Suchergebnisse

The paper proposes an assessment of citizenship rules in European Union countries. First, it designs an analytical framework in order to evaluate the rules of political membership from a liberal-democratic perspective. Second, it develops a systematic comparative study of the citizenship rules of the 27 member states of the EU. I argue that a liberal-democratic conception of membership requires certain degrees of inclusiveness as well as exclusiveness. Moreover, liberal-democratic membership can be compatible with both major ideological views on membership –ethno-cultural and civic-territorial. It is not the ethnic or civic ideological conception of the polity that renders the rules of membership illiberal, but their unjustified scope.

Motivation: The concept of sustainable development relates in particular to the analysis of the causes of excessive environmental degradation. It defines a strategy for limiting this process in three main areas: ecological, economic and socio-cultural human activity. The survey will cover selected EU countries, including Poland, in accordance with Eurostat's sustainable development arrangements. The analysis concerns sustainable development in transport, modality of transport division, logistic efficiency and the volume of freight transport relative to GDP.Aim: The purpose of the article is to present an analysis and development of sustainable transport development in selected European Union countries by using appropriate indicators in relation to the transport of goods.Results: Relevant indicators regarding the transport of goods and identifying trends affecting the environment and society of transport in the EU have been analysed.

Motivation: The concept of sustainable development relates in particular to the analysis of the causes of excessive environmental degradation. It defines a strategy for limiting this process in three main areas: ecological, economic and socio-cultural human activity. The survey will cover selected EU countries, including Poland, in accordance with Eurostat's sustainable development arrangements. The analysis concerns sustainable development in transport, modality of transport division, logistic efficiency and the volume of freight transport relative to GDP.Aim: The purpose of the article is to present an analysis and development of sustainable transport development in selected European Union countries by using appropriate indicators in relation to the transport of goods.Results: Relevant indicators regarding the transport of goods and identifying trends affecting the environment and society of transport in the EU have been analysed.

The article presents research results on the analysis of green jobs in the European Union countries with respect to selected indicators characterizing the member states. For the empirical analysis a regression model was applied. As a dependent variable a number of jobs in the renewable energy sector in 2012 per million inhabitants of the countries was used. In the linear regression model the explanatory variable was a share of expenditure on R&D in GDP [%]. Studies show that the increase in research and development expenditures have a real, measurable impact on the availability of green jobs in the EU countries. Research results were presented on the background of the strategy "Europe 2020".

Innovation is one of the main determinants of economic development. Innovative activity is very complex, thus difficult to measure. The complexity of the phenomenon poses a great challenge for researchers to understand its determinants. The article focuses on the problem of innovation-related geographical disparities among European Union countries. Moreover, it analyses the principal components of innovation determined on the basis of the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) dimensions. The aim of the paper is to identify the principal components of the innovation index which differentiate countries by analysing the structure of the correlation between its components. All calculations were based on indicators included in the EIS 2020 Database, containing data from the years 2012–2019. A comparative analysis of the studied countries' innovation performance was carried out, based on the principal component analysis (PCA) method, with the purpose of finding the uncorrelated principal components of innovation which differentiate the studied countries. The results were achieved by reducing a 10-dimensional data set to a 2-dimensional one, for a simpler interpretation. The first principal component (PC1) consisted of the human resources, attractive research systems, and finance and support dimensions (understood as academia and finance). The second principal component (PC2), involving the employment impacts and linkages dimensions, was interpreted as business-related. PC1 and PC2 jointly explained 68% of the observed variance, and similar results were obtained for the 27 detailed indicators outlined in the EIS. We can therefore assume that we have an accurate representation of the information contained in the EIS data, which allows for an alternative assessment and ranking of innovation performance. The proposed simplified index, described in a 2-dimensional space, based on PC1 and PC2, makes it possible to group countries in a new way, according to their level of innovation, which offers a wide range of application, e.g. PC1 captures geographic disparities in innovation corresponding to the division between the old and new EU member states.

Islamic banking is a relative young industry, with a high rate of growth, which in the last years became a highly discussed subject, due to the challenges and opportunities that it brings. Due to the fact, that in the last decade, the Islamic banking made its presence in the European Union market, too, in this paper we try to describe the main features of the Islamic banking transactions and to identify the challenges and opportunities that its brings.

Social expenditure plays an important role in European Union (EU) countries. It improves the lives of citizens whose welfare is endangered due to poverty or illness. However, social expenditure represents a considerable share of the budgets of EU member states. Despite evident similarities in their levels of development, EU countries show apparent differences in social expenditure levels. Therefore, this work aims to determine the similarities and differences between EU countries in this regard. The analysis uses clustering methods, such as hierarchical cluster analysis and the k-means, to divide countries into homogeneous groups. The research demonstrates significant differences between EU countries in the years 2008-2018, which resulted in a low number of objects (countries) in the identified groups. In the case of 6 out of 28 countries, it was not possible to assign them to any group. The research proves that EU countries should take more care when organising their social policy, taking into consideration cultural and social factors.

AbstractStudies have shown that citizens' risk-perceptions and risk-assessment are affected by large scale terrorist acts. Reported evidence shows that individuals are often willing to trade-off civil liberties for enhanced security particularly as a post-terrorist attack reaction as well as adopting more conservative views. Within this strand of the literature, this paper examines whether terrorism and in particular mass-casualty terrorist attacks affect citizens' political self-placement on the left-right scale of the political spectrum. To this effect the Eurobarometer surveys for 12 European Union countries are utilized and ordered logit models are employed for the period 1985–2010 with over 230,000 observations used in the estimations. On balance, the findings reported herein seem to be pointing to a shift in respondents' self-positioning towards the right of the political spectrum.

Terrorism is widely regarded as a public bad vis-à-vis security - a public good - affecting the subjective well-being of citizens. As studies have shown, citizens' risk-perceptions and risk-assessment are affected by large scale terrorist acts. Reported evidence shows that individuals are often willing to trade-off civil liberties for enhanced security particularly as a post-terrorist attack reaction as well as adopting more conservative views. Within this strand of the literature, this paper examines whether terrorism and in particular mass-casualty terrorist attacks affect citizens' political selfplacement on the left-right scale of the political spectrum. To this effect the Eurobarometer Surveys for twelve European Union countries are utilised and Ordered Probit models are employed for the period 1985-2010 with over 230 thousand observations used in the estimations. On balance, the findings reported herein seem to be pointing to a shift in respondents' self-positioning towards the right of the political spectrum.

Introduction: 'Health' is an identifiable theme within the European Union multi-annual research programmes. Public Health Innovation and Research in Europe (PHIRE), led by the European Public Health Association, sought to identify public health research strategies in EU member states. Methods: Within PHIRE, national public health associations reviewed structures for health research, held stakeholder workshops and produced reports. This information, supplemented by further web searches, including using assisted translation, was analysed for national research strategies and health research strategies. Results: All countries described general research strategies, outlining organizational and capacity objectives. Thematic fields, including health, are mentioned in some strategies. A health research strategy was identified for 15 EU countries and not for 12. Ministries of health led research strategies for nine countries. Public health research was identified in only three strategies. National research strategies did not refer to the European Union's health research programme. Conclusions: Public health research strategies of European countries need to be developed by ministries of health, working with the research community to achieve the European Research Area. ; PHIRE received co-funding from the European Union Health Programme, agreement no. 2009 12 ...

In the daily reality of modern polycentric societies, strike action expresses the divergence of contrasting interest and expectations. It is "the morning lunch of Parliamentary Democracy" which the mass media frequently endeavours to make it look or sound frightening, especially if there are some violent and blood clashes related to the dispute. Tpe strike, however, is considered to be the most important source of organized labour in its struggle to win concessions. It is "a planned withholding of labour designed to impose union demands on the employer from the employee or to prevent the employer from imposing his demands on the union". Although, there are multiple economic, social, legal and political interpretations, strike action has been defined as "a temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees in order to express a grievance or enforce a demand". An attempt has been made in this paper to determine the dominant influences of unemployment upon industrial disputes, as well as to trace the causes and trends of strikes in Europen Union countries in recent years. The main source of data is from the LLD's "Yearbook of Labour Statistics 1994". The original source of this same data is mainly drawn by the LL.O. from goverment statistical services of the countries included in the study. For reasons of statistical comparability, the use of sources other than the LLD. (except in certain cases) has been avoided. ; peer-reviewed

Kuşkusuz; gelişmiş ülkelerde daha fazla kişisel isteklerin karşılanması arzusunun artmasıyla birlikte, kısmi süreli hizmet sözleşmelerinin sağladığı esneklik bireylere çekici gelmektedir. Unutulmamalıdır ki, kısmi süreli hizmet sözleşmelerinin çoğalması, genel olarak nüfus yapısı yada ülkelerin ekonomik ve teknolojik gelişmişlik dereceleri ile yakından ilgiliyse de ki bu özellikler ayrıca genel olarak bir ülkede yeni oluşacak iş alanlarının sayısını ve niteliklerini de etkiler. Bunların yanında; kısmi süreli hizmet sözleşmelerindeki artış, toplumun farklı statülerde çalışanlar ve nüfus gruplarına yönelik istihdam politikalarına sahip olmasına ve bunlara ek olarak bir bütün olarak; bireye koşulsuz çalışma hakkını tanıması, iş güvencesi gibi kişinin hayatın her kademesine entegrasyonunu sağlamasına yönelik, bireylerin hiçbir ayrımcılığa uğramaksızın kullanabilecekleri türden prensiplere sahip olması ile de yakından ilgilidir. Ayrımcılığın önlenmesi ve kısmi süreli hizmet sözleşmesi ile çalışanların korunmasına yönelik önemli adımlar hem bölgesel hem de evrensel boyutta atılmıştır. Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütünün 1994 tarihli 175 sayılı sözleşmesi ve 182 sayılı tavsiye kararı, bu tür girişimlere örnek gösterilebilir ki bunlar özellikle atipik çalışma biçimlerini konu alan ilk UÇÖ belgeleri olarak ayrı bir öneme sahiptirler. Ardından A.B. düzeyinde 6 Haziran 1997 tarihinde; Sosyal Taraflar, Kısmi Süreli Hizmet Sözleşmelerine Yönelik Bir Çerçeve Anlaşma imzalamışlardır. Daha sonra 15 Aralık 1997'de bu anlaşma A.B. Konseyi tarafından direktif haline getirilmiştir. Çerçeve anlaşma; ayrımcılığı önlemek maksadıyla, kısmi süreli hizmet sözleşmesi ile çalışanların çalışma koşullarına ilişkin genel prensipleri ve minimum gereklilikleri belirleme gayesi güder. Anlaşma, A.B. hukukunda ilk kez, kısmi çalışanlar ile tam gün çalışanlara eşit davranılması ilkesini ve ayrımcılık yasağına ilişkin prensipleri getirmiştir. There is no doubt that the flexibility provided by part-time work arrangements is attractive in industrial countries where the desire for greater freedom of individual choice is constantly growing. It must be recognised, however, that any increase in part-time employment will mainly depend on population trends, on economic and technological progress which determine the number and nature of the jobs to be filled, on employment policies in regard to the different classes of workers and population groups, and on the degree to which society as a whole accepts the principles of the right to work, job security and full participation in all spheres of life, both public and private, without discrimination of any kind. To avoid discrimination and protection of part-time employees, vital steps have been taken. Firstly, at the international level Convention (No. 175) and Recommendation (No. 182) on Part-time Work 1994, which are the first ILO instruments specifically dealing with an "atypical" form of work must be recognized. And after on 6 June 1997, the Social Partners signed the European Framework Agreement on Part-time Work. This agreement was transposed into European legislation by the Council Directive 97/81 EC of 15 December 1997. The framework agreement lays down the general principles and minimum requirements relating to the employment conditions of part-time workers so as to eliminate discrimination. The agreement establishes, for the first time in EU law, the principle of non-discrimination and equal treatment for part-time employees in relation to their full-time counterparts.

Aims: To determine the sickness absence frequency in European Union (EU) countries.Methods: Sickness absence was measured by questionnaire using the Third European Survey on Working Conditions. Employees were considered to have sickness absence if they reported to be absent at least one day in the past 12 months because of an accident at work, work related problems, or by other health problems.Results: Sickness absence percentages were lower in Southern European countries compared with Central and Northern European countries, and, in general, slightly higher in men than in women.Conclusion: This is the first description of sickness absence in each of the 15 EU countries. Examination of the sickness absence patterning between EU countries could indicate countries where important lessons to reduce sickness absence are to be learned and diffused across the EU.

3rd World Conference on Educational Sciences (WCES) -- FEB 03-07, 2011 -- Bahcesehir Univ, Istanbul, TURKEY ; WOS: 000466750603111 ; Providing well-qualified educational environments to children in early years of their lives is effective on development levels of countries. In this context, processes followed during preschool teacher training play distinctive role. In this study, it is aimed to examine the preschool teacher training systems in Turkey and European Union countries. To this purpose, currently being implemented in Turkey, preschool teacher training model, educational institutions, training period, programs and entry requirements were evaluated with applications in several EU countries. Although there are some differences in some scopes, as a result of this study there is not a wide inconsistency between preschool teacher training systems of EU countries and Turkey. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. ; Ankara Univ, Near E Univ