Johan Olsen, a well known expert on higher education, asked the following question: "Is Europeanization as disappointing a term as it is fashionable? Should it be abandoned or is it useful for understanding European transformations? It is our assessment that the concept of Europeanization is rather useful, despite being occasionally vague. In fact, its vagueness contributes to the flexibility which the EU member states want to maintain, while they try to achieve common goals through coordination and a process free from regulation and supranational decision-making. The freedom, autonomy and diversity of European higher education have helped the development of one of the most successful and the best-performing systems of higher education worldwide. In only three years, there will be a European Higher Education Area. Present day achievements in higher education are the building blocks of tomorrow's common EHEA. Europeanization is paving the way, we should maintain it and continue with it.
This dissertation begins from the hypothesis that the direction and extent of Europeanization depends on domestic perception of the European Union and its norms. Accordingly, it was my empirical ambition to study how competing articulations of the EU and its norms constructed debates in EU member and candidate countries. I have pled for greater meta-theoretical awareness in Europeanization scholarship, accompanied by a shift in the ontological reading of underlying questions about the meaning and content of Europeanization. The result of the established theoretical and empirical considerations was a novel framework for the study of Europeanization embedded in poststructuralism. Poststructuralism rests on a dual ontological foundation. The first premise maintains reality's discursivity. This suggests that social identities, albeit materially grounded, do not exist outside of language. The second premise rejects the existence of structural totality in view of mutual constitutivness of structure and agency in political articulations. Poststructuralism points the analysis towards the question of how actors' practices articulate the discourses that constitute social reality. It is therefore fit to theorize Europeanization by linking the underlying discourses on Europe, the perception of EU rules and norms in the domestic debate, and the final policy effects. The empirical ambition of the thesis was to adopt the poststructuralist approach to Europeanization by examining how competing articulations of the EU and its norms constructed state territoriality in debates of countries/candidates for EU membership. More specifically, the study offered a critical reading of Europeanization in examining the (re)construction of domestic understanding of territoriality vis-à-vis the EU in Czech and Slovak pre-accession debates on territorial reforms. The aim was to define underlying meta-discursive representations of Europe in relation to the state that in turn informed Europeanization. These meta-discourses were then adopted and modified in the study of the reterritorialization discourse in pre-accession Croatia.
Professor Christian Joerges delivered the Second Annual Herbert L. Bernstein Memorial Lecture in Comparative Law in 2003 and this article is based on his remarks. The article is included in the inaugural volume of CICLOPs that collects the first six Bernstein lectures. Professor Joerges puts forth a three part thesis concerning the "Europeanization of Private Law", the process by which the European Community influences the legal and political policies of its member states within a framework of transnational cooperation. Joerges first establishes the eroding importance of the idea that legal systems operating at the national level fulfill the goals of Europeanization, arguing this to be the result of Europe being a multi-level system rather than a coalition of autonomous nation-states. He then discusses how the process of Europeanization defies the conventional modes of analysis provided by three different patterns of juridification, each attempting to square Europeanization within the framework of legal science. Finally, Joerges focuses on the normative issues raised by Europeanization as process, such as the role Europeanization plays in resolving the extra-territorial effects of policies enacted by the various nation-states within the Community. Throughout his paper, the Europeanization process is described as a useful tool for the members of the Community to coordinate mutually beneficial policies but also as a hindrance to the autonomous exercise of power within the territory of each individual member; illustrated by controversial cases coming out of France, Greece, and Spain.
Today Europeanization is a notion that is frequently used; however, there is a clear shortage of, or even fragmentariness of scientific knowledge, within this scope. The research into the Europeanization processes were initiated by political scientists in the 1970s, although the notion itself only gained popularity in the 1990s alongside the realization of the commom European market. From that moment, Europeanization is a research problem that has attracted interest in numerous fields and scientific disciplines. David Floyd [2001, p. 109] emphasizes the fact that the majority of market changes which have occurred since the beginning of the twenty-first century took place as a result of Europeanization processes which are explicite, defined as the phenomenon of the regionalization processes. As Neil Fligstein [2009, p. 107] highlights, the "majority of the research concerning the European integration focuses only on political and legal processes (…) which is the reason for which researchers overlook the fact how deep the European economy has been reorganized". There are few works of the kind cited above, nor have there been many recent papers seeking to undertake broad and deep research into the Europeanization processes in both economic (including macro- and microeconomic fields) and noneconomic dimensions.
Some weeks after the referendum on independence was held in Scotland, Catalonia's institutions of self-government promoted the celebration of a similar consultation. Despite that it was declared illegal by the Spanish Constitutional Court, the Catalan Generalitat went ahead with the idea of organizing a public consult, which finally took place 'informally' on November 9. A majority of 80 per cent of those who participated in the consult voted for secession ('Yes' to both submitted questions to the electorate on self-determination).Turnout was around 37 per cent of the registered voters. Interdependence in the Old Continent goes beyond internal boundary-building and the establishment of self-centered compartments of governance, as happened with the old Westphalian nation-states. Catalans have reiterated their support for encouraging further Europeanization, a process which many aim to make congruent with territorial subsidiarity and home rule. ; Peer reviewed
Despite the increasing influence of European legislation on the subnational level of government and local public policy, until recently, the subnational level has played only a marginal role in exploring Europeanization processes. With the creation of the single market in the early 1990s, the process of European integration began to have a significant impact on local governments across Europe. Subsequently, the development of European regional and cohesion policy resulted in the adaptation of the political and administrative structures of the local units of the Member States. However, the impact of European integration is not one-sided. The European Union's multilevel governance system and the spread of the impact of Europeanization on interstate levels pose new challenges for European cities and local actors and enable them to actively participate and influence political decision-making processes at the European level. The paper first conceptualizes the phenomenon of Europeanization and then identifies and addresses its dimensions and mechanisms in the field of local self-government. Emphasis is placed on the implementation of European legislation by local authorities and the institutional and non-institutional (indirect and direct) participation of subnational units in European governance. In an attempt to provide answers to the research questions, the author used the legal analysis and the teleological and linguistic method.
Despite the increasing influence of European legislation on the subnational level of government and local public policy, until recently, the subnational level has played only a marginal role in exploring Europeanization processes. With the creation of the single market in the early 1990s, the process of European integration began to have a significant impact on local governments across Europe. Subsequently, the development of European regional and cohesion policy resulted in the adaptation of the political and administrative structures of the local units of the Member States. However, the impact of European integration is not one-sided. The European Union's multilevel governance system and the spread of the impact of Europeanization on interstate levels pose new challenges for European cities and local actors and enable them to actively participate and influence political decision-making processes at the European level. The paper first conceptualizes the phenomenon of Europeanization and then identifies and addresses its dimensions and mechanisms in the field of local self-government. Emphasis is placed on the implementation of European legislation by local authorities and the institutional and non-institutional (indirect and direct) participation of subnational units in European governance. In an attempt to provide answers to the research questions, the author used the legal analysis and the teleological and linguistic method.
Despite the increasing influence of European legislation on the subnational level of government and local public policy, until recently, the subnational level has played only a marginal role in exploring Europeanization processes. With the creation of the single market in the early 1990s, the process of European integration began to have a significant impact on local governments across Europe. Subsequently, the development of European regional and cohesion policy resulted in the adaptation of the political and administrative structures of the local units of the Member States. However, the impact of European integration is not one-sided. The European Union's multilevel governance system and the spread of the impact of Europeanization on interstate levels pose new challenges for European cities and local actors and enable them to actively participate and influence political decision-making processes at the European level. The paper first conceptualizes the phenomenon of Europeanization and then identifies and addresses its dimensions and mechanisms in the field of local self-government. Emphasis is placed on the implementation of European legislation by local authorities and the institutional and non-institutional (indirect and direct) participation of subnational units in European governance. In an attempt to provide answers to the research questions, the author used the legal analysis and the teleological and linguistic method.
This text is analyzing the use of theoretical approaches to the process of Europeanization, especially the rational choice institutionalism and normative institutionalism, on example of Serbia. The whole process of Europeanization is set in the context of wider process of European integration of the Western Balkans region, and the text is reveiling the deepest interests, which guide the European Union and Serbia in this very process. This approach to the process of Europeanization shows the characteristics of the Serbian path towards EU, and a special attention is paid to the political conditionality, which the European Union is using against Serbia, as a country that wishes to join it. The text is especially dealing with the clarity and the speed of rewarding, as well as centrifugal forces of the process itself. ; Tekst se bavi primenom teoretskih pristupa procesu evropeizacije, pre svega institucionalizma racionalnog izbora i noramtivnog institucionalizma, i to na primeru Srbije. Čitav proces evropeizacije postavljen je u kontekst šireg procesa evropskih integracija regiona Zapadnog Balkana, a tekst otkriva najdublje interese kojima se rukovode Evropska unija i Srbija u samom procesu. Ovakav pristup procesu evropeizacije odslikava karakteristike puta Srbije ka EU, a posebna pažnja je posvećena politici uslovljavanja, koju Evropska unija sprovodi prema Srbiji, kao državi koja želi da postane njen član. Tekst se naročito bavi jasnoćom uslova, brzinom nagrađivanja i centrifugalnim silama samog procesa.
Despite the ambiguity surrounding most of the terms used in this study, which are discussed in the first section, this chapter attempt to identify the interactions, the interferences and interdependencies that exist between the external policies of France, and the external policies of Europe towards Latin America.
Despite the ambiguity surrounding most of the terms used in this study, which are discussed in the first section, this chapter attempt to identify the interactions, the interferences and interdependencies that exist between the external policies of France, and the external policies of Europe towards Latin America.
Paper presented at the International Conference: "Territorial Governance for the 21st Century", Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Arts & Sciences, Brussels, 16-17 September 2005. Published in: J. Loughlin, John y K. Deschouwer, Kris (eds.), Territorial Governance for the 21 st Century , pp. 55-63. Bruselas: Kloninklijke Vlaamse Academie van België voor Wetenschappen en Kunsten. Sept. 2005 ; Europeanization can be regarded as a process that finds expression in the gradual redefinition of state sovereignty and the development of supranational common institutions (e.g. Agreement of Schengen, Court of Justice, Euro currency). In parallel, territorial subsidiarity seeks to provide for a greater sub-state say in areas of social policy-making often linked to cultural or identity considerations. This paper deals with welfare development in the European social model in contemporary times. While a paradigm shift in macro-economic policies has allowed for monetary centralisation and a growing matching of EU internal 'open' markets, the quest for the decentralization of welfare programmes has also aimed at meeting demands for policy innovation and a more effective management. Allegedly, welfare provision by sub-state diversity may affect collective solidarity and redistribution. The emergence of new social risks and the role played by the mesogovernments in welfare reform in Europe are also subject to analysis and discussion in this paper. ; Peer reviewed
Im Jahre 2016 feierte Kroatien nun schon sein drittes Jubiläum als vollwertiges Mitglied der Europäischen Union. Der Europäisierungsprozess innerhalb des Landes begann jedoch schon vor mehr als einem Jahrzehnt. Nicht nur der Staat selbst wurde dem Prozess der Europäisierung unterworfen, sondern auch die politischen Parteien.Generell gibt es einen Mangel an Forschung über politische Parteien innerhalb Kroatiens, der in den letzten Jahren nach dem Beitritt zur Europäischen Union sogar noch größer erscheint. Dies zeigt sich auch durch eine immer größere Abwesenheit von Literatur über die Europäisierung in der Landessprache und dem Fehlen fast jeglicher Art von empirischer Forschung, die das Thema Europäisierung mit Kroatischen politischen Parteien kombiniert. Auf Grund dieses Mangels konzentriert sich diese Arbeit auf das Thema Europäisierung innerhalb von politischen Parteien und wird fünf Statuten der in Kroatien relevanten politischen Parteien untersuchen. Mit Hilfe der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse wird versucht werden in ihren Parteistatuten Indikatoren der Europäisierung zu finden und mehr über ihre Eigenschaften zu erfahren. Schlussendlich soll diese wissenschaftliche Analyse am Ende Anzeichen der Europäisierung in den untersuchten Parteien mit ihren vollen Eigenschaften und Merkmalen aufzeigen und einige Besonderheiten jedes Parteienstatus, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Europäisierung, enthüllen. ; Croatia marked three years as a full European Union member state in 2016, but its Europeanization process started more than a decade and a half ago. Not only did the state itself undergo the process of Europeanization, but political parties in Croatia did as well.Research on behalf of political parties in Croatia is generally lacking and has become even greater in recent years after the accession. To this general lack, there is even a bigger absence of literature about Europeanization, either in Croatian or almost any kind of empirical research that combines Europeanization with Croatian political parties. This is why this thesis intents to combine Europeanization and political party research and aims to investigate five Croatian relevant political parties statutes in order to find indicators of Europeanization in them and characterize them with the help of the qualitative content statutory analysis. The research will in the end present the found Europeanization evidence in parties under investigation with their full properties and characteristics and reveal some peculiarities of each party statute in particular in regard to party Europeanization. ; submitted by: Mia Jurkovic ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2017 ; (VLID)1825314
Peer reviewed ; Some weeks after the referendum on independence was held in Scotland, Catalonia's institutions of self-government promoted the celebration of a similar consultation. Despite that it was declared illegal by the Spanish Constitutional Court, the Catalan Generalitat went ahead with the idea of organizing a public consult, which finally took place 'informally' on November 9. A majority of 80 per cent of those who participated in the consult voted for secession ('Yes' to both submitted questions to the electorate on self-determination).Turnout was around 37 per cent of the registered voters. Interdependence in the Old Continent goes beyond internal boundary-building and the establishment of self-centered compartments of governance, as happened with the old Westphalian nation-states. Catalans have reiterated their support for encouraging further Europeanization, a process which many aim to make congruent with territorial subsidiarity and home rule.
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, üç döneme ayrılmış olan; 1991-2000 Milliyetçiliğin Yükselişi ve Düşüşü; 2000-2008 Avrupalılaşmaya Hazırlık; ve 2008 sonrası İki Adım İleri Bir Adım Geri olarak isimlendirilmiş olan Sırbistan Dış Politikası'nın Avrupalılaşması üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmaktır. Bu dönemselleştirme, Sırbistan Dış Politikasının dört dış politika meseleleri olan; savaş suçlularının yargılanması, AB üyeliği, Kosova sorunu ve Rusya, Çin ve Türkiye gibi diğer aktörlerle olan ilişkisi üzerindeki farklılıkları ve yakınsamaları anlamaya yardımcı olmaktadır. Sırbistan'daki Miloseviç hükümetinin değişmesinden sonra, dış politika açısından Batı kurumlarına yönelik eğilimlerin geliştiği gözlemlenmektedir. Bundan dolayı çalışmadaki temel problem, Avrupalılaşmanın teorik çerçevesinin Sırbistan Dış Politikası'nda nasıl ve ne şekilde değiştini incelemektir. Sırbistan Dış Politikası'nın Avrupalılaşmasını iki temel açıdan analiz ederek ileri sürülmektedir. Bunlar; belirli bir şekilde AB politikalarına uyum ihtiyacının dile getirilmesi ve AB üyeliğinin Sırp ulusal kimliği üzerindeki dönüştürücü etkileridir. Bu anlamıyla, AB uyum sürecinde Siyasi koşulluluk mekanizmasının nasıl kullanıldığı tartışılmaktadır. --- The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Europeanization on Serbian Foreign Policy which classified into three periods; 1991-2000 Rise and Fall of Nationalism; 2000-2008 Preparation to Europeanization; and after the years of 2008 Two Steps Forward One Steps Back. This periodization helps to understand the divergence and convergences of Serbian Foreign Policy over its own four pathway of foreign policy issues including the war criminals' trials, the EU membership, Kosovo issue and relations with the other external actors such as Russia, China and Turkey. After the changing of Milosevic government in Serbia, developments have been observed in foreign policy tendency towards the Western Institutions. Due to the fact that the main problematic of the study is to examine how and in what ways theoretical framework of Europeanization has transformed on Serbian Foreign Policy. It has been argued that Europeanization of Serbian Foreign Policy is analyzed by checking two paths: these are the articulation of a need for adaptation to specific EU policies and the transformative effects of EU membership on Serbian national identity. Therefore, it will be discussed how political conditionality mechanisms is being used during the EU negotiation process.
