Today, Europe is living a new decisive time as it has been in its past after World War II, in search of unity in diversity in the name of a peace project to safeguard future. If, on the one hand, Europe expresses aspirations for profound changes in its external environment, in the domestic context, it ends up colliding with aspects linked to sovereignty and human rights; on the other hand, in European foreign policy, the model reveals the search to legitimize its action. Precisely, the objective and the motivation of this study seek, through the qualitative methodology in Political Science, to analyse and understand the current context of the European Union in the international system. In fact, it is identified that this new hierarchy of powers, in the reaffirmation of the Westphalian system, where economic power comes, is bound to consolidate the democratic development between the old and new times of international relations in the destiny of Europe. From the results obtained during the analysis, in order to face again the unpredictability of the world scenario, it is a reality that Europe must promote the re-encounter of an alternative role, in other words, to assume its initial project of European edification in the name of equality of circumstances and rights of its affirmation in the global arena.
Abstract The social welfare system in Brazil can be compared with the European social democratic model in three historical periods, despite the specificities and differences. The period of 1930-1964 will address the importance of the concept of citizenship regulated to the definition of social rights in Brazil and compare it with the development of national citizenship and the role of trade unions in the welfare state in Europe. The period of 1964-1985 will present the structure of the military regime's social policy while in Europe there was a democratic environment with universal social rights and social participation as the basis for the system of social welfare. The period after 1985, with emphasis on the second phase of social reform initiated after the Real Plan (1994), will highlight the more generous and universalizing vision of social rights. This period will be important to compare as Europe, at that time, questioned the material foundation and the design of the welfare state while aiming to review some grounds to keep it as a pattern of social solidarity. Key words: Citizenship - Rights - Equality - Democracy - Inequality. ; Resumo O regime de bem-estar social no Brasil pode ser comparado com o modelo social-democrata europeu em três períodos históricos, apesar das especificidades e diferenças que aqui adquiriu. No período 1930-1964, serão abordadas a importância da concepção de cidadania regulada para a definição de direitos sociais no Brasil e a comparação com o desenvolvimento da cidadania nacional e o papel dos sindicatos no welfare state na Europa. No período 1964-1985, será apresentada a forma como se estruturou a política social do regime militar, enquanto, na Europa, havia um ambiente democrático, com direitos sociais universais e participação social como bases do regime de bem-estar social. No período após 1985, com ênfase na fase da segunda reforma social iniciada pós-Plano Real (1994), será destacada a visão mais generosa e universalizante de direitos sociais. Para esse período, será importante apontar como, na Europa, nesse momento, se questionaram as bases materiais e a concepção do welfare state, visando, ao mesmo tempo, revisar alguns fundamentos para mantê-lo como padrão de solidariedade social.Palavras-chave: cidadania; direitos; igualdade; democracia; desigualdade. AbstractThe social welfare system in Brazil can be compared with the European social democratic model in three historical periods, despite the specificities and differences. The period of 1930-1964 will address the importance of the concept of citizenship regulated to the definition of social rights in Brazil and compare it with the development of national citizenship and the role of trade unions in the welfare state in Europe. The period of 1964-1985 will present the structure of the military regime's social policy while in Europe there was a democratic environment with universal social rights and social participation as the basis for the system of social welfare. The period after 1985, with emphasis on the second phase of social reform initiated after the Real Plan (1994), will highlight the more generous and universalizing vision of social rights. This period will be important to compare as Europe, at that time, questioned the material foundation and the design of the welfare state while aiming to review some grounds to keep it as a pattern of social solidarity.Key words: Citizenship - Rights - Equality - Democracy - Inequality
The article attempts to identify & assess both the types of differentiation in patterns of church-state relationships across European space & the trends of change which have occurred across time. The central hypothesis to be tested is the claim advanced by some authors that contemporary trends can, when taken together, be seen to prefigure the emergence, in spite of differences, of a distinctive European common model -- one which is furthermore as different from that associated with the USA in the far West as it is from that of China in the far East. By contrast with those counterposed "Others" the emergent European model might, it is argued, be seen as an object of hope for the overcoming within Europe of the many tensions which have surfaced in connection with the recent steep resurgence of the religious factor in politics across the world. Charts. Adapted from the source document.
Introduction: Biovigilance presents a new opportunity for growth and improvement of the donation-transplantation process. Biovigilance is defined as the monitoring and control of procedures involving human cells, tissues and organs, from donation to the clinical evolution of the recipient and the living donor, in order to obtain and provide information on risks and adverse events, and to prevent its occurrence or recurrence. Objective: Describe biovigilance and transplant models and initiatives in Brazil and worldwide. Method: Narrative review of national and international literature on biovigilance and transplantation models in Brazil and worldwide. Results: The risk is present in all stages involving the donation-transplantation process, and implies continuous surveillance. Bio-surveillance initiatives around the world involve institutions such as the World Health Organization and Italy's National Transplant Centre, which support the sharing of surveillance information published for teaching purposes and for greater public transparency and which, together with Member States of the European Union, aim to support the development and strengthening of the capacity to monitor and control quality, safety and effectiveness in this area. The Australian Government has an initiative that collects information on serious adverse events and reactions related to organ donation and transplantation, but it does not yet have an integrated surveillance system. Brazil, through its National Sanitary Vigilance Agency, has been monitoring the adverse events analysis, but that database needs to be integrated with that of the National Transplantation System. Conclusions: Having National efforts to address international initiatives with the World Health Organization is urgent, thus incorporating measures to implement a culture of quality and safety in the donor-transplant process, with innovative care modelling. It is also necessary to return back to society the high investments done in an efficient and effective manner. ; Introdução: A biovigilância apresenta nova oportunidade de melhoria e segurança do processo doação-transplante. A biovigilância é definida como o monitoramento e o controle durante os procedimentos que envolvem células, tecidos e órgãos humanos desde a doação até a evolução clínica do receptor e do doador vivo, com o objetivo de obter e disponibilizar informações sobre riscos e eventos adversos, a fim de prevenir sua ocorrência ou recorrência. Objetivo: Descrever acerca de modelos e iniciativas de biovigilância e transplante no Brasil e no mundo. Método: Revisão narrativa da literatura nacional e internacional. Resultados: O risco está presente em todas as etapas que envolvem a doação-transplante, e implica vigilância contínua. As iniciativas de biovigilância no mundo envolvem instituições como a Organização Mundial da Saúde e o Centro Nacional de Transplantes da Itália, que apoiam o compartilhamento de informações de vigilância publicadas para fins de ensino e para maior transparência pública e que, em conjunto com Estados-membros da União Europeia, têm o objetivo de apoiar o desenvolvimento e ofortalecimento da capacidade de monitorar e controlar a qualidade, a segurança e a eficácia nessa área. O governo australiano possui uma iniciativa que coleta informações sobre eventos adversos graves e reações relacionadas à doação e ao transplante de órgãos, mas ainda não possui um sistema de vigilância integrado. O Brasil, por meio da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, possui acompanhamento da análise eventos adversos, mas os seus bancos de dados, precisam ser integrados àqueles do Sistema Nacional de Transplantes. Conclusões: É premente realizar esforço nacional para atender as inciativas internacionais com a Organização Mundial de Saúde e, assim, incorporar medidas para implementar uma cultura de qualidade e segurança no processo doação-transplante com uma modelagem assistencial inovadora, e devolver à sociedade o alto investimento realizado de modo eficiente e eficaz.
The Georgian-Russian conflict in August 2008 underscored the need for the EU to devise a different model of relationship with Moscow. The implications of the conflict have specific European dimensions, in which EU-Russia relations are a cornerstone. The solution to the Georgian crisis is located at two complementary levels: the implementation of the Medvedev-Sarkozy peace plan & the rethinking of the cooperation with the Kremlin. In that sense, there is a need to operationalize a model of "selective cooperation" towards Russia in order to create a more constructive relationship. Adapted from the source document.
Portugal has always lived an unstable balance between the continental pressure and the search for a maritime option. In this way some movements had defined the continuities in the strategic options and in the historical features of the Portuguese foreign policy, which we may define as structures or international insertion models. Historically, Portugal has known three models of international insertion also connected with three different historical periods. Adapted from the source document.
In 2013 the Elysee Treaty, on friendship and cooperation between France and Germany completes 50 years. Its model of a complementary bilateralism establishes a successful cooperation model, the characteristics of which benefited both the Franco-German couple as the itinerary of the European Union itself. The foreign policy of Paris and Berlin made domestic politics in Europe, inspires the architecture of the common foreign and security policy, whose development began only with the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009, and whose operational barriers remain. The text of treaties echoes the Franco-German partnership and records the remaining institutional overlays. Adapted from the source document.
The European Commission's role seems to have declined in the past few years. However, the autonomy & the influence of the European Commission cannot be properly evaluated by classical integration theories. New European studies are establishing new theoretical models & new conceptual frameworks to correct biases that may result from a statocentric analysis. Integration studies are being replaced by governance studies. This change in focus allows for more pertinent evaluation of the relative weight of European institutions, lamely the European Commission, consolidating its central position in he communitarian system. References. Adapted from the source document.
The new paradigm in which the People's Republic of China is perceived (from weak & politically fragile to strong) & its growing soft power, in part due to the high rates of economic development, led to the general acceptance of its influence in the South. Perceived as a more convenient partner than the Western countries, China legitimates its presence in Africa & Latin America presenting its own development model, in which economic progress is not linked with political democratization. Using the slogan of South-South cooperation & replacing the so-called Western norms by others with "Chinese characteristics," as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, Beijing challenges European & US interests in those regions. Adapted from the source document.
This paper seeks to contribute to a reflection on the current European crisis through a critical theorization of liberalism, here characterized as a philosophical, political and ontological assumption of a liberal peace that rests increasingly on the geopolitical scenario of germanisation of Europe. Therefore, two main essays are revisited in the paper, one by Carl Schmitt and the other by Emanuel Levinas, their criticisms to the model of liberal peace describes many of the limitations of the industrial and technocratic model that underpins it, but above all the way in which this model paves the way for its own collapse. Adapted from the source document.
Satisfaction with life can be a proxy indicator of the complex phenomenon of human and social development, with satisfaction with life being understood as subjectively interpreted outcome, which is socially repeated due to its alignment with collectively valued goals. Satisfaction with life can be affected by changes in some variables analyzed theoretically and statistically, such as functional capacities, goods, trust, choice of values, perception of the governability of the country, and the functioning of democracy, which are studied empirically here. For the estimation of the models which result from this interpretation of human development, databases of the World Values Survey and the European Values Survey in the year 2000 for 31 countries were utilized. Empirical results suggest that satisfaction with life as an indicator of human development is affected mainly by the interpretation of the personal conditions (functional capacity) and the effective material wealth of the person. ; La satisfacción con la vida puede ser un indicador próximo del fenómeno complejo del desarrollo humano y social, entendiéndolo como un resultado interpretado subjetivamente por las personas y refrendado socialmente por tener alineación con metas colectivamente valoradas. La satisfacción con la vida puede ser afectada por los cambios en algunas variables analizadas teórica y estadísticamente como: funcionalidades, bienes, confianza, elección de valores, percepción sobre la gobernabilidad del país y funcionamiento de la democracia. Para la estimación de los modelos que surgen de este trabajo se usaron las bases de datos de la Encuesta Mundial de Valores y la Encuesta Europea de Valores, en el año 2000, para 31 países. Se encontró que la satisfacción con la vida puede ser probablemente un indicador próximo del desarrollo que se ve afectado en mayor medida por la interpretación de las condiciones personales (funcionalidades) y por los bienes efectivos de las personas. ; A satisfação com a vida pode ser um indicador próximo do fenômeno complexo do desenvolvimento humano e social, entendendo a satisfação com a vida como um resultado interpretado subjetivamente pelas pessoas e referendado socialmente por ter alinhamento com metas coletivamente valoradas. A satisfação com a vida pode ser afetada pelas mudanças em alguns fatores analisados teórica e estatisticamente como: funcionalidades, bens, confiança, eleição de valores, percepção sobre a governabilidade do país e funcionamento da democracia. Para a estimativa dos modelos que surgem deste trabalho se usaram as bases de dados da Pesquisa Mundial de Valores e a Pesquisa Européia de valores no ano 2000, para 31 países. Se encontrou que a satisfação com a vida pode ser provavelmente um indicador próximo do desenvolvimento que se vê afetado em maior medida pela interpretação das condições pessoais (funcionalidades) e pelos bens efetivos das pessoas.
The movement for democracy in communist Poland became widespread with the appearance of Solidarity in 1980. The next decade in Poland witnessed Solidarity's peaceful fight for the right to representation. Mikhail Gorbachev's will to end the Cold War was crucial, but his attitude to Eastern European countries can be described as the non-interference rule. One of the decisive factors was the "self-limiting" policy of the Solidarity. The aim was not to overthrow the system, but to liberalize it. Polish model of a gradual evolutionary democratization serves as a model for other countries in the Soviet Bloc. Adapted from the source document.
European societies have always been multicultural in the most basic sense of the term, which includes the concept of multinational societies. What is new for contemporary European societies is that they are now multicultural in a second sense, insofar as they are poly-ethnic societies. The article argues that it is not the place of the state to privilege certain ethnic groups over others, nor is it the place of the state to define ethnic groups in any manner distinct from how they define themselves. Thus, specific cultural distinctions can neither be manufactured nor ignored. Special attention is given to the British multicultural model, which seeks to maintain & balance the different political & cultural identities & needs of ethnic groups. References. R. Young
With this paper, we intend to understand what theoretical and empirical strategies allow us to measure the centrality and intensity of traditional religious meanings, as well as its more plural and diffuse modern expressions, in the individuals' life, in the first decade and a half of the twenty-first century. For that purpose, we offer a conceptualization and measurement model of religion - an index of religiosity - that we consider being effective and adequate to describe and measure its manifold contemporary expressions and dimensions. In order to build our index, we drew on some of the existing patterns of measurement, namely Huber & Huber's work, and on three specific statistical databases: the European Values Survey (1999-2008), the European Social Survey (2002-2014), and the World Christian Database (2015). To go beyond the theoretical constructs and the standardization of a religiosity index, we analyze and measure religion in a specific group of European countries and we compare the various levels of religiosity among them.
This text analyses aspects of metropolitan governance in European countries, observing cooperated action strategies. Accordingly, it is descanted about the instituted arrangements in a spontaneous and institutionalized way, the sources of funding and the offering of cooperated services. Thereby, this study has the objective of analyzing the metropolitan matter, considering essentially its institutions and the promotion of policies and programs undertaken in the metropolitan spaces. There are considered the institution guidelines of the following European countries: Germany, Spain, France and England, as well as the challenges and limitations of fomentation to the metropolitan governance. The observations were developed from the review of the international literature and researches accomplished by the respective governments between the decade of 1970 and the year 2012. The analysis indicates that the arrangements of metropolitan governance are heterogeneous and diversified, with diverse models, being to common service delivery or being to cooperative acting. There are still observed fragilities in the strategies to the articulation of intersectoral policies and strong conflicts among the public and private economical agents.
