Javne su politike, kao višedimenzionalan i izrazito kompleksan fenomen, nužno multidisciplinaran predmet istraživanja. Cilj je rada istražiti što je specifično politološko znanje o javnim politikama, odnosno koji je jedinstveni doprinos politologa izučavanju i upravljanju javnim politikama u svrhe profiliranja te mlade politološke discipline u Jugoistočnoj Europi. Rad je nastao kao rezultat pregleda temeljnih udžbenika javnih politika u svijetu i regiji, te literature o metodologiji i pristupima istraživanju u društvenim znanostima i politologiji. Kreće se od određivanja što su javne politike i što je politički aspekt javnih politika. Propituju se pristupi istraživanju javnih politika (policy studije). Zatim se identificiraju vrste profesionalne uporabe tih istraživanja (policy analize). Ključna je pretpostavka kako je politologija prvenstveno kompetentna za analizu aktera stvaranja politika. Osnovni je nalaz da temelj profesionalnog profiliranja politologa u javnim politikama, s obzirom da jedini rabe istraživačku perspektivu usmjerenu na aktere, reprezentativnost i legitimnost stvaranja politika, može biti jedan oblik participatorne policy analize. ; Public policies, as a multi-dimensional and highly complex phenomenon, necessarily make a multidisciplinary research subject. The aim of this paper is to examine what is specific political science knowledge about public policy, and what is the unique contribution of political scientists to policy research and governance to enhance consolidating this young discipline in Southeastern Europe. This paper is a result of a review of policy textbooks in Southeastern Europe and worldwide, and literature on approaches and methodologies in social sciences and political science. It starts with determining public polices and their political aspect. Then it explores approaches of policy studies. Finally, it identifies types of professional policy research or policy analysis. The key assumption is that political science is primarily competent to analyze policy actors. The main finding of the paper is that the basis of political scientist professionalization in policy research, given that they are best in actor-centered research, and issues of representativeness and legitimacy of policy-making, can be a form of participatory policy analysis.
Prethodna su istraživanja pokazala da hrvatska politika mentalnog zdravlja nije politički prioritet, da joj nedostaje interdisciplinarnosti, međusektorske suradnje i holističkog pristupa. Slijedeći pretpostavku da je jedan od glavnih razloga za takvo polazište niska razina korištenja znanja pri stvaranju politike mentalnog zdravlja, ova studija pokušala je ispitati ulogu ekspertize i prijenosa znanja u razvoju hrvatske politike mentalnog zdravlja. Istraživanje je provedeno metodom snowball u proljeće 2018., obuhvatilo je 124 sudionika, stručnjaka iz različitih ustanova koje se bave mentalnim zdravljem. Za potrebe ove studije razvijen je upitnik "Razvoj hrvatske politike mentalnog zdravlja". Prikupljeni kvalitativni i kvantitativni podatci pokazali su da stručnjaci iz sektora mentalnog zdravlja kreiranje politike u svome polju opisuju kao nekvalitetno i u ovisnosti o visokim vladinim tijelima kojima upravlja politička elita nezainteresirana za mentalno zdravlje. Podatci također pokazuju da stručnjaci iz područja mentalnog zdravlja o poboljšanju politike mentalnog zdravlja razmišljaju u skladu s međunarodnim smjernicama. Pa ipak, sebe rijetko smatraju aktivnim činiteljima u procesu kreiranja politike. To nas vodi zaključku da stručnjaci trebaju podršku za umrežavanje, udruživanje radi zagovaranja i bolje međusektorske odnose kako bi utjecali na političku volju. ; Previous research shows that Croatian mental health policy is not a political priority, that it lacks interdisciplinarity, intersectoral collaboration and a holistic approach. Following the assumption that one of the main reasons for this position is the low level of knowledge in mental health policy-making, this study was set to examine the role of expertise and knowledge translation in Croatian mental health policy development. The study was conducted during spring 2018 and has included 124 participants, professionals from different institutions dealing with mental health, using the snowball method. The questionnaire "Development of Croatian Mental Health Policy" was developed for the purpose of this study. The gathered qualitative and quantitative data shows that professionals in the mental health sector describe policymaking in the field as being of poor quality and highly dependent on top governmental bodies that are run by the political elite uninterested in mental health. The data also proves that mental health professionals in Croatia think about the improvement of mental health policy in line with international guidelines. Still, they rarely consider themselves an active force in policy-making. That leads us to the conclusion that experts and professionals need support to form networks, advocacy coalitions and better inter-sectoral relationships in order to influence the political will.
Mixed government, which is commonly regarded as a distinctly medieval form of government, is relevant also to contemporary constitutional states. It is the best form of government, since the aristocratic element is a continuous source of virtue, especially of justice, & a check not only on the executive, as the monarchical element which is the seat of political power, & the legislature, as the democratic element which expresses the will of the majority, but also groups & institutions that have the might & will to impose themselves as oligarchies. Mixed government is also the form of government that is practiced by most developed contemporary constitutional states: US, UK, France, Switzerland, Germany, etc. European nobility is the original aristocratic institution, by virtue of the fact that it was a system for the transfer of both virtue & general conditions of life. Three institutions that emerged in the late Middle Ages assumed structures & functions of the nobility. The first is the clergy. When, as a result of the differentiation of feudal society ethical & intellectual virtues of the nobility could no longer maintain general conditions of life, the clergy, by virtue of their abstract knowledge that ranged from philosophy & theology to law & medicine, became a class of new experts in generalities & thereby a new aristocracy. The second modern aristocratic institution is the judiciary, which has a structure & function similar to earlier aristocracies. The task of judges is to establish the highest virtue of constitutionalism. It is justice by law, which regulates general conditions of life in the state & society. What qualifies judges for the task is expertise in the new generality. The expertise includes not only education & experience in law but also impeccable private life & demonstrated professional ethics. The third modern aristocratic institution is the profession, whose most important instance is the legal profession. It shares its structure & function partly with the judiciary & partly with other professions. It seems that modern professions are degenerating. In the key area of data processing, due to rapid changes of technology, professions as systems of the transfer of virtue do not even seem to be possible. Professional aristocracies are replaced increasingly by oligarchies of capitalists & technocrats. Adapted from the source document.
The author writes about Jefferson's political philosophy. There is no text by Jefferson that would set out a certain political issue. There are numerous texts of his, written in the course of fifty years, but a collage of them would not amount to a political theory or a doctrine. Jefferson was not interested in theoretical but solely in technical & practical issues. This makes him a typical 18th-century lawyer of the common law vein. Common law of that time was an amateur area, devoid of any technical or professional expertise & part of general moral principles. Jefferson was deft at formulating the widely held ideas of his time, embracing some century-old well-known political truths by Grotius, Milton, Locke, & Burlamaqui. The author suggests that Jefferson was first & foremost a statesman, & his judgments were politically tainted. Nevertheless, he was the most educated statesman ever among American presidents. Adapted from the source document.
The Ministry of Science of the Republic of Croatia decided on a new Rule Book of Definition of Scientific Areas. According to the book, Politology is a scientific field in the area of social science. It is divided into 3 branches: (1) Politology, (2) Theory and History of Politics, & (3) Political Philosophy. By using documents, the author of this article shows how political science is differently structured by IPSA & APSA. The author describes 120 years of dominantly American development of political science & of professions of political scientists, which brought out a recent new world standard with around 100 subdisciplines & areas of expertise that are structured in 8 fundamental disciplines: (1) Political Institutions, (2) Political Behavior, (3) Comparative Politics, (4) International Relations, (5) Political Theory, (6) Public Policy & Public Administration/Management, (7) Political Economy, & (8) Political Methodology. The author points out that a voluntaristic intervention in the definition of scientific areas could mean an attack on the development of science, research organization, renewal of teaching staff at the university, & academic education of political scientists, as well as internationally comparable competence of Croatian experts & Croatian democratic political thought & political culture in general. 133 References. Adapted from the source document.
Ovaj rad pokušava razjasniti na koji način i do koje mjere savjetodavna tijela, konkretnije Europski gospodarski i socijalni odbor (Odbor), suštinski pridonose upravljačkim procesima u Europskoj uniji (EU) i legitimnosti donošenja odluka. Pored općenitog priznanja kako su savjetodavna tijela koristan izvor informacija i stručnog znanja, rijetki su ozbiljniji pokušaji da se rasvijetle mehanizmi djelovanja savjetodavnih tijela EU-a. Doprinos ovog rada u tome je što rasvjetljava dodanu vrijednost Odbora. Autor primjenjuje diskurzivni institucionalizam i taksonomije legitimnosti kako bi objasnio funkcionalni razvoj i karakter Odbora te zaključuje da se Odbor tek u manjem opsegu posvećuje utjecanju na konačne zakonodavne prijedloge u EU-u (poglavito oko tema javnih politika u kojima raspolaže specifičnim znanjima, administrativnim i idejnim kapacitetima), a više profiliranju sebe kao "mostobrana" prema EU-u za organizacije civilnog društva (OCD). Čini to tako što djeluje poput deliberativnog foruma i kao nišna institucija koja se posebno specijalizirala za izgradnju civilnog društva, posredovanje i održavanje dobrih odnosa s OCD-ima u zemljama članicama, kandidatkinjama i trećim zemljama. Konačno, Odboru se otvara nova prilika da prenosi glas civilnog društva na europsku razinu i utječe na procese socio-ekonomskog upravljanja u EU-u, i to kroz procedure takozvanog Europskog semestra. ; This article attempts to clarify the modalities and degree to which advisory bodies, exemplified by The European Economic and Social Committee (EESC), are capable of contributing to European Union (EU) governance processes and legitimacy-building in a meaningful manner. Besides acknowledging their contribution via provision of information and technical expertise, serious inquiries into the mechanisms through which EU advisory bodies operate are scarce. In that sense, this paper strives to elucidate the added value of the EESC. The author applies discursive institutionalism and legitimacy taxonomies to explain the functional development and character of the EESC. The paper concludes that the EESC seems to have focused to a lesser extent on influencing EU legislative initiative (dominantly on the public policy items in which the EESC disposes of the highest specific expertise, and administrative/ideational capacities), and more on promoting itself as the bridgehead of organised civil society in the EU. It does so through its deliberative working methods and by detecting topical niches through which the EESC specializes in building civil society, mediating between civil society organisations (CSOs) and the EU, and nurturing decent relationships with CSOs on Member State, candidate country and third country levels. Finally, a novel window of opportunity has opened for the EESC to transmit the voice of civil society to the EU level and to influence EU socio-economic governance, namely through the procedures of the so-called European Semester.
Geoprostorno obavještavanje (geospatial intelligence) novi je smjer u razvoju geoinformacijske znanosti. No osim što je znanstvena disciplina, to je također i obavještajna aktivnost i tehnologija usmjerena prema osiguravanju podrške u procesima odlučivanja, odnosno donošenja odluka. Nadopunjujući konvencionalni GIS, ona kombinira podatke iz različitih izvora i stvara interaktivno okruženje koje uključuje istovremeni pristup integriranim informacijama i omogućuje pojedincima razlišitih struka unos podataka u sustav. Najznačajnija područja primjene geoprostornog obavještavanja su vojne akcije i upravljanje kriznim situacijama. U Hrvatskoj je ta disciplina u ranoj fazi razvoja i gotovo je u potpunosti vezana uz sudjelovanje Hrvatske u Multinacionalnom programu zajedničke geoprostorne proizvodnje. ; Geospatial intelligence is a new direction in the development of geographic information science. Besides being a scientific discipline, it is also an intelligence activity and technology directed towards ensuring support for decision-making processes. It complements conventional GIS by combining data from various sources and creating an interactive environment that involves simultaneous access and input to integrated information by a group of individuals with different areas of expertise. The most prominent fields of application in geospatial intelligence are military operations and disaster management. The discipline is currently in the early stage of development in Croatia, and is almost entirely associated with Croatian participation in the Multinational Geospatial Co-production Program.
Geospatial intelligence is a new direction in the development of geographic information science. Besides being a scientific discipline, it is also an intelligence activity and technology directed towards ensuring support for decision-making processes. It complements conventional GIS by combining data from various sources and creating an interactive environment that involves simultaneous access and input to integrated information by a group of individuals with different areas of expertise. The most prominent fields of application in geospatial intelligence are military operations and disaster management. The discipline is currently in the early stage of development in Croatia, and is almost entirely associated with Croatian participation in the Multinational Geospatial Co-production Program. ; Geoprostorno obavještavanje (geospatial intelligence) novi je smjer u razvoju geoinformacijske znanosti. No osim što je znanstvena disciplina, to je također i obavještajna aktivnost i tehnologija usmjerena prema osiguravanju podrške u procesima odlučivanja, odnosno donošenja odluka. Nadopunjujući konvencionalni GIS, ona kombinira podatke iz različitih izvora i stvara interaktivno okruženje koje uključuje istovremeni pristup integriranim informacijama i omogućuje pojedincima razlišitih struka unos podataka u sustav. Najznačajnija područja primjene geoprostornog obavještavanja su vojne akcije i upravljanje kriznim situacijama. U Hrvatskoj je ta disciplina u ranoj fazi razvoja i gotovo je u potpunosti vezana uz sudjelovanje Hrvatske u Multinacionalnom programu zajedničke geoprostorne proizvodnje.
Ciljevi ovog rada su prikazati modele obrazovanja za poduzetništvo na visokoškolskoj razini u Republici Hrvatskoj s fokusom na metodološki pristup razvoja studentskih poduzeća te stvoriti podlogu za provedbu dubljeg istraživanja studentskog poduzetništva u Republici Hrvatskoj. Razvoj i promocija obrazovanja za poduzetništvo jedan je od ključnih ciljeva politika Europske unije dugi niz godina. Obrazovanje za poduzetništvo ima značajnu ulogu u oblikovanju načina razmišljanja mladih, kao i u razvijanju vještina, znanja i kompetencija koji su neophodni za stvaranje poduzetničke kulture. Visoka učilišta kao mjesto susreta znanja i ekspertize s jedne strane, te proaktivnosti, inovacija i ideja s druge strane, predstavljaju glavne nosioce razvoja sustava obrazovanja za poduzetništvo. Kroz nove i kreativne načine poučavanja i učenja, nastavne programe i izvannastavne aktivnosti, izravno utječu na promociju poduzetništva kao odabira karijere. U ovom radu autori analiziraju pristupe u obrazovanju za poduzetništvo na visokim učilištima, s posebnim naglaskom na studentska poduzeća. ; The objectives of this paper are to illustrate the models of entrepreneurship education at the higher education level in the Republic of Croatia with a focus on the methodological approach of the development of student companies and to create the basis for the deeper study of student entrepreneurship in the Republic of Croatia. Promotion and development of education for entrepreneurship have been one of the key objectives of the policies of the European Union for many years. Education for entrepreneurship plays a significant role in shaping young people's mindset as well as developing the skills, knowledge, and competencies necessary to create an entrepreneurial culture. Higher education institutions are the main drivers of the development of education system for entrepreneurship, as a meeting place of knowledge and expertise on the one hand, and proactivity, innovation, and ideas, on the other hand. New and creative methods of teaching and learning, curricula and extracurricular activities directly affect the promotion of entrepreneurship as a career choice. In this paper, the authors analyze the approaches to education for entrepreneurship at higher education institutions with special emphasis on student enterprises.
Napor na uključenju načela održivosti u osnove prostornog planiranja u današnjem postsocijalističkom svijetu traži nove odnose između ustaljenih i suvremenih sudionika. Pojedini interesenti uključeni u razvoj, upravljanje i politiku djeluju na ishod regionalnih i urbanih sustava u Hrvatskoj ponekad bez obraćanja pozornosti na održivost. Njihovo djelovanje pokazuje nedostatak svijesti i negativan odnos prema održivosti u planerskoj praksi gdje je glavni cilj unaprijediti kakvoću života sadašnjih i budućih naraštaja. Bez dobrih ideja o nosivim kapacitetima i održivosti, neki od ovih sudionika zanemaruju planerska znanja i ekspertizu (CAVRIĆ, NEDOVIĆ – BUDIĆ, 2007.). Vještinama i znanjima planeri ih savjetuju, međutim, glavna pokretačka sila još je uvijek politički utjecaj. Takvi predlagači uspijevaju zaštititi svoje osobne probitke glede prostora i zemljišta nauštrb javnosti i običnih građana, podržavajući sustav izrade "preslikanih" planerskih izvješća, pogodujući tek daljem urbanom širenju i nenadziranoj izgradnji. Na žalost, poradi dužega vremenskog društvenog ignoriranja i jake sveze lobija investitora, arhitekata i građevinara, različite međunarodne planerske ideje s "održivošću na umu" još ne utječu na hrvatsku teoriju i praksu planiranja. Neke su od njih jednostavno neprihvaćane, netočno tumačene ili odbacivane zahvaljujući krutoj zakonskoj regulativi, nepostojanju formalnog školovanja planera i povlaštenom položaju tek jednog tipa ovlaštenih planera tj. arhitekata . Osjetljivost za alternativna razvojna rješenja, sudjelovanje javnosti, novine u ponašanju, organizaciji i tehnologijama, raznovrsnost pomagala za provedbu u planerskoj "kutiji s alatima", kao i različite vrste planerskih poslova u usmjeravanju održivih promjena, tek treba prepoznati u zemlji koja je u procesu pristupanja EU. Unatoč tomu, ovaj rad teži sumirati održivost i njezine sastavnice kao nove postavke, u kojima je glavna misao vodilja novoga globalnog pristupa planiranju, objavljena od Centra za ljudska naselja Ujedinjenih Naroda (UNCHS) kako slijedi: "Novo planiranje je manje kodirano i tehničko, više inovativno i poduzetničko. Ono je više sudioničko i usmjerenije projektima nego cjelovitim prostornim sustavima. Plansku ekspertizu sve češće ne zahtijeva samo država već i dioničarski i javni dijelovi građanskog društva. Prijeporno nije planiranje samo po sebi, nego njegov cilj: da li ga voditi uglavnom učinkovitošću, jačajući postojeću razdiobu bogatstva i moći, ili bi trebalo odigrati distribucijsku ulogu da može pomoći pri stvaranju minimalnih standarda urbanog življenja" (Hague, 2001.). ; Effort to incorporate sustainability aspects into the spatial planning agenda requires new relationships between conventional and new players in today's post-socialist world. Some stakeholders engaged in development, management and governance are sometimes tailoring the destiny of regional and urban systems in Croatia without sustainability concerns. Their activities show the lack of awareness and negative attitude towards sustainable planning practices where the major goal is to improve the quality of life of current and future generations. Without sound ideas about carrying capacities and sustainability, some of these actors have ignored the planning knowledge and expertise (CAVRIĆ, NEDOVIĆ – BUDIĆ, 2007). Planners advise upon them with their professional skill and knowledge but the driving force is still political power. These proponents have managed to safeguard their own spatial and land interests on the expense of the public and ordinary citizens, by maintaining the system of "copy-paste" planning blue prints, suitable for supporting emerging urban sprawl and uncontrolled construction activities. Unfortunately, due to the long-term social ignorance and strong alliance of developer's lobbies, architects and constructors, various international planning ideas with "sustainability in mind" have not affected Croatian planning theory and practice, yet. Some of them are petrified, misinterpreted or simply abolished owing to obstinate legislation, the non-existence of formal planning education, and the privileged position of only one brand of chartered planners (e.g. architects) . Alternative development solutions, such as public participation, behavioral, organizational and technological advances, diversity of implementing instruments in the planner's "toolkit", and the planner's numerous tasks in guiding sustainable change, are still to be recognized in this EU accession country. Notwithstanding, this paper aims to summaries sustainability and its derivates as the new paradigms, in which the guiding leitmotif of the new global agenda for planning is spelled out by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (2001b) as follows: "The new planning is less coded and technical, more innovative and entrepreneurial. It is more participatory and concerned with projects rather than whole spatial systems. Planning expertise is increasingly sought not only by the state, but also by the corporate sector and civil society. What is controversial is not planning per se, but its goal: whether it should be directed chiefly at efficiency, reinforcing the current distribution of wealth and power, or whether it should play a distributive role to help create minimum standards of urban liveability" (Hague, 2001).
Model novog javnog menadžmenta sadrži javne politike za tržišno usmjerene institucionalne reforme. Zemlje koje su primijenile ovaj model općenito su među prvih dvadeset na globalnim ljestvicama vezanima uz ljudski razvoj, ljudsku slobodu, ekonomsku slobodu, lakoću poslovanja, deregulaciju tržišta, konkurentnost, antikorupcijsku transparentnost i liberalnu demokraciju. Dok su nordijske zemlje uvele vanjsko ugovaranje usluga (outsourcing) i tržišno natjecanje unutar svojih sustava države blagostanja, a Njemačka se snažno usmjerila na privatizacije, anglosaksonske zemlje, a posebice Sjedinjene Države, ugovaraju čak i dijelove nacionalne sigurnosti s privatnim vojnim i obavještajnim pružateljima. Međutim, model novog javnog menadžmenta ne zanemaruje ulogu države, već potiče njezino smanjivanje i otvaranje za tržišno natjecanje, privatizaciju, deregulaciju i transparentnost. Dok je Novi javni menadžment uključiv prema zajednicama i tržištima, primjena ovog modela može poboljšati institucije i upravljanje stvaranjem pretežito horizontalnih struktura, koje osiguravaju veze među različitim dijelovima organizacije i koherentan okvir javnih politika. U konačnici, reforme javnog upravljanja ovise o kritičkom razmišljanju, temeljem multidisciplinarne ekspertize, koja doprinosi inovativnim i inkluzivnim institucijama usmjerenim na rješavanje problema, s dovoljnom razinom građanskih vrlina i društvenog povjerenja. ; The New Public Management model contains public policies for market-driven institutional reforms. Countries that applied this model are generally among the TOP 20 in global rankings concerning human development, human freedom, economic freedom, ease of doing business, market deregulation, competitiveness, anti-corruption transparency and liberal democracy. While the Nordic countries introduced outsourcing and competition within their welfare systems, and Germany strongly focused on privatizations, the Anglo-Saxon countries, and especially the United States, outsource even parts of their national security to private military and intelligence contractors. However, the New Public Management model does not undermine the role of government, but encourages its downsizing and opening for competition, privatization, deregulation and transparency. While the New Public Management is inclusive toward communities and markets, the application of the model can improve institutions and governance by creating predominantly horizontal structures, which ensure connections between different parts of organization and coherent public policy framework. Finally, public management reforms depend on critical thinking, based on the multidisciplinary expertise, which contributes to innovative and inclusive problem-solving institutions, with sufficient level of civic virtues and social trust.
The influence of Roman culture on today's civilization, including education, is immeasurable. The modern education system is inconceivable without Roman foundations, which range from Latin as the root of modern scientific terminology to the content of contemporary curricula having many similarities with Roman education. Daily life and practical tasks played an important role in ancient Rome, and the importance of acquiring competences that can be described as expertise, professionalism, and the ability to apply knowledge is emphasised nowadays. The contemporary curriculum is focused on the practical and this is where we find a link to Roman education, which puts practicality and usefulness to the forefront. In this paper, we provide an overview of the history of Roman education by linking it to the modern education system, with an emphasis on formal, non-formal, and informal education and learning. We consider the need to develop programmes which emphasise the practical in primary, secondary, and higher education, the need to strengthen the entrepreneurial competences of students, develop trainings and education for entrepreneurship through formal, non-formal, and informal education and learning, encourage entrepreneurial education in the national context, and transform traditional schools and universities to entrepreneurial ones. ; Utjecaj je rimske kulture na današnju civilizaciju, pa tako i obrazovanje, nemjerljiv. Suvremeni sustav odgoja i obrazovanja nezamisliv je bez rimskih temelja, počevši od suvremene znanstvene terminologije utemeljene velikim dijelom u latinskom jeziku, do samog sadržaja suvremenog kurikula u kojem pronalazimo brojne sličnosti s rimskim odgojem i obrazovanjem. U starorimskom su odgoju svakodnevni život i praktični zadaci imali važnu ulogu, kao što je danas naglašena važnost stjecanja kompetencija koje se mogu opisati upravo kao stručnost, profesionalnost i sposobnost primjene stečenoga znanja. Iz suvremenog kurikula iščitava se usmjerenost prema praktičnom i tu pronalazimo poveznicu s rimskim odgojem, koji je prije svega ono praktično i korisno stavljao u prvi plan. U ovom ćemo radu pružiti pregled povijesti rimskog odgoja i obrazovanja povezujući ga sa suvremenim sustavom obrazovanja, uz naglasak na formalno, neformalno i informalno obrazovanje i učenje. Razmatra se potreba razvoja programa s naglaskom na praktično u osnovnom, srednjem i visokom školstvu, potreba jačanja poduzetničkih kompetencija učenika i studenata, osposobljavanje i obrazovanje za poduzetništvo putem formalnog, neformalnog i informalnog obrazovanja i učenja, poticanje poduzetničkog obrazovanja u nacionalnom kontekstu, transformacije škola i sveučilišta iz tradicionalnih u poduzetničke.
Regulatorni okvir za usluge vodoopskrbe u raznim zemljama Balkana ne osigurava potrebnu razinu samoodrživosti pružanja ovih usluga, pa države traže potrebna poboljšanja. Uprave pružatelja usluga vodoopskrbe obično ukazuju na to da je visina cijene ključna za njihovo poslovanje, uz navođenje kao važne i razine neprihodovane vode, broja i stručnosti zaposlenih, eventualno i naplate potraživanja. Štoviše, i visoke razine neprihodovane vode se često pravdaju postojećom niskom cijenom, za koju se tvrdi da ne može pokriti sve troškove, pa je prva aktivnost koja obično ostaje bez financijskih sredstava redovna obnova i rekonstrukcija mreže, što uzrokuje rast curenja u mreži iz godinu u godinu. Budući da se svako potrebno pokrivanje troškova može osigurati dovoljnim porastom cijene i odgovarajućim stupnjem naplate, uprave vodoopskrbnih poduzeća često ističu da zakonodavstvo EU poziva na "pokrivanje troškova" kao jedno od ključnih načela za određivanje vodnih tarifa. Štoviše, formulacija se često proširuje na "pokrivanje svih troškova", naglašavajući tako da nisu samo operativni troškovi oni koje treba pokriti. No istodobno se vrlo ograničeno ukazuje na ostala ključna načela koja bi zadržala cijenu vode opravdanom i priuštivom. U radu se raspravlja o nekoliko dodatnih načela koje treba poštovati, kao i njihovu vidljivost u pravnom okruženju odabranih zemalja zapadnog Balkana. ; Regulatory framework for water supply services in different Balkan countries does not provide the necessary level of self-sustainability of these services, and they are searching for the needed improvements. Management of water supply service providers usually point out the tariff rates as critical to their operations, together with the level of non-revenue water, staff number and expertise and eventually collection of receivables. Even more, high non-revenue water is often justified with existing low tariff, claiming that it cannot cover all costs and the first activity that is usually left without financial resources is regular renewal and reconstruction of the network, causing real network losses grow year after year. Since any needed costs recovery can be assured with sufficient rise of price and adequate collection rate, water supply managers often underline that the EU legislation requests for "cost recovery" as one of the key principles of tariff setting. Even more, wording is often extended to "full cost recovery", thus stressing that it is not only operational costs to be recovered. But at the same time limited observations are made to other key principles that would keep the tariff justified and affordable. The paper discusses several additional principles to be observed, as well as their visibility within the legal environment of the selected Western Balkan countries.
Prije Prvog svjetskog rata u Crnoj Gori je bila dominantna Herbartova paradigma pedagogije. Međutim, tamošnje prosvjetne vlasti su bile u određenoj mjeri tolerantne prema nastavnicima koji se toga u praksi nisu u potpunosti pridržavali. Do njih su u to doba počeli dopirati raznovrsni novi pedagoški koncepti iz Europe i šire, što je još više dobilo na intenzitetu ulaskom Crne Gore u sustav Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Ipak, ideje reformskih pedagoških pokreta u Crnoj Gori između Dva svjetska rata nisu našle svoju primjenu, iako su stjecale sve veću afirmaciju u stručnoj javnosti. Tadašnja pedagoška znanstvena misao bila je nedovoljno razvijena, a obrazovna politika se nije razvijala samostalno i neovisno od ostatka zajedničke države, kao i kasnije u vrijeme SFR Jugoslavije i dominantne socijalističke pedagogije. Raspadom zajedničke države pojavio se brisani prostor koji je u Crnoj Gori omogućio obnavljanje i osvijestio potrebu za preispitivanje i otvorenost za dotada drugačije pedagoške koncepte, nove i stare nedovoljno istražene. Poslednjih par desetljeća postoje pokušaji provedbe određenih ideja i koncepata iz okvira reformske pedagogije, kao što su najčešće ideje Marie Montessori u predškolskim ustanovama. Praktično se najčešće reafirmacija pojedinih ideja reformske pedagogije predstavlja kao alternativa prethodnim paradigmama obrazovanja. Skoro da nema privatnih inicijativa i škola koje bi imale obilježja altenativnog pedagoškog koncepta. Ipak, kao alternativa "staroj školi" realiziraju se brojni projekti, odnosno programi stručnog usavršavanja nastavnika i druge aktivnosti koje imaju za cilj unaprjeđivanje nastave i učenja u školama, kao što su Aktivno učenje – primjena metoda aktivne nastave/učenja, Korak po korak, Čitanje i pisanje za kritičko mišljenje, itd. Navedene aktivnosti i pojedine ideje reformske pedagogije su sve više prisutne i u službenim dokumentima strategije obrazovne politike Crne Gore. Međutim, u tim dokumentima moguće je pronaći i ne razumijevanja i problematične interpretacije, što se odražava i na programe za provedbe ideja reformske pedagogije i suvremenih alternativnih pedagoških koncepata. ; Before the World War I the educational system in Montenegro was officially dominated by Herbart's paradigm of pedagogy. However, the educational authorities tolerated, to a certain extent, the practice of those teachers who did not apply it in strict terms. Namely, at that time, new and various pedagogical concepts created in Europe began to reach the Montenegrin teachers as well, which was intensified when Montenegro became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Still, the ideas of the reform pedagogical movements in Montenegro between the two world wars were not applied despite their increasing popularity in the professional circles. The pedagogical expertise of that period was not advanced enough, and the educational policies were not developed independently from the rest of the state, as subsequently when Montenegro become member of the SFR of Yugoslavia and dominant socialist pedagogy. After the dissolution of the state, a clear new space for revisions and a re-start was created, raising the consciousness about the necessity of opening towards different pedagogical concepts, new but also the old ones that had not been sufficiently explored. In the last couple of decades, there have been certain attempts to implement some of the ideas and concepts of the reform pedagogy, such as those by Maria Montessori that have been used in the preschool institutions. Reaffirmation of some ideas of reform pedagogy is often presented as an alternative to the previous educational paradigms. Private initiatives and schools oriented towards alternative pedagogical concepts hardly exist. Also, as an alternative to the "old school", numerous new projects have been carried out, as well as programmes of the vocational training of teachers and other activities aiming at improvement of teaching and learning process, such as Active learning – applying of active teaching/learning method, Step by Step, Reading and writing for critical thinking, etc. All these activities and some of the ideas of reform pedagogy are increasingly more present in the official documents for education strategies in Montenegro. In those documents and strategies, however, there can be found miscomprehensions and problematic interpretations, which is potentialy reflected on the programs for implementation of the reform pedagogy and contemporary alternative pedagogical concepts.
RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAViše puta pisali smo o tome kako smo očekivali da će ova Vlada ponajprije vratiti šumarstvo u naziv resornog ministarstva, a potom i promijeniti odnos prema šumi i šumarskoj struci. To se na žalost nije dogodilo, tako da je šumarski resor u Ministarstvu na razini dijelova poljoprivrede, primjerice povrtlarstva, iako se radi o resursu koji pokriva gotovo polovicu kopnene površine Republike Hrvatske. O tome da je šuma najsloženiji ekosustav na svijetu, koji samim time zahtijeva visoku stručnost gospodarenja njime pa je i u Ustavu naznačeno da je šuma uz tlo i vode resurs od posebnog interesa za Republiku Hrvatsku, u uređenom gospodarstvu ne bi trebalo to opetovano govoriti. Ne inzistiramo na tome da resorni ministar mora biti istaknuti šumarski stručnjak, ali to onda mora biti državni tajnik ili pomoćnik ministra zadužen za šumarstvo. Ministar pak treba koristiti svaku priliku da se informira o struci, sastavnici njegovog resora, a najlakše će to učiniti nazočnošću barem na nekoliko stručnih skupova na kojima se znanstveno-stručno raspravlja o stanju i problemima u struci – njegovom resoru. Nažalost, smijenjeni resorni ministar nije nazočio niti jednom takvom skupu, pa niti onome u organizaciji Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, što ocjenjujemo i podcjenjivanjem struke, ali i ove znanstvene institucije. Vidljivi trag u šumarstvu ostavio je jedino osnivanjem "svoje" Uprave šuma, smanjujući površine susjednih Uprava. Trenutno naš resor vodi drvni tehnolog, što je nelogično, a s čime se očito šumarska struka prešutno slaže, što je pak sramotno. Tko nam uopće vodi i kakvu šumarsku politiku i imamo li dobru strategiju da je provodimo? Kome je zapravo podređena šumarska politika? Opći je dojam da je vode drvoprerađivači i to nažalost oni primarne prerade drva, naravno po netržišnim uvjetima i zanemarujući načela potrajnog gospodarenja. U svome obraćanju nazočnima na znanstveno-stručnom skupu održanom u povodu Dana hrvatskoga šumarstva, predsjednik Hrvatskoga šumarskog društva Oliver Vlainić, naznačio je sadašnje probleme šumarstva i stavove struke. Nemamo ništa tome za dodati, nego upućujemo čitatelje da u prošlom dvobroju časopisa pročitaju prikaz sa spomenutoga skupa. Dakle, struka opominje i ukazuje na alarmantno stanje u šumarstvu, kojega resorno ministarstvo očito ne prepoznaje.Za saniranje stanja nakon ledoloma i vjetroloma u Gorskom kotaru i situacije s katastrofalnim sušenjem jasena te nadolazećega problema s hrastom, našom najvrjednijom vrstom drveća, bit će potrebna znatna financijska sredstva. Gdje ih pronaći ako smo novim Zakonom o šumama znatno smanjili priliv financijskih sredstava od naknade za općekorisne funkcije šuma (OKFŠ), a drvne sortimente prodajemo i dalje po netržišnim uvjetima? Nismo trebali dugo čekati da nova ministrica Odlukom o smanjenju naknada za šume i šumska zemljišta, pokaže kako će se odnositi prema šumi i šumarstvu. Vrijednost bodova je smanjena za 30 do 90 %, ovisno o uzgojnom obliku šume. To će, kaže ona, ubrzati investicijske projekte, jer su navodno mnoge investicije u kojima je bilo potrebno izdvojiti šumu ili šumsko zemljište iz šumsko-gospodarskih planova, bile dovedene u pitanje zbog previsoke naknade za lokalnu i regionalnu samoupravu. Naravno, "nisu ludi" platiti privatnicima, koji imaju na stotine tisuća hektara zapuštenog i zaraslog zemljišta, kada je državno (čitaj općenarodno) gotovo besplatno. Uostalom, za njih primjerice: šikara, šibljak, makija, garig i nije "neka šuma". A najnovije je najava novoga smanjenja naknade za općekorisne funkcije šuma "povećanjem granice ukupnog godišnjeg prihoda i primitka s 3.000.000,00 kn na 7.500.000,00 kn " što je obrazloženo opterećenjem, kako na poduzetnike, tako i na administrativnu obradu". Ionako smanjenim sredstvima OKFŠ-a, koja se danas većinom koriste za razminiranje i vatrogasnu zajednicu, za "zelene" radove u šumi na oko milijun hektara krša, preostaje jako malo novaca. Što reći na sve to?Idemo malo pričati o klimatskim promjenama, kisiku, ugljičnom dioksidu, eroziji, pitkoj vodi, rekreaciji i općenito zaštiti okoliša, gdje je šuma jedan od najznačajnijih i najsloženijih ekosustava, o kojoj i bez stručnog obrazovanja, nažalost svi sve znaju, jer jako vole šumu.Često spominjemo načelo potrajnosti i osiguranje višenamjenske uloge šume, što je moto poslovanja u šumarstvu, ali za to je ponajprije potrebno promijeniti mišljenje da šumu možemo samo koristiti, a ne ulagati u nju, odnosno vratiti joj dio benefita kako bi bila vječna.Uredništvo ; EDITORIALWe have written on several occasions about how we expected the present Government to bring the word forestry back into the name of the line ministry and to change its attitude towards forests and the forestry profession. Regrettably, this has not happened, with the final result of the forestry sector within the Ministry being at the level of parts of agriculture, vegetable growing for example, although forests cover almost half of the land area of the Republic of Croatia. Needless to say, the forest is the most complex ecosystem in the world, whose management requires supreme expertise. The Constitution itself states that, along with soil and water, the forest is a resource of particular interest for the Republic of Croatia. We do not insist that the sector minister should be a renowned forestry expert, but the state secretary or assistant minister in charge of forestry should definitely be one. The Minister should take every opportunity to get to know the profession which is a constituent part of his Ministry. The best way to do it is to attend at least several professional symposia in which the status and problems of the profession are discussed on a scientific-professional basis. We regret to say that the deposed department minister did not attend one single gathering, not even the one organized by the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. This we regard as both the belittling of the profession and of the mentioned scientific institution. The only visible trace that he left in forestry was the establishment of "his" Forestry Administration at the expense of reducing the area of the adjacent Administrations. At present, the forestry department is headed by a wood technologist, which is illogical, but even worse, the forestry profession seems to approve of this. Who runs the forestry policy and do we have a good strategy for running it? Who is the forestry policy subjugated to? There is a general impression that the forestry policy is led by wood processors, and what is tragic, by wood processors in primary wood processing, who are guided by non-market conditions and who disregard the principles of sustainable management. At the scientific-professional gathering held to mark the Days of Croatian Forestry, Oliver Vlainić, President of the Croatian Forestry Association, mentioned current problems in forestry and attitudes of the profession. We have nothing more to add to this but to ask the readers to read the reviews of the gathering in the past double issue of the journal. Clearly, the profession repeatedly warns of the alarming conditions in forestry which the competent ministry obviously does not recognize. Considerable financial means will be required to repair the damage caused by ice and wind storms in Gorski Kotar and to remedy the situation with disastrous ash dieback and the oncoming problems with oak, the most valuable tree species in Croatia. Where to find these means if, according to the new Forest Act, the financial means from non-market forest functions fees have been significantly reduced while wood assortments continue to be sold at non-market conditions? We did not have to wait long to see how the new lady minister will treat forests and forestry by her Decision to lower the fees for forests and forest land. The value of the points was reduced by 30 to 90%, depending on the silvicultural form of the forest. To quote her words, this will accelerate investment projects, because, allegedly, many investments in which it was necessary to exclude forests or forest land from forest management plans, were called into question due to excessive fees for local or regional self-managing units. Of course, they are "not crazy" to pay to private owners, who have hundreds of thousands of hectares of abandoned and overgrown land, when the state (read: public) land is almost free of charge. For them a scrub, a thicket, maquis, and garrigue is not much of a forest anyway. The latest is the announcement of a new reduction in the non-market forest function fee by "increasing the level of total annual income from 3 000 000.00 kuna to 7 500 000.00 kuna, which was explained by a burden, both on the entrepreneurs and the administrative processing". Due to reduced means from non-market forest functions, which are currently mainly used for demining and for the fire fighter service, very little is left for "green" operations on about one million hectares of karst. What is there left to say?Let us talk a little bit about climate change, oxygen, carbon dioxide, erosion, potable water, recreation and environment protection in general, where the forest is one of the most important and most complex ecosystems, and about which everybody, although lacking professional education, knows everything because they all love forests.We often mention the principle of sustainability and the insurance of the multipurpose role of a forest, which is the motto of business-making in forestry. However, the first step is to change the general belief that the forest can be used without investing into it or without returning to it a part of the benefits. Only if we do so will forests remain an eternal asset.Editorial Board