The article is devoted to the research of a topical and debatable issue regarding the basic aspects of the status of an employee in the European Union, which includes employment of citizens of the European Union and employment of third-country nationals who are not members of the European Union. Particular attention is paid to the issue of illegal labor migration in the European Union in the context of current and integration processes and their impact on the current economic situation in the EU. Every year, the phenomenon of labor migration becomes more relevant, because of the poor economic situation in many countries people are forced to seek employment in other countries and emigrate. But the conditions for such persons are different. For example, for emigrants from other countries of the European Union they will be more or less the same, while for emigrants from third countries they will be completely different. There are many conflicts and disputes and, also there is discrimination, which significantly inhibits the legal status of expatriate workers. Such workers face a lot of barriers with regard to their housing during the period of work, working conditions, salaries, moving their families with them, educating children, moving around the territory of the European Union, desire to stay in the future in the European Union. Most of the issues remain unresolved, which has a very negative effect on emigrant workers. The absence of the rule of law that would regulate this issue binds hands of such a category of people, restricts them in fundamental rights and freedoms, in actions and decisions, which is a direct violation. Nowadays the implementation of the legal status of migrant workers in the European Union is underdeveloped, imperfect, and not uniform for all countries. There is also no well-defined mechanism of legal regulation of labor migration in the works of scientists. So this issue requires a thorough analysis and search for solutions to this problem. In this article we will try to explore the ...
The purpose of the article is to determine the nature and positions of the British government, political parties of Great Britain, EU member states, the British community and the world community regarding the future membership of the UK in the European Union.The following main tasks are set here: analysis of the vision of the future of the EU and the place of the UK in it by the EU, the British government, supporters and opponents of EU membership (in particular public opinion on this issue). The author emphasizes the UK's special place in the EU: it is one of the EU member states that is not part of the euro area; Like Ireland, she refused to join the Schengen area; Great Britain is one of the main opponents of the introduction of the European Prosecutor's Office; she has a special position in the budgetary sphere. Features of the Brussels summit of 2016 are considered. It is proved that as a result of the Brussels summit, Great Britain has received a special status that will allow its citizens to finally decide on a referendum on the future membership of the UK in the European Union. According to the Brussels agreement, London refused to participate in the policy of an "ever closer union", which was assumed by existing EU agreements. According to the reached compromises, London can not "be obliged to further political integration." Therefore, the paragraphs on the "ever closer union" in the European agreements will henceforth not affect the UK. The Brussels agreement on the special status of the UK in the EU provides for equal rights for the United Kingdom with other EU members, but smaller responsibilities, a signed agreement will come into effect if the British vote in favor of the EU in a referendum. If they oppose, then there will be no deal either, because the UK will withdraw from the EU. But citizens, giving their votes in a referendum, will know that they vote for staying in the EU with a special status. The author concludes that the secession of Great Britain for the EU will mean the loss of its authority, connections in the world and the beginning of theprocess of disintegration, and the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU can become the beginning of the end of this supranational organization. Therefore, in order to preserve the integrity of the EU, it is necessary to find answers to a set of challenges facing it. ; Метою статті є визначення характеру і позицій британського уряду, політичних партій Великобританії, країн-учасниць ЄС, британської спільноти та світової громадськості щодо майбутнього членства Великобританії в Євросоюзі. Тут поставлені такі основні завдання: аналіз бачення майбутнього ЄС та місця Великобританії в ньому з боку ЄС, уряду Великобританії, прихильників і противників перебування в ЄС (зокрема громадської думки з цього питання). Автор підкреслює особливе місце Великобританії в ЄС: вона є однією з дев'яти країн-членів ЄС, яка не входить до єврозони; поряд з Ірландією, вона відмовилася вступати до Шенгенської зони; Британія є одним із головних противників введення інституту Європейської прокуратури; їй властива особлива позиція в бюджетній сфері. Розглянуто особливості проведення брюссельського саміту 2016 р. Доведено, що у результаті брюссельського саміту Великобританія отримала особливий статус, який надасть можливість її громадянам остаточно визначитися на референдумі щодо майбутнього членства Великобританії в Євросоюзі. Згідно брюссельської угоди Лондон відмовився від участі в політиці "дедалі тіснішого союзу", яку передбачали наявні угоди щодо ЄС. Згідно з досягнутим компромісом, Лондон не можна "зобов'язувати до подальшої політичної інтеграції". Тож пункти щодо "дедалі тіснішого союзу" у європейських угодах віднині не стосуватимуться Великобританії. Брюссельська угода про особливий статус Великобританії в ЄС, передбачає рівні для Об'єднаного Королівства права з іншими членами ЄС, але менші обов'язки, підписана наперед угода вступить в силу, якщо на референдумібританці висловляться за ЄС. Якщо вони висловляться проти, то й угоди ніякої не буде, тому що Великобританія вийде з Євросоюзу. Але громадяни, віддаючи свої голоси на референдумі, вже будуть знати, що голосують за те, щоб залишитися в ЄС з особливим статусом. Авторка робить висновок,що сецесія Британії для ЄС означатиме втрату свого авторитету, зв'язків у світі і початок процесу розпаду, а вихід Сполученого королівства зі складу ЄС може стати початком кінця цієїнаднаціональної організації. Тому для збереження цілісності ЄС потрібно знайти відповіді на комплекс викликів, які постали перед ним.
In this paper the author discusses the European Union law as an autonomous legal order independent of international law (which is however part of that law, but stand-alone). The EU system of law named the acquis communautaire binds its members. European Union law consists of primary law and secondary law also called a derivative. In this paper the impact of the principle of primacy of EU law into national law of the Member States is presented, as well as the matter of State liability under EU law intended to ensure the full and effective protection of such a law. Scientific description analyzing finds support primarily in the case law of the ECJ, the Polish Constitutional Court, as well as the relevant provisions of Polish law and the European Union.The author stresses the importance of the accomplishment the obligations coming from memberships European Union. In fact, Member States are obliged to ensure that their citizens can apply EU law, but also the effectiveness of the that law in the area rights of the individual. However, the principle of the responsibility still remains problematic. The European Union has created the entire set of measures in order to ensure full and effective protection of aimed at the protection of EU citizens, which is also capable by institution liability of a Member State for breach of EU law. Procedure of breach by a Member State its obligations is governed by art. 258 -260 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The essay discusses closely the procedure that applies to the situation of committing breaches of the obligations that the Member States under the treaties. In that cases, the breach by a Member State its obligations arising from EU membership and provided by the law of the European Union, may lead to the initiation of proceedings by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). ; Застосування права Європейського Союзу державами-членами ЄС породило багато проблем. Особливо викликає спори принцип пріоритетного права Європейського Союзу. Законодавство Європейського Союзу, визначене як acquis communautaire, для держав-членів ЄС є обов'язковим. Законодавство Європейського Союзу є автономним порядком, який не залежить від національного права (є частиною цього права, але автономною).
The article is devoted to the analysis of the processes that form the basis of the European Bar, the study of the basics of legal regulation of European lawyers at the national and supranational levels to update the modern model of legal support of advocacy in Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to the need to transform domestic legal norms and bring them in line with European legal requirements for the legal profession. It is emphasized that the entire system of European Union law testifies to the autonomy of the legal profession, its independence and self-government. Emphasis is placed on the priority of guaranteeing the right to practice legal self-government. It has been found that the uniqueness of the EU lies in the fact that it includes states with specific legal systems. The European Bar is an important institution, the regulation of which is carried out at the national and supranational level of legal regulation. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the General Code of Rules for Advocates developed by the Council of Advocates and Law Societies of Europe. This code constitutes a system of rules that are decisive for bar associations. These rules are clearly correlated with the system of basic tasks performed by lawyers as members of a bar association. It has been found that the bar of the EU is a powerful self-governing organization with an extensive system of self-governing bodies. Such a system is able to ensure the effective operation of the legal profession, training of lawyers and advanced training, quality of legal services, adherence to legal ethics and corporate culture of lawyers, timely disciplinary action for violations in the professional activities of lawyers. It is noted that the system of bar self-government bodies of the European Union is quite heterogeneous. The primary level of self-governing institutions is formed depending on the judicial districts (districts of the Tribunals of the first instance). In many countries, membership of bar associations (chambers or orders of ...
The study focuses on changes made to the Law of Ukraine "On Accounting and Financial Reporting in Ukraine" for the purpose of implementing accounting standards to the European Union directives. The object of the research paper is accounting in Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state and development trends of accounting in Ukraine in the context of the implementation of European legislation. Research methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, idealization and generalization are used to analyze the changes introduced into the Law of Ukraine "On Accounting and Financial Reporting in Ukraine". Today, Ukraine is moving actively towards the implementation of European legislation into domestic practice, including standards of accounting and financial reporting. Successful implementation of European legislation into domestic accounting practice, first and foremost, requires clarification of differences in accounting and financial reporting. The amendments made to the Law of Ukraine "On Accounting and Financial Reporting in Ukraine" will promote harmonization of national legislation in the field of accounting and financial reporting with the legislation of the European Union countries and the International Financial Reporting Standards. The changes introduced will provide the basis for raising accounting and financial reporting in Ukraine to a qualitatively new level that will enable effective management decision- making by domestic business entities. The results obtained are the basis for accounting and financial reporting in Ukraine, in accordance the norms of the European Union directives. The research results may be used all economic entities in Ukraine in different sectors of the economy.
In the scientific article the author investigates the issue of consumer protection in the activities of the European Union. The principle according to which the consumer of the European Union is a weaker party in the obligation is considered. The author analyzes the normative regulation of consumer protection in the European Union. It is shown that classification of consumer rights is supported by a large number of scientists, who divide them in general and special. The term "consumer" and similar terms in EU legislation are considered. The signs of the consumer are defined as categories of law and legislation of the EU. Legislative acts which regulate the application of law in the EU are investigated. Consumer agreement rule is analyzed, according to which the law of the country of origin of the consumer is subject to application. Exceptions to consumer agreements in the Regulation (EU) № 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) are highlighted. Regulatory legal acts which regulate the procedural issues of consumer protection in the EU, in particular Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 'On jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters', also entitled "Brussels I" have been investigated. Application of the Brussels I Regulation about consumer agreements has been researched. Alternative systems which are aimed at minimizing barriers for consumers in the access to justice have been analyzed. Legal regulation, object and content of the Alternative Dispute Resolution system have been investigation. Attention is also focused on the system of interactive dispute resolution, its scope of activities and content. Extra-judicial network of consumer rights protection and its constituent elements, in particular European Extra Judicial Network, ICPEN-Europe, the subgroup, which was set up by the European Commission, European Association for the Coordination of Consumer Representation in Standardization ...
The literature review on the development of physical education in European Union had been conducted in the article. The author used four directions to review the literature. In order to develop Direction 1 (theoretical background to research in physical education concepts in the EU countries), a number of sources in the field of comparative pedagogical researches have been analyzed. In order to develop Direction 2 (roots and developments of physical education in the EU countries), mostly have been used historial pedagogical and philosophical researches. In order to develop Direction 3 (practical applications of the physical educa-tion concepts in the EU countries), a number of modern sources and applied researches findings have been considered. In order to develop Direction 4 (current situation in the physical training education in the EU countries), the author has analyzed a range of researches (normative documents of the European Commission, OECD analytical materials etc.).
The literature review on the development of physical education in European Union had been conducted in the article. The author used four directions to review the literature. In order to develop Direction 1 (theoretical background to research in physical education concepts in the EU countries), a number of sources in the field of comparative pedagogical researches have been analyzed. In order to develop Direction 2 (roots and developments of physical education in the EU countries), mostly have been used historial pedagogical and philosophical researches. In order to develop Direction 3 (practical applications of the physical educa-tion concepts in the EU countries), a number of modern sources and applied researches findings have been considered. In order to develop Direction 4 (current situation in the physical training education in the EU countries), the author has analyzed a range of researches (normative documents of the European Commission, OECD analytical materials etc.).
Both the causes and consequences of the economic crisis which can be delimited with the period 2008-2010 (with the main emphasis on 2009, however) and the recovery from which started in 2010, probably need to be analysed more thoroughly and in more detail, when the duration of the crisis can be more specifically determined (although the main positions are generally known). On the other hand it is necessary to take measures everywhere already today to ensure rational steps with respect to the choice of measures of economic policy and orientations in exiting the economic crisis and in achieving the development, without leading national economies to setbacks or unsuccessful (wrong) directions very soon. This is topical today also for the sake of the future.The objective of this paper is to give a brief overview of the recent developments of the Estonian economy, its actions related to economic policy in overcoming and exiting the economic crisis, and the further orientation and problems (which have often been the reasons for aggravation of the economic recession) in the development of national economy as a EU Member State.This paper has been written based on different evaluations, experience of other countries as it concerns Estonia as well, several research studies in analysing the economic crisis, author's own positions which are based on official statistics and materials and long-term personal assessments of the economic situation, also on years of working with many students in seminars of different subjects related to economic policy.
Cybersecurity is increasingly seen as a fundamental problem of the state, which comprehensively affects its security and defense, economy, certain spheres of public life, in particular energy, health care and others. Reliable operation of data networks, computer systems and mobile devices is a prerequisite for the effective state and society functioning, an individual's life. The reliability of key public information systems depends on many factors: cyberattacks, hardware and software failures, and all kinds of errors. The significant increase in the number of incidents in cyberspace necessitates a systematic analysis of sources of threats, the first place among which is phishing. The introduction of criminal responsibility for phishing is complicated by the fact that "phishing" is an "umbrella" concept that covers a number of launched or committed crimes. From criminal law point of view, phishing attacks can correspond to different categories of crimes (extortion, fraud, blackmail, offenses related to the processing of personal data, etc.). The attempt by some states to impose criminal penalties for phishing at the national level does not solve the problem, since it is not difficult for phishers who work worldwide to cross national barriers. That is still the reason why counteracting cybercrime requires significant efforts not only by individual states but also by international organizations, in particular by the European Union.
The article analyzes the relations between Ukraine and the EU. Ukraine has long been seen as an important political partner of the European Union. The EU is striving for ever closer relations with Ukraine, going beyond mere cooperation, gradual economic integration and deepening political cooperation. The main events that link Ukraine and the European Union are analyzed. The article tells how the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement has changed the vision of the society about the association, and reveals the details of the EU Eastern Program. In parallel with the prospects for EU-Ukraine relations, Ukraine's accession to the EU is analyzed in detail. The author provides information on the current situation and analyses prospects for future. Ukraine has framed significant legislative reforms, aimed at combating corruption, and founded new specialized anti-corruption institutions. Work on the implementation of anti-corruption technologies is still in a process. Some of the new Ukrainian agencies are already actively involved in the fight against corruption. The development of Western European regional integration continues, requiring analysis and synthesis of new phenomena. Even a thorough analysis of the political dimension of this process, an attempt been made in the study, can not give exhaustive answer to many urgent issues. Since discussions about the ultimate goals of integration, in particular forms of its implementation, the breadth of geopolitical coverage are not yet complete.
The scientific article is devoted to the videoconferencing in court proceedings by international law and the law of some European Union countries. The videoconferencing definition, the right to justice protection on the main international legal sources about the trial regulation and human rights to justice protection bases are studied, the procedural stages of court hearings by videoconference are analyzed. Carrying out comparative legal research at our country present stage legal transformation and development, especially related to the emergence of new, modern legal relations, is primarily due to the need to receive international and foreign experience and, consequently, improve current national legislation. It has been established, that the latest technologies introduction in the judicial process at the national and international levels has both advantages and disadvantages and is closely related to the protection and implementation of the right to justice. Normative legal acts about the right to justice consolidation are primary regarding the right of participants in court proceedings to participate in it by videoconference. The attractive side of conducting court hearings online includes: the availability of litigation for all participants, regardless of their location, saving time and money, compliance with legal requirements for the duration of litigation, and so on. Despite the general legal consolidation of the possibility of holding videoconferences in Ukraine and the EU, the procedural features of the rights and obligations of participants in such proceedings remain unclear, as well as unspecified issues regarding the application of different types of technical equipment depending on the conditions of video calls, the possibility of holding meetings outside the court in emergency conditions, etc.
The European Union is an open regional (European) intergovernmental association that, unlike the Council of Europe, takes a strict approach to membership. It is obvious that the Union does not want to see as its members any state that is territorially related to Europe in its geographical sense, but only a state that belongs to European civilization, and therefore fully adheres to the basic values of unification The desire for EU membership of post-socialist countries led to the introduction in 1993 of the Copenhagen criteria, which concerned countries whose political, legal and socio-economic systems did not meet the basic principles of the Union and its member states before integration. In 1993 the Copenhagen criteria introduced special requirements for candidate countries for the European Union. It is worth noting that it was during this period that the candidates were post-socialist states, which for a long time developed in the opposite direction, but showed a desire to follow the path of democratization and the rule of law. It is undeniable that In Ukraine, one of the foreign policy guidelines is the accession to this integration association, as evidenced by the relevant conceptual and regulatory documents, policy statements and gradual development of economic and other areas of cooperation. As a result, Ukraine is currently undergoing significant economic, political and legal reforms to strengthen the democracy of our state. Thus, there is a question in the further analysis of the provisions of the normative documents defining the criteria of membership, as well as the international practice of other states/ So, this research is relevant in modern realities and its necessity is unconditional.The article is devoted to the study of normative documents that determine the legal basis for membership in the European Union and the conditions that a state must meet in order to acquire the status of a candidate for membership; identification and analysis of the current state and problems of Ukraine on the way to ...
It is highlighted that in the condition of new challenges, the decision needs to be taken swiftly and instantly, at the same time, the speed of decision-making in the EU is significantly inferior to other influential global political players − the USA, China and Russia. Eurosceptics of the EU creation believe that the European integrative association is in a state of economic, political and ideological crisis today. In their view, the UK has taken an important step, since the unresolved migration policy and the economic crisis have long been ripe and are inevitable now in the EU. As a result of the final counting of the votes of the referendum in 2016, the final decision was taken − the Great Britain's withdrawal from the European Union. There are mixed opinions of the population regarding the UK's exit from the EU both on the territorial basis and on the age-old basis. Thus, residents of Scots and Northern Ireland in general expressed their desire to stay within the EU; Welsh and Englishmen, without London, voted for the exit. The following results were found on an age-old basis: 73% and 62% of young people (18-24 years old, 25-34 years old respectively) expressed a desire to stay in the EU, and most citizens over the age of 45 are set to complete and final exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union. The causes of the UK's exit from the EU are analyzed. The main reasons have been identified − economic ones that have evolved since 2008 and which have not yet succeeded in solving by the European community (for example, the unemployment rate, living standards of Europeans are significantly different within the EU). BREXIT's next cause is the rise of nationalism around the world. The last reason, no less important than the previous two is the resistance against the British elite. According to voters, the elite is disrespectful to their values, specially to their nationalism and their interests. We researched that the BREXIT process can lead to disintegration processes inside the UK. There is expectation of a possible re-referendum on Scotland's withdrawal from the United Kingdom if a positive decision is reached on BREXIT. In addition, termination of the United Kingdom's membership may have the effect of «dominoes» among EU member states. The Danish policy of relations with the official Brussels follows the British vector. In addition, in Denmark, there are political movements that agitate for disintegration processes within the EU. There are concerns about the impact of the UK's exit on the position of the Scandinavian countries and the Visegrad Group. As a result of the accumulation of huge debts, in the history of the EU is emerged the concept «Grexit» − the possibility of Greece's exit from the EU through its fiscal crisis.Key words: European integration, European Union, reintegration, Brexit, Eurosceptics, Eurooptimists, referendum, nationalist movements, political elitism, immigration crisis. ; Висвітлено, що в умовах нових викликів рішення потрібно приймати надшвидко та моментально, в той же час швидкість ухвалення рішень ЄС суттєво поступається у порівнянні з іншими впливовими глобальними політичними гравцями – США, Китай, Росія. Євроскептики створення ЄС вважають, що європейське інтеграційне об'єднання знаходиться сьогодні в стані економічної, політичної та ідеологічної кризи. На їхню думку, Великобританія зробила важливий крок, адже невирішена міграційна політика та економічна криза вже давно назріли та є невідворотними в ЄС. За результатами кінцевого підрахунку голосів проведеного референдуму у 2016 році було прийнято кінцеве рішення – вихід Великої Британії зі складу Європейського союзу. Спостерігаються неоднозначні думки населення щодо виходу Великої Британії з ЄС як за територіальною, так і за віковою ознаками. Так, шотландці та жителі Північної Ірландії вцілому виявили своє бажання залишитися в складі ЄС; валлійці й англійці, без Лондона, проголосували за вихід. За віковою ознакою були виявлені наступні результати: 73% та 62% молодих людей (18-24 роки; 25-34 роки відповідно) виявили бажання залишитись в ЄС, а більшість громадян віком від 45 років налаштовані на повний та кінцевий вихід Сполученого Королівства зі складу Європейського Союзу. Проаналізовано причини виходу Великої Британії з ЄС. Основними причинами були виявлені – економічні, які розвивалися з 2008 року і які таки не вдалося європейській спільноті вирішити (наприклад, рівень безробіття, рівень життя європейців суттєво відрізняється в межах ЄС). Наступною причиною Brexit є зростання націоналізму в усьому світі. Останньою причиною, не менш важливою, ніж попередні дві – опір проти британської еліти. На думку виборців, еліта зневажливо ставиться до їхніх цінностей, а саме до їхнього націоналізму та інтересів. Досліджено, що процес BREXIT може спричинити дезінтеграційні процеси всередині Великобританії. Існують очікування щодо можливого повторнорного референдуму стосовно виходу Шотландії зі складу Сполученого Королівства, якщо відбудеться позитивне рішення щодо Brexit. Крім того, припинення членства Сполученого Королівства може зумовити ефект «доміно» серед країн-членів ЄС. Датська політика відносин з офіційним Брюсселем є такою, що наслідує британській вектор. До того ж в Данії існують політичні рухи, які агітують за дезінтеграційні процеси в рамках ЄС. Існують побоювання щодо наявності впливу виходу Великобританії на позиції країн Скандинавії та групи Вишеградської четвірки. Нагромадження величезних боргових зобов'язань в історії ЄС виникло таке поняття як «Grexit» − можливість виходу Греції з ЄС через її бюджетно-боргову кризу.Ключові слова: європейська інтеграція, Європейський союз, дезінтеграція, реінтеграція, вихід Великобританії, євроскептики, єврооптимісти, референдум, націоналістичні рухи, політична елітарність, імміграційна криза.
Introduction. The investigations of the factors of economic development refer to the traditional economic problems. Under sustainable development concept, ecological factors of economic development of the European Union countries deserve special attention. Purpose. The aim of the article is to actualize the ecological background of economic development aspects in terms of nature business-management on the example of the Member States of the European Union. To obtain the above mentioned aim, we should settle the following tasks: to determine the ecological quality of economic development; to analyze a strategy elaborated by the Member States called "Europe - 2020" for its resource efficiency; to establish links between natural resources use and economic development; to reveal eco-environmental determinants of the economic development associated with the resource business; to estimate of ecological and economic profile of the resource culture on the cross-country level; to offer some recommendations to improve the strategy "Europe - 2020" based on ecological outcomes. Methods. The ecological factors being divided into two groups - positive and negative – are formalized and ranked from - 1 to + 1 in the article. This approach helps to compare positive and negative ecological factors of the economic development between each other. The approach has been developed especially for factorial analysis. Results. To the key eco-environmental determinants of the economic development the author refers such ones: saving of natural resources – exploitation of natural resource; environmental protection – environmental pollution; wastes utilization – wastes production; restoring forestation – deforestation; alternative energy production – energy consumption; production of environmentally friendly food – food consumption. Based on these key indicators, it is possible to estimate ecological and economic profile of the culture associated with the resource saving business for a definite country and compare it to the global situation. Originality. In the article it is proposed to divide ecological factors into two categories: factors-stimulators and factors-destimulators of economic development. Having compared these factors between each other, it is possible to make an ecological and cultural profile of economic development of the analysed countries. Conclusion. The author believes that the proposed approaches to the estimation of ecological and economic components of the European countries' development can contribute significantly to their global competitiveness. The obtained results could be used to estimate the performance of the strategy "Europe 2020".
