theory as a basis for the application of scientific methodology in the humanitarian and economic disciplines. The author substantiates the link between the laws of dialectics, thermodynamics, biology and patterns of socio-economic development.
Article on the use of systems analysis indexes that are based on the basic relations of the theory of self-organization. The author substantiates the thesis of the universal nature of laws, reflecting the effectiveness of competitive adaptation of economic systems in the environment.
