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The EMCA is designed to provide a source of inspiration for company law for European Member States and beyond Available at : https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2929348

Following the rationale for regional redistribution programs described in the official documents of the European Union, this paper studies a very simple multi-country model built around two regions: a core and a periphery. Technological spill-overs link firms' productivity in each of the two region, and each country's territory falls partly in the core and partly in the periphery, but the exact shares vary across countries. We find that, in line with the EU view, the efficient regional allocation requires both national and international transfers. If migration is fully free across all borders, then optimal redistribution policy results from countries' uncoordinated policies, obviating the need for a central agency. But if countries have the option of setting even imperfect border barriers, then efficiency is likely to require coordination on both barriers and international transfers (both of which will be set optimally at positive levels). The need for coordination increases as the Union increases in size.

In recent years, European political leaders from Angela Merkel to David Cameron have discarded the term multiculturalism and now express scepticism, critique and even hostility towards multicultural ways of organising their societies. Yet they are unprepared to reverse the diversity existing in their states. These contradictory choices have different political consequences in the 11 European countries examined in this book: Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Sweden and Turkey. The future of European liberalism is being played out as multicultural notions of belonging, inclusion, tolerance and the national home are brought into question.

In this paper, we will focus on defining the notion of public interest in the media sphere, the basic prerequisites and the attitude of the media towards the government, in order to achieve transparency and accountability in governance and social and cultural development. In this paper, we will also cover the basic standards of the Council of Europe regarding issues such as: gender equality, minority rights and the media, intolerance, violence in the media content, protection of children and youth, media independence, and democratic processes and their role during electoral processes

In this paper, we will focus on defining the notion of public interest in the media sphere, the basic prerequisites and the attitude of the media towards the government, in order to achieve transparency and accountability in governance and social and cultural development. In this paper, we will also cover the basic standards of the Council of Europe regarding issues such as: gender equality, minority rights and the media, intolerance, violence in the media content, protection of children and youth, media independence, and democratic processes and their role during electoral processes

Community sponsorship has become an increasingly popular instrument for setting up safe and legal pathways to protection in recent years. As part of its New Pact on Asylum and Migration, the European Commission now assumed ownership of the concept and called for a distinct "European model" of community sponsorship. However, the Commission remains vague as to how a European approach should look like. This Policy Brief analyses existing sponsorship schemes in EU member states and argues that a "European model" should be based on two principles: the additionality of sponsorship schemes and their focus on the protection of beneficiaries.

On 27 and 28 September 2007, a commission formed on the initiative of the authors held its first meeting in Aarhus, Denmark to deliberate on its goal of drafting a "European Model Company Law Act" (EMCLA). This project, outlined in the following pages, aims neither to force a mandatory harmonization of national company law nor to create a further, European corporate form. The goal is rather to draft model rules for a corporation that national legislatures would be free to adopt in whole or in part. Thus, the project is thought as an alternative and supplement to the existing EU instruments for the convergence of company law. The present EU instruments, their prerequisites and limits will be discussed in more detail in Part II, below. Part III will examine the US experience with such "model acts" in the area of company law. Part IV will then conclude by discussing several topics concerning the content of an EMCLA, introducing the members of the EMCLA Working Group, and explaining the Group's preliminary working plan.

This paper will presented at the 27th Annual Conference of the Portuguese Economic and Social History Association on "Globalization: Long-Term Perspectives" Lisbon, 16-17 November 2007, and is forthcoming in P. Della Posta, A. Verdun and M. Uvalic (eds), Interpreting globalization: a European Perspective, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. We are grateful to Jeff Frieden for a stimulating discussion of this paper and would also like to thank the editors of the above-referred volume as well as Erik Jones, Phil Schmitter, Francesco Farina and other participants in our conference panels at the EUI in Florence in 2006 and at the ECPR meetings in Pisa in 2007 for their useful comments. Any remaining errors and omissions are of course our responsibility. ; The issue of whether the 'European model' is viable in a globalized world raises the question as to what defines and conditions any European model and its competitiveness in the context of globalization and the new economy. For the sake of sustainability of its model but also to sustain support for globalization the European Union (EU) needs to take economic advantage of globalization and the knowledge-based economy. Challenges in a high-cost, high-productivity economy mean that there is a premium on dynamic efficiency gains from the liberalization and reform of markets and an economic and institutional framework that fosters innovation and flexible adjustment. The paper examines how the EU deals with governance issues and political economy factors from this perspective. The EU model, if able to legitimize itself with respect to the European integration process may as well contribute to a legitimate political governance of globalization. ; Research Fellow at IEEI and Professor and Research Coordinator at IEE-UCP, Lisbon, respectively. They are both regular visiting professors at the National Institute for Public Administration (INA). This paper is part of an FCT research project on Economic Growth, Convergence and Institutions (research grant POCI/EGE/55423/2004, ...

International audience ; The recent European Court of Justice's Kolpak ruling1 gives us another opportunity to focuson the combination of public law and sporting rules in the sport law matters, particularlyregarding professional sport.Each sporting situation is positioned in the spotlight of different levels of legality. Threegeographical zones may be distinguished: the regional level as, for example, in Italy or Spainwhere Regional Sport Acts exist; the central national level; and the European level whereCommunity law applies.What has changed since 1995 and the famous Bosman ruling2? Although Deliege andLethonen, have confirmed the applicability of the freedom of movement of workers in sport,they also have allowed more flexibility in the application of Community law to sport.Nevertheless, with respect to fair competition, have the sport federations, in the light of theirmonopoly, secured their role in the future of professional sport?As professional sport includes not only sporting and economic, but also cultural and historicaldimensions, a special treatment is needed.

Southern European countries, especially those which are EU members, share similar migration histories, being traditionally countries of emigration but now having to deal with large numbers of immigrants, many of whom arrive via irregular channels facilitated by smugglers, or enter by legitimate means as tourists and then overstay. This paper introduces a special issue of this journal on the theme of irregular migration. It starts by recounting the implications of the recent (October 2013) Lampedusa tragedy. The remainder of the paper is in three parts. We first explore the flexible concept of irregular migration, including questions of definition and migration policy – especially the policy of regularisation, which has been widespread in the four largest Southern EU states. Next, we describe what has been called the 'Southern European Model of Migration' and its constituent elements and theoretical foundations, a key part of which is the dynamic interrelationship between irregular migration and the informal economy. Finally, we introduce the six papers that follow, highlighting their key findings and significant research contributions.

International audience ; The introduction of a new model of territorial development based on a bottom-up approach appears to be an entirely new process in the formerly communist countries of Central Europe. However, the ongoing process of Europeanisation in these countries is acting as a catalyst for the transmission of this model of endogenous development, a model whose principles are to highlight the specifi c advantages of each territory and to foster the initiatives taken by decentralized actors. 'Territorial governance' is a notion that sums up these new patterns of public policies that are in keeping with a multi-level environment. At the crossroads of European and national policies with bottom- up initiatives, taken by local stakeholders (local representatives, project managers, etc.), new patterns in territorial resetting are also appearing as part of the change in territorial governance. How does such a transfer of model take place and what effects does it imply? This paper is aimed at analysing the reception of this European model of local development by local actors and their ability for social learning.

Trade dynamics within the EU are presently pushing it towards deepening globalisation through bilateral comprehensive trade agreements which establish far-reaching rules that govern the bilateral trade relationship. The European Commission has defended these agreements as a vehicle through which to promote world trade in accordance with European values and norms. However, the theory of fiscal federalism and the principle of subsidiarity tell us that one should not centralise decisions at the supranational level which are better taken at the national or regional level when there are different preferences among countries or regions. Consequently, member state and regional competences ought not to be perceived as a mere obstacle to swift trade deals. Rather, they can provide an important checks and balances function with regard to whether EU trade policy is truly working to condition globalisation according to European values and preferences.

In the article the evolution, main course and instruments of contemporary urban development in terms of EU regional policy is determined. The possibility of European model implementation in context of Ukrainian urban economic development convergence is investigated. The principles of sustainable urban economic development model in context of Ukrainian-EU cohesion are presented. ; W artykule została określona ewolucja, główne ścieżki i instrumenty współczesnego rozwoju urbanizacyjnego w kategoriach regionalnej polityki UE. Badaniom poddano możliwość implementacji modelu europejskiego w kontekście konwergencji ukraińskiego rozwoju gospodarczego terenów zurbanizowanych. Zaprezentowano zasady zrównoważonego rozwoju gospodarczego obszarów zurbanizowanych w kontekście spójności Ukrainy i UE.

AGENDA 21 as one of the final resolutions of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro stresses in chapter 28 the important role of cities, towns and communities in globally sustainable development. One of the most important European model projects in this respect was carried out in Leipzig from 1993 to 1997. The Leipzig Ostraum Project was supported through the LIFE support program of the European Union with the largest subsidy awarded till that time (4,3 mill. DM, with a total project budget of about 20 mill. DM). The central goal of this project is the use, testing and further development of present knowledge with regard to sustainable urban restructuring in combination with innovative strategies of economic and employment policies. The scope of traditional urban ecology is extended to comprise adjacent rural areas and to revitalize regional material flows. In the meantime, affiliated projects have won support by the THERMIE program of the European Union and the EXWOST-program of the German Federal Ministry of Construction. This paper reports on the most important results of the Leipzig Project to date. In particular, the authors show that the concept of ecological urban restructuring and the Local Agenda 21 are in harmony with one another and can play a decisive role in stimulating consensus on future urban development. All urban actors can be winners in this process. Difficulties arose, however, through dishonest use of financial support by the project agency. ; Die AGENDA 21, Abschlußdokument der UN-Konferenz über Umwelt und Entwicklung im Juni 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, betont in ihrem Kapitel 28 die Rolle der Kommunen, Städte und Gemeinden bei einer global zukunftsfähigen Entwickung (sustainable development). Eines der wichtigsten europäischen Modellprojekte zu diesem Thema wurde in den Jahren 1993 bis 1997 in Leipzig durchgeführt. Zentrale Zielstellung des mit der bisher höchsten Fördersumme aus dem LIFEProgramm der Europäischen Kommission (4,3 Mio DM bei einem Projektvolumen von knapp 20 Mio DM) geförderten Leipziger Ostraum-Projektes ist die Anwendung und Weiterentwicklung des Erkenntnisstandes zum Thema des zukunftsfähigen Städtebaus in Kombination mit innovativen Strategien einer ökologischen Wirtschafts- und Beschäftigungspolitik. Die traditionelle Stadtökologie wird erweitert durch die Einbeziehung der Umlandgemeinden und die Revitalisierung regionaler Stoffkreisläufe. Inzwischen sind ergänzende Tochterprojekte mit Förderung aus dem THERMIE-Programm der Europäischen Kommission und dem EXWOST-Programm des Bundesbauministeriums eingeworben werden. In dem Paper wird über die wichtigsten bisherigen Ergebnisse des Projektes berichtet. Insbesondere wird gezeigt, daß die Konzepte des Ökologischen Stadtumbaus und der Lokalen Agenda 21 miteinander harmonieren und eine konsensstiftende Funktion in der zukünftigen Stadtentwicklung übernehmen können. Alle städtischen Akteure können Winner in diesem Prozeß sein. Durch unredlichen Umgang des Projektträgers mit den Fördergeldern war das Leipziger Projekt in jüngster Zeit allerdings in Schwierigkeiten geraten.

This paper discusses Africa's attempt at integration as a strategy to overcome its economic crisis and facilitate political stability. It looks at previous, failed attempts at African integration and the bodies established to address the problems faced by African states (namely, the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the East African Community (EAC)). Today, prolonged conflicts and political stresses continue to hamper economic progress and human welfare, and the continent stands at the bottom of all global indicators of development; no African state has been able to achieve the minimum of the Millennium Development Goals. Thus, the European Union has been heralded as the model for African integration. However, this paper seeks to dispute this conception. The author examines the variables that facilitated European integration, and the historical and geopolitical circumstances that made it possible. In doing so, the author highlights the limited applicability of the EU model to Africa, where there is neither the political nor the economic basis for the type of integration being envisaged. Africa's situation and priorities are starkly different to those that preoccupied European leaders in the 1950s. Rather than attempting to replicate the EU model, this paper puts forward a number of realistic suggestions and alternatives that would begin to address the challenges facing the continent. Among these include: the design and implementation of a regional safety and security regime; the widening of regional markets to promote economic growth; regulatory frameworks in areas related to business; and the management of regional commons, notably shared natural resources.