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Zwitserland en de Europese Ekonomische Gemeenschap (1958-1972). Een case-study inzake Europese integratie
In: Res publica: politiek-wetenschappelijk tijdschrift van de Lage Landen ; driemaandelijks tijdschrift, Band 19, Heft 1, S. 23-41
ISSN: 0486-4700
Switzerland's attitude toward the EEC is typical of the new foreign policy adopted by that country in 1947 under the heading "Neutrality & Solidarity." A number of centrifugal factors (the EEC is regarded as the center or the pole of attraction) have kept Switzerland out of the EEC although many other factors--economic & commerical, in particular, but also ideological, cultural, political, & geographic--tend toward closer ties with the EEC & have acted as "centripetal" forces. The main "centrifugal" factors were: Swiss neutrality, the federal system, & direct democracy, such economic elements as the fiscal & agricultural systems & especially psychological factors including attitudes & ideas concerning the EEC & the consequences of membership. Fear of bureaucratization & fear of infringement on individual liberties are greater stumbling-blocks than economic & political factors. Timely corrections & adaptations in the international commercial field (EFTA membership, advantages gained from the Kennedy Round, the 1972 Free Trade agreement with the enlarged EEC) have reduced the necessity to seek a closer relationship with the Community, Only drastic economic, social, & political changes in the evolution of the EEC or of Switzerland itself could bring about fundamental changes in the relationship between Switzerland & the EEC. Modified HA.
Europeanisering en centralisering. Een verkennend onderzoek naar de plaats van de Europese Unie in de organisatie van de Belgische politieke partijen
In: Res publica: politiek-wetenschappelijk tijdschrift van de Lage Landen ; driemaandelijks tijdschrift, Band 45, Heft 1, S. 121-142
ISSN: 0486-4700
The European Union affects the internal organization of national political parties. We found 'traces of Europe' in the party statutes of all Belgian parties that are represented in the European Parliament since 1999. Europe is, to a greater or lesser extent, present in party goals, rules on party membership, & party organs. Parties have elaborated rules for the organization of European elections, the selection of European executives, the formulation of party programs, & internal & external coordination of policy formulation. At first sight these rules seem to confirm the hypothesis that Europe is in the first place a concern of party leadership, & that it reinforces centralization of decision making. Yet the full confirmation of this hypothesis requires further comparative research on the Europeanization of political parties. 1 Appendix. Adapted from the source document.
Lobbying in de Europese Unie: Is er nog toekomst voor nationale belangengroepen?
In: Res publica: politiek-wetenschappelijk tijdschrift van de Lage Landen ; driemaandelijks tijdschrift, Band 45, Heft 4, S. 673
ISSN: 0486-4700