Suchergebnisse

The aim of the present article is to assess the main aspects of the institutionalization of party politics at the European Union level. The Political Parties at European Level (PPELs) originated outside the European institutions and were basically, before the approval of Regulation 2004‑2003, transnational federations of national political parties. The introduction of public funding from the eu budget to the PPELs aimed to institutionalize and reinforce these organizations. However, the influence of ppels in the European political sphere is still limited. Two institutional and political changes – namely the approval of a new Statute for European Parties and the nomination of candidates for the Presidency of the EU Commission – have been implemented, but their consequences on the consolidation of PPELs still need to be verified empirically.

Relations with Russia are a strategic priority for the European Union in terms of geopolitics, economics & energy supplies. To understand their evolution, it is important to see them first through the Post Cold War paradigm & then through the new paradigm built upon the ideological confrontation of the EU's & Russia's views of Europe. The Post Cold War paradigm came to an end with the conflict in Georgia when Russia showed its willingness to change the European regional order & thus made clear how much the views of the EU & Russia have come apart. Adapted from the source document.

Discusses methodological differences between federalists and functionalists over integration, the legal and political meaning of transition from confederation to federation, and constitutional agreement over respective competences of the federation and of member states; European Union. Summary in English p. 255.

Discusses implications of enlargement of the European Union for the balance between southern European countries and central and northern ones and between large and small states that are members of the federation.

Argues that international and regional organizations must be reformed and strengthened in order to regulate globalization and that the European Union must give foremost attention to achieving political federation.

Examines the process of European economic and political integration, enlargement of the European Union, and the capacity of Europe to reform its institutions and machinery in order to achieve a permanent federation of states. Translated from English.

The last three years have been marked by a noticeable return of the Russian Federation in the global arena. This phenomenon has been informed by the emergence of serious disputes, impacting on international security. Moscow has been opposing the state-of-play defined by Western actors, namely by NATO. We assess the Russian power & its capacity to shape outcomes in its own most favorable terms. We conclude that several paradoxes inform this evaluation & that the European Union offers the best prospects to engage positively with the new Russia. Adapted from the source document.

The aim of the present article is to assess the main aspects of the institutionalization of party politics at the European Union level. The Political Parties at European Level (PPELs) originated outside the European institutions and were basically, before the approval of Regulation 2004-2003, transnational federations of national political parties. The introduction of public funding from the EU budget to the PPELs aimed to institutionalize and reinforce these organizations. However, the influence of PPELs in the European political sphere is still limited. Two institutional and political changes - namely the approval of a new Statute for European Parties and the nomination of candidates for the Presidency of the EU Commission - have been implemented, but their consequences on the consolidation of PPELs still need to be verified empirically. Adapted from the source document.

Since the resurgence of Russia under Putin's leadership the recurring contestation of NATO's legitimacy has evolved from the rhetoric level to a greater oppositional capacity. The features of the New Strategic Concept of the Atlantic Alliance, being outlined by a group of experts, & the new Russian doctrines guiding its external actions that have been approved in the last two years, do not indicate political convergences. The forthcoming NATO Lisbon summit of November 2010 will have to manage a balance between its legitimacy issues towards the Kremlin that have crystallized in Europe, & the need to cooperate with the Russian giant in the global strategic environment. Adapted from the source document.

The crisis in Ukraine confirmed Germany as the European political ator which has taken on the strategic leadership in the West's response to Russia. One year after the annexation of Crimea, and against expectations, the firm and convergent stance of Germany and its European partners continues, combining a twofold diplomacy based, first, on economic sanctions, and secondly, on the maintenance of political dialogue politician with Moscow in a conflict for which Germany insists there is no military solution. Investment in these mechanisms, through an interpretation of 'networked security', reveals that Germany is finally following a strategic perspetive in the conduct of its foreign policy, with the aim of recovering a Euroatlantic and transatlantic stable order. Adapted from the source document.