Suchergebnisse

The production of biofuels is strongly supported all over the world as a renewable energy source for reducing dependence on the unstable oil market. Bioethanol, the main biofuel produced in the world, is widely used to power vehicles in both the USA and Brazil, but concerns exist in both places regarding its sustainability. In Brazil, it is produced from a by product of the sugar cane industry, while in the USA it is manufactured from food crops. The production of biogas and biodiesel is growing rapidly, but neither has outpaced the production of bioethanol. The European Union (EU) is greatly interested in this issue, and in 2011 adopted an extensive strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions related to transport by 60% by the year 2050. In order to achieve this result, the current European transportation system must be transformed. This ambitious goal will require the implementation of complex measures including the reduction of fossil fuels in favor of renewable fuels. This program has various options regarding the development of biofuels (e. g., biogas, bioethanol and biodiesel) and their related technologies, which are still on trial (mainly regarding the bioethanol production), and must also analyze their sustainability from a social and economic standpoint. The paper discusses the use of biofuels for transport in the European setting, and shows that their sustainability may result in relevant negative social effects due mainly to the use of land for energy crops (e.g., change of food price and world food shortage). ; A produção de biocombustíveis é fortemente reconhecida em todo o mundo como uma fonte de energia renovável para reduzir a dependência do mercado instável do petróleo. Bioetanol, o principal biocombustível produzido no mundo, é largamente utilizado para a mobilidade no Brasil, e também nos EUA, mas com diferenças de sustentabilidade, porque no Brasil ele é produzido a partir de um subproduto da indústria de cana-de-açúcar, enquanto nos EUA é fabricado com culturas alimentares. Biogás e biodiesel estão crescendo rapidamente, mesmo que em um nível muito menor do que o bioetanol. A União Europeia (UE) observa este assunto com grande interesse e, há dois anos, adoptou uma ampla estratégia para reduzir em 60% as emissões de dióxido de carbono no setor de transporte, até o ano 2050. A fim de alcançar esse resultado, será necessária a transformação do atual sistema europeu de transportes. A ambiciosa meta implicará em medidas complexas, incluindo a limitação do uso de combustíveis fósseis em favor de combustíveis renováveis. Este programa abre várias possibilidades de desenvolvimento dos biocombustíveis (ou seja, biogás, bioetanol e biodiesel). Para concretizar este avanço, é preciso se desenvolver tecnologias de nova geração em fase de experimentação (principalmente para a produção de bioetanol a partir de resíduos florestais), bem como a análise da sustentabilidade econômica e social desta nova fonte de combustível. Este artigo trata da utilização de biocombustíveis nos transportes no cenário europeu e mostra que a produção de biocombustíveis pode aumentar efeitos sociais negativos relevantes, principalmente ligados ao uso da terra para culturas energéticas em vez de alimentos com efeitos sobre o preço de mercado e da escassez mundial de alimentos. ; The production of biofuels is strongly supported all over the world as a renewable energy source for reducing dependence on the unstable oil market. Bioethanol, the main biofuel produced in the world, is widely used to power vehicles in both the USA and Brazil, but concerns exist in both places regarding its sustainability. In Brazil, it is produced from a by product of the sugar cane industry, while in the USA it is manufactured from food crops. The production of biogas and biodiesel is growing rapidly, but neither has outpaced the production of bioethanol. The European Union (EU) is greatly interested in this issue, and in 2011 adopted an extensive strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions related to transport by 60% by the year 2050. In order to achieve this result, the current European transportation system must be transformed. This ambitious goal will require the implementation of complex measures including the reduction of fossil fuels in favor of renewable fuels. This program has various options regarding the development of biofuels (e. g., biogas, bioethanol and biodiesel) and their related technologies, which are still on trial (mainly regarding the bioethanol production), and must also analyze their sustainability from a social and economic standpoint. The paper discusses the use of biofuels for transport in the European setting, and shows that their sustainability may result in relevant negative social effects due mainly to the use of land for energy crops (e.g., change of food price and world food shortage).

The purpose of the article was to study the experience of self-governance of lawyers in the countries of the European Union EU. On the basis of this material recommendations aimed at improving the advocacy system are provided. Achieving the set goal involved the resolution of the following tasks: a) to reveal the mechanism of functioning of the system of self-government of lawyers in the EU countries and identify its universal features, and; b) to determine the main models of the system of self-government of lawyers in the EU countries. The scope of the study was constituted by public rules, regulated by law, arising in the provision of legal services in the application of the legal profession and the implementation by representatives of its bodies of the right to self-government. The methodological basis of the study consists of general and specific research methods. It is concluded that, the manifestation of the principle of independence of the legal profession and the guarantee of full functioning of the self-governing bodies of bar associations in the EU countries consists in ensuring the freedom of their activities within the legality and its implementation in practice.

The aim of this study was to examine the migration policy of the European Union EU and to identify its strengths and problems requiring improvement. In order to achieve the objectives, set, international standards, EU legislation, the analysis of EU statistical data and the study of scientific opinions on the problem have been analyzed. It is concluded that the main areas of EU migration policy are the following: the principle of human rights and freedoms; political equality and mutual assistance of the member states of the union; border protection and prevention of illegal migration; integration and inclusion of migrants in the social phenomena of the receiving country; management of migration processes and migration management; negotiation and cooperation policies with third countries; ensuring "circular migration"; active participation of the labor force, particularly highly skilled workers; active participation of migrants in the labor market and of their families, which is a key factor for the success of migration.

1. INTRODUCCIÓN.- 2. ASPECTOS COMPETENCIALES.- 3. ESTATUTO JURÍDICO DEL INMIGRANTE NO COMUNITARIO. 3.1. Régimen general. 3.2. Regímenes especiales. 3.2.1. El Acuerdo con Turquía. 3.2.2. Los acuerdos con los países del Magreb. 3.2.3. Acuerdos celebrados con algunos países de la Europa central y Oriental. 3.2.4. Un régimen especialmente privilegiado: el acuerdo EEE.-4. INTEGRACIÓN DE LOS INMIGRANTES DE TERCEROS PAISES. 4.1. Significado de la integración. 4.2. Derecho primario: empleo. 4.2. Derechos secundarios. 4.2.1. Residencia. 4.2.2. Reagrupación familiar. 4.2.3. Integración social. 4.3. La naturalización, medida controvertida.- 5. LA LIBRE CIRCULACIÓN DE LOS TRABAJADORES NO COMUNITARIOS.- 6. UNOS INMIGRANTES PRIVILEGIADOS: NACIONALES DE TERCEROS ESTADOS, FAMILIA DE UN NACIONAL COMUNITARIO. 7. CONCLUSIONES Y PROPUESTAS NORMATIVAS. 7.1. Conclusiones. 7.2. Propuestas normativas.

The present paper studies the mass and uncontrollable streams of migrants into the European Union (EU) starting from 2014. In scientific and public discourse, this phenomenon was called the "migratory crisis". The paper analyzes the causes of forced migration from Africa and the Middle East, which is characterized both by national and global problems. The authors reveal the ambiguous position of EU member states with respect to the illegal migration and identify two basic approaches, which were formed in the course of political discussions concerning this crisis in the context of EU safety. In particular, the research shows the changes in the content of threats to the EU member states, caused by the uncontrollable migration in the recent decades. The article presents a survey of the fundamental characteristics of migratory crisis, the measures developed by the EU structures for its overcoming and the results of their implementation.

June 23, 2016, will be a day difficult to forget, mainly in Europe. Should the United Kingdom remain part of the European Union (EU) or not?, was the question posed in the historic referendum and the majority, with a very little margin, voted in favor of leaving the EU.This is how the United Kingdom became the first country that decided to leave the European Union, where it remained for more than four decades, dealing an unprecedented blow to an emblematic integration process worldwide. In what it seems an irreversible process, the United Kingdom began on March 29, 2017, the formal process to leave the European Union (EU), activating Article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon that provides a mechanism for the voluntary and unilateral withdrawal of a country of the European Union.The result of the referendum and the express mention of the recovery of independence and sovereignty by the British Prime Minister Theresa May reflect the primacy of Eurosceptic or Europhobic positions on the island against the pro-Europeans. In the following lines, we will reflect on the underlying forces of the European integration process, its main milestones, to analyze the role of the United Kingdom in it and the impact of the withdrawal of the UR to the EU. ; El 23 de junio de 2016 será una fecha difícil de olvidar, principalmente en Europa. ¿Debe el Reino Unido seguir siendo parte o no de la Unión Europea (UE)? fue la pregunta planteada en el histórico referéndum en el que la mayoría, por un pequeño margen, votó a favor de abandonar la UE.Es así como el Reino Unido se convirtió en el primer país que decidió salir de la Unión Europea, donde permaneció más de cuatro décadas, imprimiéndole con esta decisión un golpe sin precedentes a un proceso de integración emblemático a nivel mundial.En lo que parece un proceso irreversible, el Reino Unido comenzó el 29 de marzo de 2017 el proceso formal para abandonar la Unión Europea (UE), activando el artículo 50 del Tratado de Lisboa que prevé un mecanismo para la retirada voluntaria y unilateral de un país de la Unión Europea.El resultado del referéndum y la mención expresa de la recuperación de la independencia y de la soberanía por parte de la primera ministra británica Theresa May reflejan la primacía de las posiciones euroescépticas o eurofóbicas en la isla frente a las europeístas.En las líneas que siguen, reflexionaremos respecto a las fuerzas subyacentes al proceso de integración europeo, sus principales hitos, para pasar a analizar el papel del Reino Unido en el mismo y el impacto del retiro de este de la UE.

Con este trabajo pretendemos acercarnos a los procesos de integración iberoamericanos en marcha desde la perspectiva de España en el marco de la Unión Europea (UE) con especial atención a los casos del Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR) y del Sistema de Integración Centroamericano (SICA). Desde su ingreso en las Comunidades Europeas, España no dejó de tender puentes entre ambos hemisferios para establecer unos Acuerdos de Asociación (AdA) necesarios entre la UE y los diversos sistemas de integración iberoamericanos, proceso que finalmente fructificó con el SICA y el MERCOSUR. ; With this research we intend to approach the Ibero-American integration processes under way from the Spanish perspective and within the framework of the European Union (EU), paying special attention to the cases of the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) and the Central American Integration System (SICA). Since its entry into the European Communities, Spain has not ceased to build bridges between the two hemispheres in order to establish the necessary Association Agreements (AA) between the EU and the various Ibero-American integration systems, a process that finally succeeded with SICA and MERCOSUR. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales

This research addresses the image and concept of Europe as reflected in the main media for EU residents published on the Costa del Sol. To this purpose, a series of pieces published between 2016 and 2018 treating this issue were selected from five media for British, German, and Swedish residents, as they are representative of the largest populations and the three most used languages in the media in the area. The results show a clear Europeanist vocation in the press for EU residents on the Costa del Sol, although they are critical of certain aspects of the European Union (EU). Furthermore, analysis of the sections, topics and sources studied allows us to confirm their interest in everything related to Europe in the amount of information they publish, although this does not always occupy the most relevant space and is usually linked more to institutional issues of the EU than to the notion of Europe as a common cultural space. ; La presente investigación aborda la imagen y el concepto de Europa que reflejan los principales medios de comunicación para residentes comunitarios que se editan en la Costa del Sol. Con este fin se han seleccionado una serie de piezas publicadas entre 2016 y 2018 que tratan esta cuestión, procedentes de cinco medios para residentes británicos, alemanes y suecos, por ser representativos de las poblaciones más numerosas y de los tres idiomas más utilizados en los medios de la zona. Los resultados muestran una clara vocación europeísta en la prensa para residentes comunitarios en la Costa del Sol, sin que por ello dejen de manifestarse críticos con determinados aspectos de la Unión Europea (UE). Además, el análisis de las secciones, temas y fuentes estudiados nos permite constatar el interés que tienen por todo lo relacionado con Europa en la cantidad de informaciones que publican, aunque éstas no siempre ocupen el espacio más relevante, y que suelen estar más vinculadas a las cuestiones institucionales de la UE que a la noción de Europa como espacio cultural común.

This paper analyses the provisions, which have been slowly but steadily implemented by the European Union (EU) in order to unify the legal rules of public revenue (particularly taxes) in all Member States. As main conclusions of this essay we can mention the following: 1) Regarding the application of taxes, the Fiscal Union has been implemented in a low degree. There is only in force a Directive on cross-border cooperation within the EU for the recovery of tax claims. 2) With regard to direct taxation there is a conflict between the reluctance of member States to give up their exclusive taxing powers and the efforts of EU institutions (particularly the Commission and the ECJ) to remove or reduce differences of treatment between residents and non residents. 3) The situation is totally different with respect to indirect taxation. The foundations for a common indirect taxation were set up in early times, back in 1967. However we must distin- guish several action fields. On the one hand we have harmonized taxes (VAT and Excise Duties). On this field the unification is weaker because it has been carried out through Directives (which implement a general legal framework and leave a big action margin to the Member States). On the other hand we have custom taxes wich is the field in which we can speak of total fiscal union in strict sense. Indeed, import duties are the same in the whole European Union and are ruled by Regulations, which unlike Directives, are directly applicable. 4) Where no Fiscal Union exists at all is in administrative and judicial procedures which exist to solve controversies related with the application of taxes. Every Member State has its own procedures and it is not possible to find common elements or rules. ; En el trabajo se realiza un estudio de las reglas que las Instituciones de la Unión Europea (UE) han ido estableciendo, de forma lenta pero constante, para unificar el régimen jurídico de los ingresos públicos, en particular, de los tributos de todos los Estados miembros. Como conclusiones del estudio podemos señalar las siguientes: 1) Por lo que se refiere a la aplicación de los tributos, la Unión fiscal dentro de la UE puede calificarse de tibia. Solo ha sido posible aprobar una Directiva sobre la colaboración de las Haciendas Públicas de los Estados miembros para el cobro de las deudas tributarias. 2) En el campo de la imposición directa se puede observar una lucha aún no resuelta entre la resistencia de los Estados miembros a perder sus competencias exclusivas en la materia, y los esfuerzos de las Instituciones comunitarias, sobre todo de la Comisión y el TJUE, para eliminar o, al menos, minimizar, las diferencias de trato entre los residentes y no residentes. 3) Es evidente que la situación es completamente diferente en el campo de la imposición indirecta y, por eso, en una época tan temprana como 1967 ya se pusieron las bases para establecer una imposición indirecta común. Con todo, hay que distinguir varios ámbitos de actuación. Por un lado, están los impuestos armonizados que son el IVA y los Impuestos especiales más importantes. En este campo, la unificación de tributación es más débil porque se ha utilizado el procedimiento legislativo de las Directivas, que, si bien establecen un marco general común, deja a los Estados miembros unos márgenes de actuación muy amplios. Y, por otra parte, nos encontramos ante la imposición sobre el tráfico exterior, que es el único campo tributario en el que se puede hablar de Unión fiscal en el sentido estricto del término. Así, los derechos de importación son comunes en toda la UE y se rigen por Reglamentos que, a diferencia de las Directivas, son de aplicación directa. 4) Donde no existe Unión fiscal alguna es en la organización y los procedimientos administrativos y judiciales existentes para resolver las controversias que suscita la aplicación de los tributos. Cada Estado miembro tiene los propios, sin que sea posible encontrar unos elementos o reglas mínimamente similares.This paper analyses the provisions, which have been slowly but steadily implemented by the European Union (EU) in order to unify the legal rules of public revenue (particularly taxes) in all Member States. As main conclusions of this essay we can mention the following: 1) Regarding the application of taxes, the Fiscal Union has been implemented in a low degree. There is only in force a Directive on cross-border cooperation within the EU for the recovery of tax claims. 2) With regard to direct taxation there is a conflict between the reluctance of member States to give up their exclusive taxing powers and the efforts of EU institutions (particularly the Commission and the ECJ) to remove or reduce differences of treatment between residents and non residents. 3) The situation is totally different with respect to indirect taxation. The foundations for a common indirect taxation were set up in early times, back in 1967. However we must distin- guish several action fields. On the one hand we have harmonized taxes (VAT and Excise Duties). On this field the unification is weaker because it has been carried out through Directives (which implement a general legal framework and leave a big action margin to the Member States). On the other hand we have custom taxes wich is the field in which we can speak of total fiscal union in strict sense. Indeed, import duties are the same in the whole European Union and are ruled by Regulations, which unlike Directives, are directly applicable. 4) Where no Fiscal Union exists at all is in administrative and judicial procedures which exist to solve controversies related with the application of taxes. Every Member State has its own procedures and it is not possible to find common elements or rules.

In the globalized world, the European Union (EU) represents a political a transition from the ontology of the nation-state to a so-called post-Wesfalian order which is based on forms of shared sovereignties. As a result, attempts at conceptualizing the EU reflect intellectual and institutional efforts to adapt the old political vocabulary of the Modern Era to contemporary political experiments and ontologies, such as the EU, where the concepts and institutions of modern democratic theory are being reappraised and redesigned. The aim of my paper is to discuss whether basic concepts and institutions of liberal democracy, such as representation and parliamentarism, are being revitalized in the EU, or the latter is leading to a post-democratic era –of technocratic governance, bureaucratization and judicialization of politics–. Given the rise of populist and nationalist politics throughout Europe, it seems worth exploring how to offset and tackle the anti-liberal democratic turn taking place in the continent, precisely by redefining and reinventing the language of democracy and rights, that is, of liberal democracy, the rule of law and citizenship, in the EU. ; Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

La presente investigación aborda la imagen y el concepto de Europa que reflejan los principales medios de comunicación para residentes comunitarios que se editan en la Costa del Sol. Con este fin se han seleccionado una serie de piezas publicadas entre 2016 y 2018 que tratan esta cuestión, procedentes de cinco medios para residentes británicos, alemanes y suecos, por ser representativos de las poblaciones más numerosas y de los tres idiomas más utilizados en los medios de la zona. Los resultados muestran una clara vocación europeísta en la prensa para residentes comunitarios en la Costa del Sol, sin que por ello dejen de manifestarse críticos con determinados aspectos de la Unión Europea (UE). Además, el análisis de las secciones, temas y fuentes estudiados nos permite constatar el interés que tienen por todo lo relacionado con Europa en la cantidad de informaciones que publican, aunque éstas no siempre ocupen el espacio más relevante, y que suelen estar más vinculadas a las cuestiones institucionales de la UE que a la noción de Europa como espacio cultural común. ; This research addresses the image and concept of Europe as reflected in the main media for EU residents published on the Costa del Sol. To this purpose, a series of pieces published between 2016 and 2018 treating this issue were selected from five media for British, German, and Swedish residents, as they are representative of the largest populations and the three most used languages in the media in the area. The results show a clear Europeanist vocation in the press for EU residents on the Costa del Sol, although they are critical of certain aspects of the European Union (EU). Furthermore, analysis of the sections, topics and sources studied allows us to confirm their interest in everything related to Europe in the amount of information they publish, although this does not always occupy the most relevant space and is usually linked more to institutional issues of the EU than to the notion of Europe as a common cultural space. ; Esta investigación ha ...

The article analyzes the effectiveness of preventive anti-corruption measures in the countries of the European Union EU. The study involved comparison and forecasting methods. The results showed that the EU is leading its efforts to develop anti-corruption legislative initiatives and their implementation at national and international level. Whistle-blower protection laws adopted in EU countries are important tools for exposing illegal activities committed in organizations. Transparency of public administration in Denmark and Finland contributes to the maintenance of moral and legal standards in society. The Danish Code of Conduct in the Public Sector and the Finnish Anti-Corruption Guide for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises have become documents that help promote corruption-free business relationships. The Finnish Harmaa (gray) project is an example of how data analytics helps law enforcement agencies process large volumes of data to prevent corruption offenses. It is concluded that the initiatives of EU countries to prevent corruption of officials can become an example for Ukraine during post-war recovery.

In December 2008 the European Union (EU) adopted political guidelines introducing measures to combat intangible transfers of technology (ITT), including mechanisms for cooperation in terms of consular vigilance. United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iran and North Korea further prohibit EU member states from ITT to these countries of concern. This paper deals with two key aspects of ITT: foreign nationals interested in sensitive disciplines and uncontrolled outflows of sensitive knowledge. Current export control and visa-screening procedures raise concerns with regard to WMD proliferation and there are gaps in the existing framework. ; En diciembre de 2008 la Unión Europea (UE) aprobó las directrices políticas que se establecen medidas de lucha contra las transferencias intangibles de tecnología (ITT), incluidos los mecanismos de cooperación en materia de vigilancia consular. Resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas con respecto a Irán y Corea del Norte prohíbe también a los Estados miembros de la UE a partir de ITT a estos países de preocupación. Este trabajo se ocupa de dos aspectos clave de la ITT: los extranjeros interesados en disciplinas sensibles y salidas incontroladas de conocimiento sensible. Control de la exportación actual y los procedimientos de visado de detección plantean inquietudes con respecto a la proliferación de armas de destrucción masiva y existen lagunas en el marco existente.

The European Union (EU) still has an outstanding problem with money laundering despite six revisions of its legal framework. The 2018 Danske Bank scandal exposed regulatory failures that allowed a large amount of euro to enter the internal market from dubious origins. This is why EU finance ministers are expected to ask the EU against money laundering and urge the bloc to set the rules and close the door to illicit money. Department of International Security and Defence. Institute for International Relations ; La Unión Europea (UE) sigue teniendo un problema pendiente con el lavado de activos a pesar de seis revisiones de su marco legal. El escándalo del Danske Bank de 2018 expuso las fallas regulatorias que permitieron que una suma cuantiosa de euros ingresase al mercado interno desde orígenes dudosos. Es por esto que se espera que los ministros de finanzas de la UE soliciten a la UE contra el lavado de activos e insten al bloque a establecer las reglas y cerrar la puerta al dinero ilícito. Departamento de Seguridad Internacional y Defensa. Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales