Suchergebnisse

Processes of increasing integration and globalization and their influence on nation-state sovereignty, political subjectivity and citizenship are analyzed in the article. The formation of common European identity is discussed. It emphasizes the loosing role of national factor and its transformation into multiculturalism. The concept of allegiance is particularly useful for understanding the complex and problematic relation between a national citizenship, a nation state, and a transnational or supranational policy. The general hypothesis is that European allegiance does not depend on how people look at European integration. How a public understands the European Community or Union (EC, EU) in a general way is most likely largely inconsequential. The extend to which people are attached to locality, region or country is arguably not directly related to their "European" attachment. Instead, European allegiance must be viewed as originating in national allegiance. National allegiance, in turn, is contingent on national social and economic performance. European integration, therefore, depends on a double allegiance, consisting of a primary allegiance to the nation-state and its political elite and secondary allegiance to the EC or EU. ; Europoje egzistuoja keli identiteto sluoksniai: europinis, Rytų ar Vakarų Europos, Europos Sąjungos (toliau – ES), regioninis, nacionalinis. Stiprėjant integracijos tendencijoms postmodernioje Europoje, kyla naujo kolektyvinio, europinio identiteto klausimas. Kartu didėja sąvokų europietis ir Europos nacionalinės valstybės pilietis sampratos skirtumai, kinta tapatumas su savo šalimi. Europos Sąjungos raidoje reikšmingas yra dviejų lygių identitetas, sudarytas iš pirminio, t. y. tapatumo su savo nacionaline valstybe, ir antrinio, t. y. tapatumo su Europos Sąjunga, kaip platesne nei nacionalinė valstybė, esybe. Europietiškų ir nacionalinių interesų konfliktas gali sukurti vadinamąjį "pasidalinto lojalumo" psichologinį reiškinį. Stiprėjant integracijos procesams postmodernioje Europoje, nacionalinis veiksnys išsilaisvina iš politikos ir besivienijančioje Europoje transformuojasi į multikultūralizmą. Nacionalinių kultūrų įvairovė bei joje pasireiškianti kultūrų vienybė yra Europos turtas bei jos tolesnio klestėjimo pagrindas.

There are no social movements or political parties in Europe which would strive for united social policy model. Large historic, structural and financial differences between various countries are the main reasons for that. Negative results of referendums for adoption of European Constitution in France and the Netherlands, as other forms of resistance, are witnessing about aims of population to preserve continental corporative European model without changes or only with slight changes. The latter does not help European integration and harmonization of social tasks, although helps to survive for developed and well financed social security systems in Europe. European Union , as before, foresees social security as a subject for national competence and jurisdiction. Nevertheless, separate problems considering common EU labour market are solved jointly and positively. Social policy modeling in Western European countries has a history of several decades. It enables to define one or another European social security model and to conduct analysis of existing social situation and prognostic perspectives. English sociologist Richard Titmuss and danish sociologist Gosta Esping-Andersen have made the largest input into social policy modelling. They both have scientifically founded the liberal, corporative and socialdemocratic welfare models. If Titmuss in his work have made more qualitative analysis, Esping-Andersen have added substantial quantitative indicators of decommodification. The works of other researchers have shown the impact of this theory for other parts of societal life, especially - for labour market policies. Globalisation impact is decisive for one or another social policy model configuration. Mainly because of globalisation impact the ,,passive social policy", which was functioning until the 90-ies is replaced by ,,active social policy" which is posing final social reintegration aims. ; Europos integracijos procese natūraliai kyla bendro Europos socialinės politikos modelio pasirinkimo problema. Kai kurie administratoriai ir tyrėjai siūlo nuo "socialinės Europos" darbotvarkės klausimų pereiti prie konkretaus socialinės apsaugos modelio pasirinkimo. Kiti administratoriai ir mokslininkai atkakliai tvirtina, kad Europoje ir toliau išliks bent 4 svarbiausi socialinės apsaugos modeliai - Šiaurės, kontinentinėje, Pietų Europoje ir Britanijos salose, nes socialinei apsaugai ES ir toliau bus skiriamas antraeilis vaid-muo, ji ir toliau priklausys nacionalinei jurisdikcijai ir kompetencijai. Trečia tyrėjų grupė pabrėžia sociali-nių problemų aktualumą Europoje tik tuo atveju, jeigu socialinės apsaugos uždaviniai neprieštarauja ben-drai Europos Sąjungos darbo rinkos politikai. Šiame straipsnyje paliečiama Europos socialinė integracija, suderinamumo, konvergencijos ir bendros socialinės erdvės problema, nušviečiamos svarbiausios kliūtys didesnei socialinei Europos integracijai pasiekti, apibrėžiami iššūkiai socialinės politikos modeliams praeityje ir dabar, pateikiamos G. Esping-Anderseno ir kitų Vakarų mokslininkų pastabos apie gerovės modelius, numatomos Vakarų Europos ir Lietuvos socialinės apsaugos lyginamosios perspektyvos.

The article aims at analyzing the dimension of history in the neo-scholastic conception of the European integration. The research focuses on R. Schuman's vision of the European integration. He was among the politicians who created the first European communities. His political thought was deeply influenced by the philosophy of the famous French philosopher J. Maritain and the pope Pius XII who both cherished the historical ideal of the European integration, based on the Christian philosophy of history. The main incentive for undertaking this kind of research was the wish to find an alternative intellectual and theoretical position that would not be based on the historicist principles of modernity and enlightenment. Eventually, such position could enhance the poor reflectivity of today`s European integration theory. The analysis of the neo-scholastic European unification idea revealed that all three authors grounded their understanding of history in onto-existential epistemology of Thomism. Its main claim is twofold. First, every historical moment is perceived as a reference to the underlying reality that is not dependent upon historical flow and endows it with spiritual meaning. Second, at the very moment of perceiving the temporal circumstances and grasping their underlying transcendental reality, the moral requirements for the concrete historical moment are discovered. J. Maritain, Pius XII, and R. Schuman withdrew their ideas of European unification and Christian heritage of Europe from this Thomistic conception of history and the onto-existential epistemology. It is sustained that the results of the undertaken analysis can open qualitatively new theoretical perspectives in the European integration theory and thus help to create a more meaningful Europe. First of all, such a non-historicist position of looking at the process of European integration can provide one condition that is necessary for every true scientific enquiry: it can help to create a theoretical distance among the knowing subject and the known reality. Second, the Christian conception of a human person, which was held by J. Maritain, Pius XII, and R. Schuman, is able at least to stimulate the raising of the most fundamental questions about the true nature and goals of European unification. Third, the analysis has demonstrated that the issue of the Christian heritage of Europe is important and cannot be ignored, because it is a historical fact and not only a lofty idea.

The article aims at analyzing the dimension of history in the neo-scholastic conception of the European integration. The research focuses on R. Schuman's vision of the European integration. He was among the politicians who created the first European communities. His political thought was deeply influenced by the philosophy of the famous French philosopher J. Maritain and the pope Pius XII who both cherished the historical ideal of the European integration, based on the Christian philosophy of history. The main incentive for undertaking this kind of research was the wish to find an alternative intellectual and theoretical position that would not be based on the historicist principles of modernity and enlightenment. Eventually, such position could enhance the poor reflectivity of today`s European integration theory. The analysis of the neo-scholastic European unification idea revealed that all three authors grounded their understanding of history in onto-existential epistemology of Thomism. Its main claim is twofold. First, every historical moment is perceived as a reference to the underlying reality that is not dependent upon historical flow and endows it with spiritual meaning. Second, at the very moment of perceiving the temporal circumstances and grasping their underlying transcendental reality, the moral requirements for the concrete historical moment are discovered. J. Maritain, Pius XII, and R. Schuman withdrew their ideas of European unification and Christian heritage of Europe from this Thomistic conception of history and the onto-existential epistemology. It is sustained that the results of the undertaken analysis can open qualitatively new theoretical perspectives in the European integration theory and thus help to create a more meaningful Europe. First of all, such a non-historicist position of looking at the process of European integration can provide one condition that is necessary for every true scientific enquiry: it can help to create a theoretical distance among the knowing subject and the known reality. Second, the Christian conception of a human person, which was held by J. Maritain, Pius XII, and R. Schuman, is able at least to stimulate the raising of the most fundamental questions about the true nature and goals of European unification. Third, the analysis has demonstrated that the issue of the Christian heritage of Europe is important and cannot be ignored, because it is a historical fact and not only a lofty idea.

The article aims at analyzing the dimension of history in the neo-scholastic conception of the European integration. The research focuses on R. Schuman's vision of the European integration. He was among the politicians who created the first European communities. His political thought was deeply influenced by the philosophy of the famous French philosopher J. Maritain and the pope Pius XII who both cherished the historical ideal of the European integration, based on the Christian philosophy of history. The main incentive for undertaking this kind of research was the wish to find an alternative intellectual and theoretical position that would not be based on the historicist principles of modernity and enlightenment. Eventually, such position could enhance the poor reflectivity of today`s European integration theory. The analysis of the neo-scholastic European unification idea revealed that all three authors grounded their understanding of history in onto-existential epistemology of Thomism. Its main claim is twofold. First, every historical moment is perceived as a reference to the underlying reality that is not dependent upon historical flow and endows it with spiritual meaning. Second, at the very moment of perceiving the temporal circumstances and grasping their underlying transcendental reality, the moral requirements for the concrete historical moment are discovered. J. Maritain, Pius XII, and R. Schuman withdrew their ideas of European unification and Christian heritage of Europe from this Thomistic conception of history and the onto-existential epistemology. It is sustained that the results of the undertaken analysis can open qualitatively new theoretical perspectives in the European integration theory and thus help to create a more meaningful Europe. First of all, such a non-historicist position of looking at the process of European integration can provide one condition that is necessary for every true scientific enquiry: it can help to create a theoretical distance among the knowing subject and the known reality. Second, the Christian conception of a human person, which was held by J. Maritain, Pius XII, and R. Schuman, is able at least to stimulate the raising of the most fundamental questions about the true nature and goals of European unification. Third, the analysis has demonstrated that the issue of the Christian heritage of Europe is important and cannot be ignored, because it is a historical fact and not only a lofty idea.

The article aims at analyzing the dimension of history in the neo-scholastic conception of the European integration. The research focuses on R. Schuman's vision of the European integration. He was among the politicians who created the first European communities. His political thought was deeply influenced by the philosophy of the famous French philosopher J. Maritain and the pope Pius XII who both cherished the historical ideal of the European integration, based on the Christian philosophy of history. The main incentive for undertaking this kind of research was the wish to find an alternative intellectual and theoretical position that would not be based on the historicist principles of modernity and enlightenment. Eventually, such position could enhance the poor reflectivity of today`s European integration theory. The analysis of the neo-scholastic European unification idea revealed that all three authors grounded their understanding of history in onto-existential epistemology of Thomism. Its main claim is twofold. First, every historical moment is perceived as a reference to the underlying reality that is not dependent upon historical flow and endows it with spiritual meaning. Second, at the very moment of perceiving the temporal circumstances and grasping their underlying transcendental reality, the moral requirements for the concrete historical moment are discovered. J. Maritain, Pius XII, and R. Schuman withdrew their ideas of European unification and Christian heritage of Europe from this Thomistic conception of history and the onto-existential epistemology. It is sustained that the results of the undertaken analysis can open qualitatively new theoretical perspectives in the European integration theory and thus help to create a more meaningful Europe. First of all, such a non-historicist position of looking at the process of European integration can provide one condition that is necessary for every true scientific enquiry: it can help to create a theoretical distance among the knowing subject and the known reality. Second, the Christian conception of a human person, which was held by J. Maritain, Pius XII, and R. Schuman, is able at least to stimulate the raising of the most fundamental questions about the true nature and goals of European unification. Third, the analysis has demonstrated that the issue of the Christian heritage of Europe is important and cannot be ignored, because it is a historical fact and not only a lofty idea.

This dissertation raises the following questions: how the idea of European integration has evolved and changed in Lithuania; what were the factors that shaped Lithuanian decision to join the EU; what does the EU mean for Lithuania and how is the future of the Union seen now? Given the fact that the parties are one of the most important links between the national and the European level policies - they help to ensure the representation of national interests in the European arena and shape the public opinion about the EU domestically, these questions can only be answered by in-depth studies of programmatic positions of the Lithuanian political parties. The aim of the research is to explain how the attitudes of Lithuanian parties towards European integration were evolving, while analyzing their expression and changes in political discourse over the period of two decades. By examining the party programmes in the national parliamentary elections, the quantitative scope and intensity of the European integration topic was measured, as well as the multidimensional concept of European integration, which combines three discourses on European integration (the pragmatic – national, federal Europe and post-national union), was revealed. The main domestic and foreign policy conditions that lead to parties' attitudes towards European integration were also investigated – they include ideology of the parties, position in the government, electoral support and perception of security threats.

This dissertation raises the following questions: how the idea of European integration has evolved and changed in Lithuania; what were the factors that shaped Lithuanian decision to join the EU; what does the EU mean for Lithuania and how is the future of the Union seen now? Given the fact that the parties are one of the most important links between the national and the European level policies - they help to ensure the representation of national interests in the European arena and shape the public opinion about the EU domestically, these questions can only be answered by in-depth studies of programmatic positions of the Lithuanian political parties. The aim of the research is to explain how the attitudes of Lithuanian parties towards European integration were evolving, while analyzing their expression and changes in political discourse over the period of two decades. By examining the party programmes in the national parliamentary elections, the quantitative scope and intensity of the European integration topic was measured, as well as the multidimensional concept of European integration, which combines three discourses on European integration (the pragmatic – national, federal Europe and post-national union), was revealed. The main domestic and foreign policy conditions that lead to parties' attitudes towards European integration were also investigated – they include ideology of the parties, position in the government, electoral support and perception of security threats.

This dissertation raises the following questions: how the idea of European integration has evolved and changed in Lithuania; what were the factors that shaped Lithuanian decision to join the EU; what does the EU mean for Lithuania and how is the future of the Union seen now? Given the fact that the parties are one of the most important links between the national and the European level policies - they help to ensure the representation of national interests in the European arena and shape the public opinion about the EU domestically, these questions can only be answered by in-depth studies of programmatic positions of the Lithuanian political parties. The aim of the research is to explain how the attitudes of Lithuanian parties towards European integration were evolving, while analyzing their expression and changes in political discourse over the period of two decades. By examining the party programmes in the national parliamentary elections, the quantitative scope and intensity of the European integration topic was measured, as well as the multidimensional concept of European integration, which combines three discourses on European integration (the pragmatic – national, federal Europe and post-national union), was revealed. The main domestic and foreign policy conditions that lead to parties' attitudes towards European integration were also investigated – they include ideology of the parties, position in the government, electoral support and perception of security threats.

This dissertation raises the following questions: how the idea of European integration has evolved and changed in Lithuania; what were the factors that shaped Lithuanian decision to join the EU; what does the EU mean for Lithuania and how is the future of the Union seen now? Given the fact that the parties are one of the most important links between the national and the European level policies - they help to ensure the representation of national interests in the European arena and shape the public opinion about the EU domestically, these questions can only be answered by in-depth studies of programmatic positions of the Lithuanian political parties. The aim of the research is to explain how the attitudes of Lithuanian parties towards European integration were evolving, while analyzing their expression and changes in political discourse over the period of two decades. By examining the party programmes in the national parliamentary elections, the quantitative scope and intensity of the European integration topic was measured, as well as the multidimensional concept of European integration, which combines three discourses on European integration (the pragmatic – national, federal Europe and post-national union), was revealed. The main domestic and foreign policy conditions that lead to parties' attitudes towards European integration were also investigated – they include ideology of the parties, position in the government, electoral support and perception of security threats.

This dissertation raises the following questions: how the idea of European integration has evolved and changed in Lithuania; what were the factors that shaped Lithuanian decision to join the EU; what does the EU mean for Lithuania and how is the future of the Union seen now? Given the fact that the parties are one of the most important links between the national and the European level policies - they help to ensure the representation of national interests in the European arena and shape the public opinion about the EU domestically, these questions can only be answered by in-depth studies of programmatic positions of the Lithuanian political parties. The aim of the research is to explain how the attitudes of Lithuanian parties towards European integration were evolving, while analyzing their expression and changes in political discourse over the period of two decades. By examining the party programmes in the national parliamentary elections, the quantitative scope and intensity of the European integration topic was measured, as well as the multidimensional concept of European integration, which combines three discourses on European integration (the pragmatic – national, federal Europe and post-national union), was revealed. The main domestic and foreign policy conditions that lead to parties' attitudes towards European integration were also investigated – they include ideology of the parties, position in the government, electoral support and perception of security threats.

This dissertation raises the following questions: how the idea of European integration has evolved and changed in Lithuania; what were the factors that shaped Lithuanian decision to join the EU; what does the EU mean for Lithuania and how is the future of the Union seen now? Given the fact that the parties are one of the most important links between the national and the European level policies - they help to ensure the representation of national interests in the European arena and shape the public opinion about the EU domestically, these questions can only be answered by in-depth studies of programmatic positions of the Lithuanian political parties. The aim of the research is to explain how the attitudes of Lithuanian parties towards European integration were evolving, while analyzing their expression and changes in political discourse over the period of two decades. By examining the party programmes in the national parliamentary elections, the quantitative scope and intensity of the European integration topic was measured, as well as the multidimensional concept of European integration, which combines three discourses on European integration (the pragmatic – national, federal Europe and post-national union), was revealed. The main domestic and foreign policy conditions that lead to parties' attitudes towards European integration were also investigated – they include ideology of the parties, position in the government, electoral support and perception of security threats.

This dissertation raises the following questions: how the idea of European integration has evolved and changed in Lithuania; what were the factors that shaped Lithuanian decision to join the EU; what does the EU mean for Lithuania and how is the future of the Union seen now? Given the fact that the parties are one of the most important links between the national and the European level policies - they help to ensure the representation of national interests in the European arena and shape the public opinion about the EU domestically, these questions can only be answered by in-depth studies of programmatic positions of the Lithuanian political parties. The aim of the research is to explain how the attitudes of Lithuanian parties towards European integration were evolving, while analyzing their expression and changes in political discourse over the period of two decades. By examining the party programmes in the national parliamentary elections, the quantitative scope and intensity of the European integration topic was measured, as well as the multidimensional concept of European integration, which combines three discourses on European integration (the pragmatic – national, federal Europe and post-national union), was revealed. The main domestic and foreign policy conditions that lead to parties' attitudes towards European integration were also investigated – they include ideology of the parties, position in the government, electoral support and perception of security threats.

This dissertation raises the following questions: how the idea of European integration has evolved and changed in Lithuania; what were the factors that shaped Lithuanian decision to join the EU; what does the EU mean for Lithuania and how is the future of the Union seen now? Given the fact that the parties are one of the most important links between the national and the European level policies - they help to ensure the representation of national interests in the European arena and shape the public opinion about the EU domestically, these questions can only be answered by in-depth studies of programmatic positions of the Lithuanian political parties. The aim of the research is to explain how the attitudes of Lithuanian parties towards European integration were evolving, while analyzing their expression and changes in political discourse over the period of two decades. By examining the party programmes in the national parliamentary elections, the quantitative scope and intensity of the European integration topic was measured, as well as the multidimensional concept of European integration, which combines three discourses on European integration (the pragmatic – national, federal Europe and post-national union), was revealed. The main domestic and foreign policy conditions that lead to parties' attitudes towards European integration were also investigated – they include ideology of the parties, position in the government, electoral support and perception of security threats.

The paper introduced here focuses on the particularities of Lithuanian political parties' discourse on European integration. The questions which this paper seeks to answer are: how much 'Europe' actually figures into parties' national election manifestos and what parties says about the nature of the European polity and the policy objectives to be implemented by the EU? The results of the analysis show that, although in principle there is a support to the European integration, political parties follow the logic of instrumental rationality containing strategic actions and specific domestic interest implementation in the united Europe. These contradictions may lead to the inconsistencies of party politics toward European integration.