Suchergebnisse

The present article analyses the writing, edition and diffusion of the Memories of the Duke of Sully. With that in mind, the first section refers to the context in which the work was made; the second presents general characteristics of the European confederation; and the third describes discrepancies of its versions. The fourth, fifth and sixth sections studies the chronology and the stages of the writing, the changes made in the manuscripts and their diffusion; the seventh examines the debate on the historical primacy of the Memories. The article tries to reconstruct the conditions that determine the elaboration and reception of the first Pan-European project. Adapted from the source document.

In his last speech as President of the European Parliament, on 16 December 2022, addressed to the heads of state of the European Union and entitled "Europe must show allegiance to its citizens", David Sassoli underlines the importance of thinking about the Europe of the future. Bearing in mind the history and memory of the continent, the roots of the Euroean culture and its long traditions of humanistic and scientific knowledge, he presents three axes of development - innovation, protection and dissemination - for a Europe that must be thought of as a project, dynamic, hopeful, young spirited and faithful to its humanist and democratic basis.

The new Lisbon Treaty is a crucial moment in the history of European integration. With the new treaty, the European Union will have at its disposal important instruments to consolidate its internal & external policies. The most important changes deal with foreign, security & defense policies, creating new mechanisms that should strengthen those dimensions. The article argues that the new security & defense policies will become a major catalyst of European integration & that Portugal must be at the core of CSDP right from the start. Adapted from the source document.

On the occasion of Portugal assuming the rotating presidency of the EU, the article analyzes the European posture toward Turkey. An important question to address is the extent to which Turkey can be considered a European state, particularly within the context of Turkey's desire for a closer association with Europe. The article gives the history of Turkey's long-held desire to join the EU, for which it was campaigning in earnest by 1995. While the economic advantages to Turkey of EU membership are clear, the economic & other advantages for Europe are less so, & not all EU members share the same level of enthusiasm for Turkish admittance. The article concludes by arguing strongly that the EU has a lot of work to do in understanding Turkey better, & that Portugal's assumption of the EU presidency can provide an opportunity in this direction. R. Young

The article argues that the admittance of Turkey to the EU is a question that, above all, raises issues of a geopolitical & strategic nature. Arguably, these are the most important issues the EU has yet faced in its history. The EU must decide if, in the years to come, it wants to define itself as a geopolitical entity or, conversely, as an open space that is willing to be augmented by any and all neighboring states. In the latter eventuality, the EU will have transformed itself into an international organization of almost universal vocation, privileging a sense of vanguard over a hard nucleus. The discussion concludes with the observation that the affirmation of the EU as a geopolitical entity, in accordance with its nomenclature, would reinforce the multilateral geometry of counterbalancing polarities. R. Young

Using newspapers as primary sources, this article presents an innovative analysis of Victor Meirelles' A primeira missa no Brasil (1860). Beyond canonical interpretations of Meirelles' work as an erudite depiction of the beginning of Brazil's history in 1500, the article demonstrates that for viewers of that time the painting also, and above all,represented the beginning of the history of Brazilian art in the 1800s. It demonstrates this by following general art debates in newspapers of the period, specifically in the years before and after the highly anticipated return of the young Meirelles fromhis European sabbatical. Debates in the press illustrate how Meirelles' significance for nineteenth-century audiences in particular, and for Brazilian art history as whole, can only be fully decoded by situating the artist within Brazilian elites' political-intellectual efforts to achieve European-style civilisational progress during the first decades of the post-independence period. ; false

This is a discussion of Turkey's posture toward Europe, specifically within the context of Turkey's application for EU membership. The article takes an epistolary form, consisting of a back & forth discussion between Portuguese journalist Teresa de Sousa, who is the General Counsel at the Institute of International Strategic Studies, & Manuela Franco, a researcher at the Institute of Social Sciences at the University of Lisbon. Topics surveyed include the postwar history of Turkish relations with western Europe & NATO, potential barriers to Turkey's candidacy for EU membership, & the strategic implications of Turkey's membership for itself & the EU. The article concludes that, with or without EU membership, Turkey will continue to modernize & westernize itself while improving its strategic position. R. Young

Este artigo apresenta uma avaliação sobre a história da escolha constitucional portuguesa pelo caminho do projeto europeu. Reflete ainda sobre os aspetos jurídico-políticos da construção do Portugal europeu e dos sentidos de soberania e autodeterminação no contexto da integração europeia, destacando que no presente não se conhecem os responsáveis pela sua condução política, em especial quando considerada a crise das dívidas soberanas. ; This article presents an assessment on the history of the Portuguese constitutional option for the European project path. It also reflects about the juridical-political aspects of the construction of the European Portugal and the meanings of sovereignty and self-determination in the context of the European integration, highlighting that in the present the ones responsible for its political conduction are not known, especially when we consider the crisis of the sovereign debts.

Reflecting on the history(s) of Europe, this text revisits some of its most strategic bibliographical and aesthetic references for the understanding of the different faces of its identity and its humanist ideals of peace and fraternity. A four-step itinerary: starting with a framework of critical and theoretical essays and its national expression, Portugal, passing through the perspective of the Russia-Ukraine war then leads us to the dream of peace and european fraternity, which David Sassoli defended. An ascensional journey culminating with the tribute to Sassoli.

Esta pesquisa analisou o Brexit em uma perspectiva histórica, focando a conturbada relação entre a Europa continental e o Reino Unido ao longo do século XX, com ênfase no período pós Segunda Guerra Mundial. Foi utilizado o conceito de path dependency para argumentar sobre o papel de fatores históricos e decisões do passado, embora tomados em outras circunstâncias, ainda com força para influenciar o presente, para entender o Brexit. A premissa básica que será apresentada no ensaio é que o Reino Unido nunca participou de fato da ideia da Europa e sempre se viu como um país diferente por sua história e seu papel no mundo. Quando entrou, foi com uma perna só, a outra sempre ficou atrás, inclusive devido às especificidades de sua estrutura econômica herdada do passado, em particular no que diz respeito à agricultura. Desta forma, defende-se que, embora longe de ter sido inevitável, se tratou de um fenômeno limitado ao Reino Unido que tinha pouquíssima probabilidade de se repetir em outros países da União Europeia. ; This research analyzed Brexit in a historical perspective, focusing on the specific relation between continental Europe and the United Kingdom during the XX Century, with emphasis on the period after the Second World War. The concept of path dependency was used to explore the historical factors and decision taken in the past, which, although in different circumstances, still influence the present and are useful to understand the Brexit. The basic premises that will be presented is that the UK in fact never identified itself with the idea of Europe as developed by the Continental members. It always saw itself as a country with a different history and a different role in the world. When it got its membership, the country only entered with one leg, keeping the other always outside. This also reflects the different configuration of its economic structure, specifically with regard to agriculture. By this, although not at all inevitable, it will be defended that we are dealing with a very British phenomenon which had extremely little chance to be repeated by other countries of the European Union.

For centuries, the Atlantic has played a role in the networking processes that have developed international economies & world superpowers. A kind of Atlantic solidarity persists into the modern era, exemplified by NATO & certain power structures within the UN. Economically, culturally & politically, the Atlantic has been instrumental in the development of a globalized world. In a sense, therefore, the Atlantic is a space without borders. Throughout the history of this Atlantic solidarity, which stretches back to the spread of European empires in the sixteenth century, the Atlantic has assumed a prominent romantic position in the European mind, a feeling that now persists on both sides of the Atlantic. Thus, there has always been an inherent conflict regarding how much of the concept of Atlantic space is real & how much is imaginary. R. Young