Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the analysis of the processes that form the basis of the European Bar, the study of the basics of legal regulation of European lawyers at the national and supranational levels to update the modern model of legal support of advocacy in Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to the need to transform domestic legal norms and bring them in line with European legal requirements for the legal profession. It is emphasized that the entire system of European Union law testifies to the autonomy of the legal profession, its independence and self-government. Emphasis is placed on the priority of guaranteeing the right to practice legal self-government. It has been found that the uniqueness of the EU lies in the fact that it includes states with specific legal systems. The European Bar is an important institution, the regulation of which is carried out at the national and supranational level of legal regulation. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the General Code of Rules for Advocates developed by the Council of Advocates and Law Societies of Europe. This code constitutes a system of rules that are decisive for bar associations. These rules are clearly correlated with the system of basic tasks performed by lawyers as members of a bar association. It has been found that the bar of the EU is a powerful self-governing organization with an extensive system of self-governing bodies. Such a system is able to ensure the effective operation of the legal profession, training of lawyers and advanced training, quality of legal services, adherence to legal ethics and corporate culture of lawyers, timely disciplinary action for violations in the professional activities of lawyers. It is noted that the system of bar self-government bodies of the European Union is quite heterogeneous. The primary level of self-governing institutions is formed depending on the judicial districts (districts of the Tribunals of the first instance). In many countries, membership of bar associations (chambers or orders of ...

The literature review on the development of physical education in European Union had been conducted in the article. The author used four directions to review the literature. In order to develop Direction 1 (theoretical background to research in physical education concepts in the EU countries), a number of sources in the field of comparative pedagogical researches have been analyzed. In order to develop Direction 2 (roots and developments of physical education in the EU countries), mostly have been used historial pedagogical and philosophical researches. In order to develop Direction 3 (practical applications of the physical educa-tion concepts in the EU countries), a number of modern sources and applied researches findings have been considered. In order to develop Direction 4 (current situation in the physical training education in the EU countries), the author has analyzed a range of researches (normative documents of the European Commission, OECD analytical materials etc.).

The literature review on the development of physical education in European Union had been conducted in the article. The author used four directions to review the literature. In order to develop Direction 1 (theoretical background to research in physical education concepts in the EU countries), a number of sources in the field of comparative pedagogical researches have been analyzed. In order to develop Direction 2 (roots and developments of physical education in the EU countries), mostly have been used historial pedagogical and philosophical researches. In order to develop Direction 3 (practical applications of the physical educa-tion concepts in the EU countries), a number of modern sources and applied researches findings have been considered. In order to develop Direction 4 (current situation in the physical training education in the EU countries), the author has analyzed a range of researches (normative documents of the European Commission, OECD analytical materials etc.).

У статті авторами розглянуті особливості митного регулювання в країнах-членах Європейського Союзу. Країнам ЄС вдалося в своїх межах реалізувати чотири основні «свободи» - вільне переміщення товарів, послуг, капіталу і праці. В свою чергу, висока ступінь гармонізації та уніфікації митних процедур та практики їх використання є однією з ключових умов, що сприяють ефективному включенню держави у світогосподарські зв'язки.Метою статті є аналіз особливостей розвитку митного регулювання у країнах-членах Європейського Союзу з початку інтеграційного процесу у країнах Європи до теперішнього часу.В статті зазначено, що однією з основ створення сучасного Європейського Союзу був Митний союз, який призвів до розвитку митної системи країн Європи. Основи Митного союзу були закладені з моменту створення Європейського об'єднання вугілля та сталі, тобто з 1951 року. Надалі митна система розвивалася паралельно з подальшим поглибленням інтеграційних процесів між європейськими країнами. Формування єдиного європейського митного простору відбувалося поступово. Створюючи Митний союз європейськими країнами був вибраний шлях рівномірного ступінчастого зниження митних тарифів у взаємній торгівлі.У статті проаналізовані основні нормативні документи, які лежать в основі митного регулювання в рамках Європейського Союзу. Основним юридичним документом ЄС, у відповідності до якого здійснюється торгівля з третіми країнами, є Митний кодекс Європейського Союзу. Авторами статті розглянута структура кодексу.Зазначено, що джерелами митного права ЄС є акти первинного та вторинного права. Найважливіше місце серед первинних джерел займає Римський договір, який був підписаний у 1957 році та сформував загальні поняття та принципи Митного союзу держав-членів. Серед актів вторинного права можна виділити ряд регламентів та директив, які були прийняті країнами-членами Євросоюзу.Як висновок, зазначено, що основою функціонування Європейського Союзу є Митний союз, який передбачає вільний рух товарів і послуг між державами-членами ЄС. Для досягнення цілей Митного союзу були вжиті певні дії у сфері митного регулювання, які значно прискорили процес започаткування єдиної валютної системи Євросоюзу, що наблизило його до кінцевої мети – повна економічна інтеграція та створення економічного союзу. Митне законодавство дозволяє Європейському Союзу організувати та проводити єдину митну політику, здійснювати митне регулювання за встановленими правилами, стимулювати розвиток внутрішнього ринку, проводити успішну єдину торговельну політику в інтересах країн-членів Євросоюзу. ; The article deals with the features of customs regulation in the member states of the European Union. The EU countries managed to realize their four basic "freedoms" - the free movement of goods, services, capital and labor. In turn, a high degree of harmonization and unification of customs procedures and practices is one of the key conditions that facilitate the effective inclusion of the state into world economic relations.The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of the development of customs regulation in the member states of the European Union since the beginning of the integration process in Europe until now.The article states that the main foundation of the modern European Union was the Customs Union, which led to the development of the customs system of European countries. The foundations of the Customs Union have been laid since the creation of the European coal and steel association, that is, since 1951. In the future, the customs system developed in parallel with the further deepening of integration processes between European countries. The formation of a single European customs space took place gradually. During creating the Customs Union, European countries choose the path of a uniformly gradual reduction of customs tariffs in mutual trade.The article analyzes the main normative documents that underlie customs regulation within the framework of the European Union. The EU legal instrument for trade with third countries is the EU Customs Code. The authors of the article considered the structure of the code.It is noted that EU sources of customs law are acts of primary and secondary law. The most important place among the primary sources is the Treaty of Rome, which was signed in 1957 and formed the general concepts and principles of the Customs Union of the Member States. Among the acts of the secondary law, there are a number of regulations and directives adopted by the member states of the European Union.As a conclusion, it is noted that the basis of the European Union is the Customs Union, which provides free movement of goods and services between EU member states. In order to achieve the goals of the Customs Union, certain actions in the field of customs regulation have been taken, which greatly accelerated the process of launching a single currency system of the European Union, which brought it closer to the ultimate goal of full economic integration and the creation of an economic union. Customs legislation allows the European Union to organize and implement a single customs policy, to carry out customs regulation in accordance with established rules, to stimulate the development of the domestic market, to pursue a successful single trade policy in the interests of the EU member states.

The article deals with the issue of the development of university education in the EU countries. The article presents statistical data on the number of students at each of the higher education levels of the European Union. The factors influencing the process of university education development have been discussed: European and national.It is generalized that the current tendencies of the development of higher education in the countries of the European Union are: the mass character of population obtaining higher education; increasing accessibility of higher education for citizens; internationalization.The general tendencies of organization of the educational process in universities of the European Union countries include: the use of higher education levels (bachelor and master); the use of credit-transfer system of training; the education quality control (developing common criteria for evaluating the quality of teaching and providing educational services); the expansion of academic mobility (creation of integrated educational programs and programs for conducting scientific researches); from teaching – to self-study; from skills – to competences and learning outcomes; orientation to achievement of goals and attention to the evaluation of achievements; dialogue between structures; from linearity – to dynamic thinking; providing the employment of graduates.It is noted that current trends in the development of higher education and specific activities of universities of the EU countries are increasingly affecting the socio-political and economic development of European countries. The objectives of the educational policy of the EU countries include: improving the provision of educational services, facilitating the employment of graduates and strengthening interaction with various sectors of the domestic and world economy, strengthening international cooperation activities, mobility of students and teaching staff, internationalization of higher education, which are crucial factors for advancement of our country in the ...

Main objective of the study is the analysis of the environmental governance in the Eastern Partnership countries. Methodology of the study includes an analysis of the European Union and the countries of the Eastern Partnership documents devoted to the implementation of the environmental governance principles. The study clarifies the concepts of "governance", "environmental governance", "European environmental governance". The main principles and values of the European environmental governance are determined. The environmental vector of the Eastern Partnership and measures that promote the implementation of environmental governance, in particular the Flagship initiative of the Eastern Partnership on Effective Environmental Governance (2009) and the Ministerial Declaration on Environmental Cooperation and Climate Change (2016) have been analyzed. The results of the study show the role of the European Union in improving governance and conducting effective reforms in the Eastern Partnership countries, including the implementation in the environmental policy such European values as democracy, rule of law, engagement, transparency, impact assessment. It has concluded that during 2009–2017, there was a certain progress in the implementation of environmental governance in Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia, but still there are many problems on this way. Ukraine, the first one among the Eastern Partnership countries, has developed a "soft" instrument for implementing the principles of good environmental governance, which has been put in the "Roadmap for the implementation of the provisions of the Luxembourg Declaration" (2017). This document is currently under development. The significance of the study is in the determining the key role of the European values in the implementation of environmental governance and proposal for their wider inclusion not only in this document, but in practices in Ukraine.

The need for micro– and macro–prudential policies improvement arose as a result of the negative impact of the financial crisis of 2008–2009 in EU, which indicated the vulnerability of the financial services markets functioning.Existing at that time branched system of state regulation of financial services markets wasn't able to level the arising of systemic risk neither at national nor at supranational level. In this connection arises the question of immediately reforming of the state regulation of financial services markets at all levelsThe article investigates the impact of functioning of state regulation model in the sphere of non–banking financial services markets and its effectiveness in the latter's development. Qualitative and quantitative indices are distinguished, use of which in course of calculation contributed to objective assessment of the socio–economic conditions of the countries under study. The conducted investigation indicated that the full integration of microprudential regulation in the Central Bank does not provide maximum efficiency of the non–banking financial services markets functioning. It's proved that the Twin Peaks model has better indices than other models of financial services markets regulation in EU–countries ; Статья посвящена исследованию влияния функционирования модели государственного регулирования рынков небанковских финансовых услуг на эффективность развития последних. Выделены качественные и количественные показатели, использование которых при расчете оказывали содействие объективной оценке социально–экономического состояния исследуемых стран. Проведенное исследование указало на то, что полная интеграция микропруденциального регулирования в Центральном Банке не обеспечивает максимальную эффективность функционирования рынков небанковских финансовых услуг. Доказано, что модель «Twin Peaks» имеет лучшие характеристики, чем ряд других моделей регулирования рынков финансовых услуг. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню впливу функціонування моделі державного регулювання ринків небанківських фінансових послуг на ефективність розвитку останніх. Виділено якісні та кількісні показники, використання яких при розрахунку сприяли об'єктивній оцінці соціально–економічного стану досліджуваних країн. Проведене дослідження вказало на те, що повна інтеграція мікропруденційного регулювання у Центральному Банку не забезпечує максимальну ефективність функціонування ринків небанківських фінансових послуг. Доведено, що модель «Twin Peaks» має кращі характеристики, ніж ряд інших моделей регулювання ринків фінансових послуг.

The purpose of the article is to determine the nature and positions of the British government, political parties of Great Britain, EU member states, the British community and the world community regarding the future membership of the UK in the European Union.The following main tasks are set here: analysis of the vision of the future of the EU and the place of the UK in it by the EU, the British government, supporters and opponents of EU membership (in particular public opinion on this issue). The author emphasizes the UK's special place in the EU: it is one of the EU member states that is not part of the euro area; Like Ireland, she refused to join the Schengen area; Great Britain is one of the main opponents of the introduction of the European Prosecutor's Office; she has a special position in the budgetary sphere. Features of the Brussels summit of 2016 are considered. It is proved that as a result of the Brussels summit, Great Britain has received a special status that will allow its citizens to finally decide on a referendum on the future membership of the UK in the European Union. According to the Brussels agreement, London refused to participate in the policy of an "ever closer union", which was assumed by existing EU agreements. According to the reached compromises, London can not "be obliged to further political integration." Therefore, the paragraphs on the "ever closer union" in the European agreements will henceforth not affect the UK. The Brussels agreement on the special status of the UK in the EU provides for equal rights for the United Kingdom with other EU members, but smaller responsibilities, a signed agreement will come into effect if the British vote in favor of the EU in a referendum. If they oppose, then there will be no deal either, because the UK will withdraw from the EU. But citizens, giving their votes in a referendum, will know that they vote for staying in the EU with a special status. The author concludes that the secession of Great Britain for the EU will mean the loss of its authority, connections in the world and the beginning of theprocess of disintegration, and the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU can become the beginning of the end of this supranational organization. Therefore, in order to preserve the integrity of the EU, it is necessary to find answers to a set of challenges facing it. ; Метою статті є визначення характеру і позицій британського уряду, політичних партій Великобританії, країн-учасниць ЄС, британської спільноти та світової громадськості щодо майбутнього членства Великобританії в Євросоюзі. Тут поставлені такі основні завдання: аналіз бачення майбутнього ЄС та місця Великобританії в ньому з боку ЄС, уряду Великобританії, прихильників і противників перебування в ЄС (зокрема громадської думки з цього питання). Автор підкреслює особливе місце Великобританії в ЄС: вона є однією з дев'яти країн-членів ЄС, яка не входить до єврозони; поряд з Ірландією, вона відмовилася вступати до Шенгенської зони; Британія є одним із головних противників введення інституту Європейської прокуратури; їй властива особлива позиція в бюджетній сфері. Розглянуто особливості проведення брюссельського саміту 2016 р. Доведено, що у результаті брюссельського саміту Великобританія отримала особливий статус, який надасть можливість її громадянам остаточно визначитися на референдумі щодо майбутнього членства Великобританії в Євросоюзі. Згідно брюссельської угоди Лондон відмовився від участі в політиці "дедалі тіснішого союзу", яку передбачали наявні угоди щодо ЄС. Згідно з досягнутим компромісом, Лондон не можна "зобов'язувати до подальшої політичної інтеграції". Тож пункти щодо "дедалі тіснішого союзу" у європейських угодах віднині не стосуватимуться Великобританії. Брюссельська угода про особливий статус Великобританії в ЄС, передбачає рівні для Об'єднаного Королівства права з іншими членами ЄС, але менші обов'язки, підписана наперед угода вступить в силу, якщо на референдумібританці висловляться за ЄС. Якщо вони висловляться проти, то й угоди ніякої не буде, тому що Великобританія вийде з Євросоюзу. Але громадяни, віддаючи свої голоси на референдумі, вже будуть знати, що голосують за те, щоб залишитися в ЄС з особливим статусом. Авторка робить висновок,що сецесія Британії для ЄС означатиме втрату свого авторитету, зв'язків у світі і початок процесу розпаду, а вихід Сполученого королівства зі складу ЄС може стати початком кінця цієїнаднаціональної організації. Тому для збереження цілісності ЄС потрібно знайти відповіді на комплекс викликів, які постали перед ним.

In this paper the author discusses the European Union law as an autonomous legal order independent of international law (which is however part of that law, but stand-alone). The EU system of law named the acquis communautaire binds its members. European Union law consists of primary law and secondary law also called a derivative. In this paper the impact of the principle of primacy of EU law into national law of the Member States is presented, as well as the matter of State liability under EU law intended to ensure the full and effective protection of such a law. Scientific description analyzing finds support primarily in the case law of the ECJ, the Polish Constitutional Court, as well as the relevant provisions of Polish law and the European Union.The author stresses the importance of the accomplishment the obligations coming from memberships European Union. In fact, Member States are obliged to ensure that their citizens can apply EU law, but also the effectiveness of the that law in the area rights of the individual. However, the principle of the responsibility still remains problematic. The European Union has created the entire set of measures in order to ensure full and effective protection of aimed at the protection of EU citizens, which is also capable by institution liability of a Member State for breach of EU law. Procedure of breach by a Member State its obligations is governed by art. 258 -260 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The essay discusses closely the procedure that applies to the situation of committing breaches of the obligations that the Member States under the treaties. In that cases, the breach by a Member State its obligations arising from EU membership and provided by the law of the European Union, may lead to the initiation of proceedings by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). ; Застосування права Європейського Союзу державами-членами ЄС породило багато проблем. Особливо викликає спори принцип пріоритетного права Європейського Союзу. Законодавство Європейського Союзу, визначене як acquis communautaire, для держав-членів ЄС є обов'язковим. Законодавство Європейського Союзу є автономним порядком, який не залежить від національного права (є частиною цього права, але автономною).

The article analyzes the regulatory definitions of the smuggling process and survey work at BCPs across the state border, the problems that arise in the process of its implementation. Under the conditions of risks intensification on the state border, there is an urgent need to assess current and potential threats and predict them for a certain period to counter them in a timely manner, even in the absence of sufficient forces and means. Forecast is a complex and time-consuming process for any organization, so the initial stage of the forecasting process is to identify the need for predicted information. At this stage, it is necessary to answer the question: "What is this forecast for? How will it be used to prepare and make decisions at the appropriate level of government?" That is why the participants of the forecasting process were identified: the subject, the customer, and the user of the forecast. The subject of forecasting is an organization, a structural unit that develops the forecast. In our case, it is the information-analytical department of the state border guard body. The customer of the forecast is the organization, structural unit or the separate official who puts a task on forecast development. In the state border guard body, it is the headquarters and the chief of staff, respectively. The user of the forecast is the organization, structural unit or official who uses the results in their activities. In some cases, users of the forecast may be the customer. Users of the forecast are both border guard units and the headquarters of the state border guard body. To assess and predict threats in the smuggling areas, there was conducted a statistical analysis of the results of operational and service support activities at BCPs across the state border with EU member states and using a simplified method of forecasting, extrapolation, there were identified trends in illegal activities in the medium term for the period 2021-2022. The use of extrapolation for forecasting assumed that the nature of the dynamics, namely a certain pattern (trend) of change in the phenomenon under study, which took place for a certain period in the past will remain for a limited period in the future. The statistical analysis was based on information from analytical reports on the situation at the state border and the results of operational and service support activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in the period from 2012 to 2020. Assessment and forecast were carried out in relation to only one of the types of smuggling activities – arms smuggling, the rest can be determined by a similar method. The use of quantitative and qualitative forecast of smuggling indicators together with the involvement of highly qualified personnel, modern technical means of inspection, service dogs is quite able to increase the efficiency of detection in BCPs items and materials prohibited for import / export to / from Ukraine (s). ; У статті проаналізовано нормативно-правові дефініції процесу контрабандної діяльності та оглядової роботи в пунктах пропуску через державний кордон, проблеми, що виникають в процесі її проведення. В умовах активізації ризиків на державному кордоні постає нагальна потреба в оцінці актуальних та потенційних загроз та їх прогнозуванні на певний період з метою своєчасної протидії їм навіть в мовах відсутності достатньої кількості сил та засобів. Прогнозування – процес складний та трудомісткий для будь-якої організації, тому початковим етапом процесу прогнозування є ідентифікація потреби в прогнозній інформації. На цьому етапі необхідно дати відповідь на питання: "Для чого потрібний цей прогноз? Яким чином він буде використаним для підготовки та прийняття рішення на відповідному рівні управління?" Саме тому було проведено ідентифікацію учасників процесу прогнозування: суб'єкта, замовника та користувача. Суб'єкт прогнозування – це організація, структурний підрозділ, що здійснює розробку прогнозу. В нашому випадку – це інформаційно-аналітичнийвідділ органу охорони державного кордону. Замовник прогнозу – організація, структурний підрозділ або окрема посадова особа, що ставить завдання на розробку прогнозу. В органі охорони державного кордону – це штаб і начальник штабу відповідно. Користувач прогнозу – організація, структурний підрозділ або посадова особа, що використовують результати у своїй діяльності. В окремих випадках користувачами прогнозу може бути й замовник. Користувачами прогнозу є як прикордонні підрозділи, так і штаб органу охорони державного кордону. З метою оцінки та прогнозування загроз за напрямками контрабандної діяльності було проведено статистичний аналіз результатів оперативно-службової діяльності в пунктах пропуску через державний кордон з країнами-членами Європейського Союзу та за допомогою спрощеного методу прогнозування, екстраполяції, було визначено тенденції у видах протиправної діяльності у середньостроковій перспективі на період 2021–2022 рр. Застосування екстраполяції для прогнозування базувалося на припущенні, що характер динаміки, тобто певна закономірність (тенденція) зміни досліджуваного явища, яка мала місце для певного проміжок часу в минулому збережеться на обмеженому відрізку в майбутньому. Статистичний аналіз ґрунтувався на відомостях аналітичних зведень про обставини на державному кордоні та результатів оперативно-службової діяльності Державної прикордонної служби України у період з 2012 до 2020 рр. Оцінка та прогнозування здійснювалось відносно лише одного з видів контрабандної діяльності – контрабанди зброї, решту можливо буде визначити за аналогічною методикою. Використання кількісного та якісного прогнозування показників контрабандної діяльності разом із залученням висококваліфікованого персоналу, сучасних технічних засобів огляду, службових собак цілком здатне підвищити ефективність виявлення в ППр предметів та матеріалів, заборонених до ввезення/вивезення в/з Україну(и).

У статті досліджено вплив політики країн Вишеградської четвірки на поточний стан справ у Європейському Союзі. Окрему увагу автор звертає на позицію країн Вишеграду щодо міграційної політики ЄС. ; This article explores the impact of Visegrad countries policy on the current situation in the European Union. Special att ention is drawn to the position of Visegrad on EU migration policy.

Main objective of the article is to investigate traits of the institutional process in social politics of the European countries, which compiled an advanced experience in this aspect. Relevance of the study is accounted by the fact that for the first time in the Ukrainian scientific literature the complex research is used as to the essence of social politics concepts and institutional formations on the basis of foreign historiography providing the institutional analysis broadening. Such an approach contributes to perception of social politics as a public institution, which formation and development are predetermined by the public relations whole system functioning, which enables to evaluate a social politics as a complex, multilateral evolutional system. Given research is based on such methods as analysis, synthesis, deduction, modeling, as well as on evolutional, comparative, and system approaches. The main results of the study include the following conclusions. Firstly, it is stated that the achievements of the modern civilization development strategy stimulate social progress, which is to be provided by a certain legislation to guarantee human rights. Social politics of the EU is worked out and realized on two levels – all-union and within the framework of national states. That's why the article uses such terms as "social politics of EU" and "national social politics of a certain country". Rather significant is the concept of universalism dealing with distribution of resources among all members of a society and been interpreted as a fundamental principle of social politics. An accent is made on marginal and institutional aspects in the field of social politics. It should be especially noted that the workers social rights institutionalization was a turning point in determining their citizenship and socialization. Social rights got by the workers, became an important factor of the society modernization, in which both men and women got rid off a routine and paternalistic social order.

Both the causes and consequences of the economic crisis which can be delimited with the period 2008-2010 (with the main emphasis on 2009, however) and the recov­ery from which started in 2010, probably need to be analysed more thoroughly and in more detail, when the duration of the crisis can be more specifically determined (al­though the main positions are generally known). On the other hand it is necessary to take measures everywhere already today to ensure rational steps with respect to the choice of measures of economic policy and orientations in exiting the economic crisis and in achieving the development, without leading national economies to setbacks or unsuccessful (wrong) directions very soon. This is topical today also for the sake of the future.The objective of this paper is to give a brief overview of the recent developments of the Estonian economy, its actions related to economic policy in overcoming and exiting the economic crisis, and the further orientation and problems (which have often been the reasons for aggravation of the economic recession) in the development of national economy as a EU Member State.This paper has been written based on different evaluations, experience of other countries as it concerns Estonia as well, several research studies in analysing the eco­nomic crisis, author's own positions which are based on official statistics and materials and long-term personal assessments of the economic situation, also on years of working with many students in seminars of different subjects related to economic policy.

The article is devoted to the definition of the role of the European Commission in the framework of ensuring competition in the European Union. The provisions of normative acts and scientific works are analyzed. The issue of antitrust activities of the European Commission is analyzed by analyzing concrete examples of the implementation of its powers. The author points out that among the important functions of the European Commission it is necessary to highlight the provision of competition, that is, to prevent abuses of dominant positions on the market by large industrial companies and to prohibit agreements between the parties that lead to restrictions of competition, production or market opportunities. The policy itself is based on the principles of maximizing the scope of the market mechanism and reducing interference in the economy. The author draws attention to the fact that ensuring the principle of protecting competition in the global market can only be achieved by effectively combating anti-competitive practices such as anticompetitive concerted actions or, as they are called throughout the world, conspiracies or cartels. After analyzing these legal provisions, the author came to the conclusion that the European Commission's competition policy is based on five basic principles: prohibited concerted practices, agreements and mergers between companies that could negatively affect trade between member states, prevent competition within to restrict or distort the common market; It is prohibited to take advantage of a dominant position on the market when it may adversely affect trade between Member States; control of state aid in member countries in any form that threatens free competition because it benefits individual enterprises or the production of individual goods; European-wide merger plans are assessed from the point of view of potential consequences for competition and may become banned; the liberalization of some sectors, which to date dominated the monopoly of certain public or private enterprises. ...