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This contribution addresses, from a comparative perspective, the topic of inter-ministerial coordination of European policies, adopting a polythetic classification based on a plurality of parameters, including the location of the mechanisms for coordination, as well as the establishment of a specific Ministry for European affairs. The taxonomy is explained through the use of a straight line, on which different points correspond to each "pure" model, while on the segments the author places the real systems adopted throughout the Member States. The article also tests the theories elaborated by political scientists on the evolution of coordination systems, checking their (partial) transposition into legal sources. Recalling the essential results of the stress test that occurred with the economic crisis on the performance of national administrations, with particular reference to their resilience, the text lays the foundations for an assessment of the coordination of European policies in the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. ; Il contributo affronta, in prospettiva comparata, il tema del coordinamento interministeriale delle politiche europee, adottando una classificazione politetica basata su una pluralità di parametri, tra cui la collocazione delle sedi di coordinamento e l'istituzione di un Ministero specifico per gli affari europei. La tassonomia viene spiegata attraverso l'utilizzo di una retta, su cui vengono individuati punti corrispondenti a ciascun modello "puro", mentre sui segmenti l'autrice colloca i sistemi reali adottati nei diversi Stati membri. L'articolo testa, inoltre, la tenuta delle teorie politologiche sull'evoluzione dei sistemi di coordinamento, verificando la loro (parziale) trasposizione giuridica. Riprendendo i risultati essenziali dello stress test verificatosi con la crisi economica per la performance delle amministrazioni nazionali, con particolare riferimento alla resilienza delle stesse, il testo pone le basi per una valutazione del coordinamento delle politiche europee nella gestione della crisi della pandemia da COVID-19.

In this report I describe the organization that hosted me and the activities I conducted from April to September 2021. Since during my internship I mainly dealt with the conception and writing of a Project to be submitted to the European Commission as part of the "Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values" Programme (CERV), in the last paragraph I discussed the topic of the social inclusion of migrants and minorities in the local communities, which constitutes a characterizing element of the Project on which I worked: "For an inclusive and democratic Europe". In this last section I have tried to illustrate how the conflictual dimension determined by multicultural coexistence in Europe is mainly managed through actions consistent with the theoretical models of multiculturalism or assimilationism, which have however proved to be ineffective. Based on the theses developed in the context of Peace Studies, I try to highlight the potential of the intercultural approach.

The present work attempts to provide a more realistic description of international labour migration within a simple core-periphery model à-la Fujita, Krugman and Venables (1999). The choice of this benchmark model is motivated by the key role it plays in the most recent and sophisticated dynamic spatial general equilibrium model, such as the Regional Holistic model (RHOMOLO) model developed by the European Commission (EC) for simulating policy scenario related to the European Union (EU) cohesion policies and for evaluating its implications on the economies of the Member States of the Union. The first part of the work consists in a concise review of the relevant international trade theories and the main international migration theories. In the second part, after a concise description of the simple 2-region core-periphery model developed by Fujita et al. (1999), the migration law à-la Krugman (1991a) is modified to include other drivers, such as political instability and climate change in the less developed country. In the last part, the evolution of the key endogenous variables of the model will be simulated and some policy implications of the model will be discussed. This work shows that, although it has been used the simplest (and less complete) baseline model, the introduction of the sociopolitical and the environmental driver for international migration plays a key role in the dynamic spatial general equilibrium approach.

Frontmatter -- Table of Contents -- Preface by Series Editor Antonio Loprieno -- Vorwort / Foreword -- Sophie Charlotte (1668–1705): Die Frau, die das Warum des Warum wissen wollte / Sophia Charlotte (1668–1705): The Woman Who Wanted to Know the Why of Why -- Patrona Scientiarum? Maria Theresia als Gründerin der Brüsseler Akademie (1717–1780) / Patrona Scientiarum? Maria Theresa as Founder of the Academy in Brussels (1717–1780) -- Lovisa Ulrikas (1720–1782) akademi: Sveriges första vittra kungliga akademi / Lovisa Ulrika's (1720–1782) academy: Sweden's first learned society -- Katharina die Große als Patronin von Bildung und Wissenschaften im Russischen Imperium (1729–1796) / Catherine the Great as patron of education and sciences in the Russian Empire (1729–1796) -- Ersilia Caetani Lovatelli (1840–1925): La prima donna eletta nell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei / Ersilia Caetani Lovatelli (1840–1925): The first woman elected to the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei -- Beatrice Webb (1858–1943): "A career of disinterested research" -- Maria Skłodowska Curie (1867–1934), kobieta uczona / Maria Skłodowska-Curie (1867–1934), two-time Nobel laureate -- Lise Meitner (1878–1968): Pionierin der Atomphysik / Lise Meitner (1878–1968): Pioneer in Nuclear Physics -- La primera acadèmica catalana: Caterina Albert (1869–1966) / The first female academy fellow in Catalonia: Caterina Albert (1869– 1966) -- Johanna Westerdijk, an extraordinary professor and pioneer in plant pathology (1883–1961) -- Cosán corrach Eleanor Knott MRIA (1886–1975) / Eleanor Knott MRIA (1886–1975): "And there were other barriers" -- Professori Ella Kivikoski (1901–1990): suomalainen tiedenainen arkeologiassa / Professor Ella Kivikoski (1901–1990): A Finnish female scientist in archaeology -- Dorothy Hodgkin (1910–1994): Crystallographer, Chemist, and Role Model -- The Editors / The Authors

The process towards accountancy harmonization in the European Union has made crucial steps after the approval of directive 2001/65/EC, concerning the introduction of the fair value evaluation criterion, and of regulation (EC) 1606/2002, concerning the application of I.A.S. – I.F.R.S. by the listed companies. Furthermore, these two measures have been the premise for promoting a progressive common approach for the accountancy laws and procedures of the EU countries, with the aim of creating a shared accountancy language: the adoption of directive 2003/51/EC. This directive affects the IV directive, namely the core of EU Accountancy Law and therefore, as its specific consequence and emanation, the VII directive, directive 86/635/ EEC on banks and other financial institutions and directive 91/674/EEC concerning insurance companies. Furthermore, the European Commission intends to support those companies – not a minority share – which are not required to apply the I.A.S. – I.F.R.S. directly, in compliance with regulation (EC) 1606/2002, in producing annual accounts with internationally accepted criteria, characterized by a transparent information system in relation to investors and creditors. Once the prominent aspects of directive 2003/51/EC have been specified, the purpose of the work is to assess their potential impact on the laws in force and on the practice generally accepted in Italy in the present day, whilst considering how the national legislation has so far received and implemented directive 2001/65/EC and regulation (EC) 1606/2002. Notably, the perspective we will apply to this purpose relates to small- and mediumsized enterprises, namely the typical characters of an economic model rooted on family capitalism; as such, these characters are frequently distant from the capital financial market.

The article presents the complex and controversial concept of the European social model (Esm) through an analysis of not only its plurality of meanings. Even when the Esm was deeply challenged by the development of globalized competition and the economic crisis, the changes marking the various different European welfare models appeared to converge and push systems towards a hybridization. It is precisely the low level of rigidity with which the construction process of the Esm has been characterized that appears to provide added value as it provides national and local welfare systems with resilience.

The article summarizes the ECJ's decisions on personal data protection, from Google Spain to Schrems.It points out the main issues touched by these decisions focusing in particular, on the relevance of the rights to privacy and to protection of personal data as fundamental rights and on the applicable law.What emerges from the analysis of the argumentative path followed by the Court on these issues is the intention to extend the scope of the European data protection law beyond European borders.The article draws a special attention to the political role assumed by the ECJ in this context in promoting the European model. ; The article summarizes the ECJ's decisions on personal data protection, from Google Spain to Schrems.It points out the main issues touched by these decisions focusing in particular, on the relevance of the rights to privacy and to protection of personal data as fundamental rights and on the applicable law.What emerges from the analysis of the argumentative path followed by the Court on these issues is the intention to extend the scope of the European data protection law beyond European borders.The article draws a special attention to the political role assumed by the ECJ in this context in promoting the European model.

La cittadinanza europea pone un problema definitorio: lo status di cittadino europeo dipende dall'essere cittadini di uno degli stati membri dell'UE. Tale dipendenza, che determina un legame di sovrapposizione, tende a mascherare la differenza delle due forme di cittadinanza. Il sentimento di appartenenza nazionale prevale, da un punto di vista soggettivo, rispetto alla comune appartenenza europea. Mediante un'analisi sociologica relazionale di stampo storico-culturale verranno individuati i caratteri peculiari della cittadinanza europea. L'affermazione positiva e non meramente suppletiva della cittadinanza europea, identifica un'identità collettiva connessa in modo inscindibile alle singole identità nazionali e ispirata da un «modello riflessivo» capace di accogliere in sé l'estraneo. L'analisi relazionale sarà poi integrata dallo studio delle rappresentazioni sociali che compongono la narrazione giornalistica italiana. Verranno analizzati gli articoli pubblicati nell'ultimo quarantennio da alcuni dei principali quotidiani nazionali («Corriere della Sera», «la Repubblica», «La Stampa»), giungendo a una sintesi concettuale dei patterns argomentativi predominanti che disegnano i contorni della cittadinanza europea nel contesto italiano. Lo studio della comunicazione giornalistica non si riduce a una descrizione quantitativa della ricorrenza con cui le tematiche europee vengono proposte nella stampa nazionale ma, attraverso un approfondimento contenutistico delle informazioni riportate nel corpo degli articoli, tenta di determinare quale rappresentazione del cittadino europeo viene veicolata dai media. L'intento del presente studio è quello di comprendere il substrato meta-concettuale che consente ai cittadini di relazionarsi alle istituzioni europee, dando forma a quel «senso di appartenenza» nodale per la realizzazione di un assetto governativo realmente democratico. ; European citizenship poses a definitory problem: the status of European citizen depends on being citizens of one of EU member states. This dependence, which determines a relationship of superposition, tends to mask the difference of the two forms of citizenship. The sense of national membership prevails, from a subjective point of view, with respect to the common membership of the EU. Through relational sociological analysis of historical and cultural mold, will locate the specific characteristics of European citizenship. The positive affirmation of European citizenship identifies a collective identity inseparably linked to the individual national identity, inspired by a «reflective model» capable of embracing the extraneous. Relational analysis will then be supplemented by the study of social representations that make up the Italian journalistic narrative. It will be analyzed articles published in the last four decades by some of the major national newspapers («Corriere della Sera», «La Repubblica», «La Stampa»), reaching a conceptual synthesis of the predominant argument patterns that draw the contours of European citizenship in the Italian context. The study of journalistic communication it is not reduced to a quantitative description of the recurrence wherewith European issues are proposed in the national press but, through a detailed study of the information contained in the body of articles, tries to determine which representation of the European citizen is conveyed by the media. The aim of the present study is to understand the meta-conceptual substrate which allows citizens to relate to European institutions, giving shape to that «sense of membership» nodal for the realization of a truly democratic governmental structure.

Dottorato di Ricerca in Diritto dei contratti pubblici e privati ; La ricerca prende le mosse da una duplice constatazione: - per un verso, all'interno del mercato unico europeo, nonostante l'armonizzazione in diverse aree, gli scambi di merci e servizi sono ancora governati dal diritto dei contratti interno a ciascuno Stato membro, con un'incidenza negativa sul commercio transfrontaliero; - per altro verso, tuttavia, negli ultimi decenni, nell'ambito del processo di integrazione europea ed in esito alle sollecitazioni derivanti da tale processo, sono andati emergendo principi e regole di un diritto privato europeo a valenza trasversale rispetto ai singoli Stati membri. Muovendo da tali premesse, è sembrato necessario analizzare anzitutto la complessiva situazione disciplinare dell'oggi, individuando obiettivi, limiti ed esiti anche operativi. In particolare, nella prima parte del lavoro, dedicata a "Il diritto europeo dei contratti", si è data contezza dei problemi interpretativi che si sono posti ai giuristi nella ricostruzione della nozione di diritto privato europeo e delle varie tesi sviluppatesi nella costruzione di tale "edificio comune europeo", sottolineando il ruolo fondamentale svolto dal metodo comparatistico nella costruzione del diritto Europeo. La seconda parte, intitolata "I tentativi di costruzione di un diritto europeo dei contratti", muove dall'analisi della Convenzione di Roma del 1980 sulla legge applicabile alle obbligazioni contrattuali. Il lavoro indaga dapprima i documenti di fonte volontaria e scientifica diffusisi agli inizi degli anni ottanta del secolo scorso, e successivamente esamina gli interventi più significativi a livello istituzionale. Tra questi ultimi, particolare attenzione è stata dedicata all'esame della Proposta di Regolamento per un Diritto Comune Europeo della Vendita che, elaborata su iniziativa della Commissione e sostenuta dal Parlamento Europeo, si presenta quale laboratorio privilegiato del futuro diritto europeo dei contratti. In questa prospettiva, l'indagine ha inteso verificare se la disciplina prefigurata dalla proposta di Regolamento sia coerente con i fini perseguiti o - se si preferisce – 2 possa essere considerata come effettivamente (ed efficacemente) diretta alla costruzione di un primo tassello di Diritto Europeo dei contratti in senso proprio. Alla luce delle conclusioni raggiunte, infine, vengono svolte alcune considerazioni sulle effettive prospettive di un diritto comune dei contratti nell'odierno contesto storico, caratterizzato dalla crisi del mercato. ; The research starts from two (apparently divergent, but in fact strictly related) observations: - within the European market, despite the harmonization in several areas, trade in goods and services are still governed by the internal law of contracts in each Member State, with a negative impact on cross-border trade; - but, however, in recent decades, as part of the process of European integration and due to its legal innovations, common principles and rules of European private law are emerging with an attitude to overlap traditional models of Member States. Starting from these premises, it appeared necessary to analyze the situation as a whole, comparing limitations and achievements. In particular, in the first part of the work, "The European Contract Law", the attention was focused on the problems of interpretation arising from the emerging new paradigms of European private law and from the various arguments developed in the construction of "common European building ", highlighting the fundamental role played by the comparative method in the production of European law. The second part, entitled "Attempts to build a European Contract Law", moves from the analysis of the Rome Convention of 1980 on the law applicable to contractual obligations. The paper investigates voluntary and academic documents that spread at the beginning of eighties of the last century, and then examines the most significant innovations introduced at the institutional level. Among the latter, peculiar attention is given to the "Proposal for a Regulation on a Common European Sales Law" (CESL) which, drafted on the basis of a proposal from the Commission and supported by the European Parliament, is a candidate privileged laboratory of the future European contract law. 3 Within such line, the research aimed to understand whether the envisaged framework is consistent with the objectives pursued or - if you prefer - is effectively directed at the construction of a "first piece" of European law in the proper sense. In the light of the conclusions reached, finally, some considerations are carried out on the actual perspectives of a common European Law of contracts in today's historical context, characterized by the crisis in the market.

This wide-ranging theme takes Braudel's concept of the "Mediterranean" as its starting point. Braudel's vision of an enclosed sea as a geographical opportunity for economic integration between nations with different religions, languages and ethnicities and political bodies still functions as a model for studies on a wide range of contexts. The goal of the 50th Study Week was to go beyond the study of individual systems in isolation, and to combine instead different analysis of open and enclosed seas or coastal areas in order to understand the integration role played by maritime connections in Europe. Since in pre-industrial civilizations water transport was easier than land transport, the time has come to bring attention to the way these relationship networks operated both on a European level and with Asian and North African trade partners. This volume starts from the great research traditions which have, however, rarely been integrated on a larger and continental scale, and analyses them on either a regional or thematic basis. Immanuel Wallerstein has developed Braudel's concept by conceptualising its intercultural and transnational dimensions and its role in the system of labour. He called it a "world system", not because it involves the whole world, but because it is larger than any legally defined political unit. And it is a "world economy" because the base link between the different parts of the system has an economic nature. The various regional research aspects and traditions have been linked together in a coherent approach which aims at evaluating: - What geographical, nautical, technical, economic, legal, social and cultural elements influenced the emergence of the various regional networks, and how these worked; - The nature and role of seaports as nodal points of sea routes and of their hinterland through rivers, canals and roads; - The commercial and personal ties between merchants and shipowners in various ports; - How regional networks connected with each other and how, over time, they ended up integrating into larger units; - How private networks, initially between merchant and seafarer organizations, ended up dealing with local authorities and, after their growth, with states and empires in order to protect their interests.

The article discusses the philosophy of the translation of Domenico Jervolino applying it to the case of the European Union. The models of multi-culturalism and interculture are implemented within the EU. ; L'articolo discute intorno alla filosofia della traduzione di Domenico Jervolino applicandola al caso dell'Unione Europea. I modelli del multiculturalismo e dell'intercultura sono implementati nella UE.

In the last few years, unprecedented challenges and new social risks are testing the capacity of welfare policies implemented by many European countries to provide responses to emerging needs. The general economical and social crisis brings to the unyielding need for a recalibration mechanism between long-term care policies and public spending, as well as the recovery of different and new parameters of efficiency, sustainability and inclusion of interventions and welfare benefits. In recent years, the experiences of new care technologies based on ICTs have become increasingly widespread throughout Europe. Indeed, many studies document that the sustainability of the welfare services also goes through the promotion and implementation of specific technological devices and tools (which fall within the so called new care technologies – NCTs – or welfare technology – WT –) in the healthcare field. The aim of the research is to investigate the field of the wefare technology, studying in particular the changes at institutional level, including services' organization through the experiences in the norwegian municipality of Grimstad.

The author reconstructs the debate that developed in the 1980s in the Etuc in which Trentin was committed to the construction of a European social model. The essay analyzes the difficulties, contradictions and novelties of the trade union proposal in response to the interconnected effects of inflation, oil crises and mass unemployment in the 1970s, starting with the "Keynes-plus" approach, which proposed new investments for the improvement of working conditions, protection of natural and social environment, and for an equitable distribution of growth and the reduction of consumption of scarce resources, especially energy. Within this framework Trentin stressed the importance of a renewal of the Union's task in post-Fordism in which the European dimension and its ability to affect the process of integration become central.

Many intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) may undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and participate in the formation of membraneless organelles in the cell, thereby contributing to the regulation and compartmentalization of intracellular biochemical reactions. The phase behavior of IDPs is sequence dependent, and its investigation through molecular simulations requires protein models that combine computational efficiency with an accurate description of intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. We developed a general coarse-grained model of IDPs, with residue-level detail, based on an extensive set of experimental data on single-chain properties. Ensemble-averaged experimental observables are predicted from molecular simulations, and a data-driven parameter-learning procedure is used to identify the residue-specific model parameters that minimize the discrepancy between predictions and experiments. The model accurately reproduces the experimentally observed conformational propensities of a set of IDPs. Through two-body as well as large-scale molecular simulations, we show that the optimization of the intramolecular interactions results in improved predictions of protein self-association and LLPS. ; We thank Veronica Ryan and Nicolas L. Fawzi for sharing the PRE data for FUS LCD, FUS12E LCD, and A2 LCD as well as Robert Konrat for sharing the intramolecular PRE data for Osteopontin. We thank Robert B. Best for sharing data on compaction of IDPs; Gregory L. Dignon and Jeetain Mittal for help setting up simulations with the HPS model; and Tanja Mittag, Massimiliano Bonomi, and Benjamin Schuler for helpful discussions. We acknowledge funding from the BRAINSTRUC structural biology initiative from the Lundbeck Foundation (Grant R155-2015-2666) and acknowledge access to computational resources from the Resource for Biomolecular Simulations (ROBUST) (supported by Novo Nordisk Foundation Grant NNF18OC0032608) and Biocomputing Core Facility at the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen. T.K.S. acknowledges support from the Novo Scholarship Programme 2021. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement 101025063. ; Peer reviewed

«I felt that the time had come to have a fresh look at the European VAT system. There were indeed a number of reasons which in my view justified taking this step»: da queste parole del Commissario Europeo Algirdas Šemeta trae ispirazione tale ricerca che ha l'obiettivo di ripercorrere, in primo luogo, le ragioni che hanno portato alla creazione di una imposta comunitaria plurifase sui consumi, ed in secondo luogo, i motivi per cui oggi è necessario un ripensamento sul tema. Le spinte ammodernatrici provengono anche dagli stessi organismi europei, che sono impegnati da anni in discussioni con gli Stati membri per arrivare alla definizione di una normativa che riesca a disegnare un sistema snello ed efficiente. Il primo importante passo in tale direzione è stato effettuato dalla stessa Commissione europea nel 2010 con l'elaborazione del Libro Verde sul futuro dell'IVA, in cui vengono evidenziati i profili critici del sistema e le possibili proposte di riforma. L'obiettivo di dare origine ad un EU VAT SYSTEM in grado di rendere la tassazione più semplice, efficace, neutrale ed anti frode. In questo lavoro si intendono sottolineare i principali elementi critici della normativa IVA comunitaria, ideando anche le modifiche che potrebbero migliorarli, al fine di creare un'ipotesi normativa capace di essere un modello ispiratore per la modifica del sistema di imposizione indiretta esistente nella Repubblica di San Marino che ad oggi si trova a doversi confrontare con una imposta monofase alle importazioni anch'essa, come l'IVA, oramai in crisi. ; «I felt that the time had come to have a fresh look at the European VAT system. There were indeed a number of reasons which in my view justified taking this step»: these words of the EU Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union Algirdas Šemeta inspired this research that aims to examine, first, the reasons that led to the creation of a common multi-phase tax on consumption, and secondly, why today we need to rethink this issue. Pressures to modernize come even by European organizations, who are engaged for years in discussions to reach the definition of a legislation that is able to draw an efficient tax system. The first important step in this direction was made by the European Commission itself in 2010 with the drafting of the Green Paper on the future of VAT, which highlights the critical profiles of the system and possible reform proposals. The objective is to adopt an EU VAT SYSTEM able to make taxation more simple, effective, neutral and anti-fraud. In this research the aim is to highlight the main critical aspects of the Community VAT rules, highlighting also changes that could improve them in order to create a legislation capable of being a model for changing the existing system of indirect taxation in the Republic of San Marino that today is faced with a single-phase tax on imports that is, like VAT, now in crisis.