Validar a Guerra: A Construcao do Regime de Expertise Estrategica
In: Contexto internacional: revista semestral do Instituto de Relações Internacionais, IRI, Pontíficia Universidade Católica, PUC, Band 34, Heft 2, S. 435-470
ISSN: 0102-8529
In: Contexto internacional: revista semestral do Instituto de Relações Internacionais, IRI, Pontíficia Universidade Católica, PUC, Band 34, Heft 2, S. 435-470
ISSN: 0102-8529
In: Dados: revista de ciências sociais, Band 52, Heft 3, S. 771-805
ISSN: 0011-5258
The study aims to evaluate the interconnection structures by members of the Board of Directors with political and financial expertise of companies listed in the Brazilian stock market B3. The sample consisted of 2,474 observations in the period from 2010 to 2015. It is suggested by the Agency Theory that board interlocking (BI) for financial expertise can help in corporate monitoring and mitigates the agency's conflicts. On the other hand, BI by political expertise can maximize opportunistic behavior. In the view of Resource Dependency Theory, BI for financial expertise can assist companies in attracting financial resources, while BI for policy expertise can maximize results through more lucrative contracts and advantages offered by policymakers. It is concluded that the systematization of BI by different expertise can be used in future research to explain corporate strategies, decisions, and phenomena, as well as to evaluate the causes and effects of such structures in the management of organizations. ; El estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar las estructuras de interconexiones entre los miembros del Consejo de Administración (CA) con experiencia política y financiera de empresas que cotizan en la B3. La muestra se compuso de 2.474 observaciones en el período 2010-2015. Por medio de la Teoría de la Agencia, se sugiere que el board interlocking (BI) por la experiencia financiera puede auxiliar al monitoreo corporativo y servir como mitigador de los conflictos de la agencia. Por otro lado, el BI por la experiencia política puede maximizar el comportamiento oportunista. En la visión de la Teoría de la Dependencia de Recursos, el BI por la experiencia financiera puede auxiliar a las empresas en la captación de recursos financieros, mientras que el BI por la experiencia política puede maximizar los resultados mediante contratos más lucrativos y ventajas ofrecidas por los políticos. Se concluye que la sistematización del BI por las diferentes experiencias puede ser utilizada en las investigaciones futuras para explicar las estrategias, decisiones y fenómenos corporativos, así como para evaluar las causas y los efectos de tales estructuras en la gestión de las organizaciones. ; Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as estruturas de interligações pelos membros do conselho de administração (CA) com expertise política e financeira de empresas listadas na B3. A amostra foi composta por 2.474 observações no período de 2010 a 2015. Por meio da Teoria da Agência, sugere-se que o board interlocking (BI) pela expertise financeira pode auxiliar o monitoramento corporativo e servir como mitigador dos conflitos da agência. Por outro lado, o BI pela expertise política pode maximizar o comportamento oportunista. Na visão da Teoria da Dependência de Recursos, o BI pela expertise financeira pode auxiliar as empresas na captação de recursos financeiros, enquanto o BI pela expertise política pode maximizar os resultados mediante contratos mais lucrativos e vantagens oferecidas pelos políticos. Conclui-se que a sistematização do BI pelos diferentes tipos de expertise pode ser utilizada em futuras pesquisas para explicar as estratégias, as decisões e os fenômenos corporativos, bem como para avaliar as causas e os efeitos de tais estruturas na gestão das organizações.
BASE
The constitutional role and authority of the Public Prosecutor's Office (MP) as an enforcer of law warranted the MP protagonism in the enforcement of environmental legislation and accountability of environmental agencies in Brazil. The MP instituted regional offices to tackle the environmental issue and established a team of experts to provide technical support. This research analyzes the participation of the São Paulo State Public Prosecutor's Office (MPSP) and the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (MPF) experts in the environmental licensing of the Mexilhão Project. The project was located in the coastal region of the state of São Paulo and initially aimed to reduce by half the volume of natural gas imported by the country. Based on the analysis of documents and interviews, this paper shows that there were different interpretations and framings among the MP experts concerning environmental impacts and risks of the project. This study also discusses MP's influence on the decisions of the federal environmental agency about the Mexilhão Project. ; The constitutional role and authority of the Public Prosecutor's Office (MP) as an enforcer of law warranted the MP protagonism in the enforcement of environmental legislation and accountability of environmental agencies in Brazil. The MP instituted regional offices to tackle the environmental issue and established a team of experts to provide technical support. This research analyzes the participation of the São Paulo State Public Prosecutor's Office (MPSP) and the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (MPF) experts in the environmental licensing of the Mexilhão Project. The project was located in the coastal region of the state of São Paulo and initially aimed to reduce by half the volume of natural gas imported by the country. Based on the analysis of documents and interviews, this paper shows that there were different interpretations and framings among the MP experts concerning environmental impacts and risks of the project. This study also discusses MP's influence on the decisions of the federal environmental agency about the Mexilhão Project. ; The constitutional role and authority of the Public Prosecutor's Office (MP) as an enforcer of law warranted the MP protagonism in the enforcement of environmental legislation and accountability of environmental agencies in Brazil. The MP instituted regional offices to tackle the environmental issue and established a team of experts to provide technical support. This research analyzes the participation of the São Paulo State Public Prosecutor's Office (MPSP) and the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (MPF) experts in the environmental licensing of the Mexilhão Project. The project was located in the coastal region of the state of São Paulo and initially aimed to reduce by half the volume of natural gas imported by the country. Based on the analysis of documents and interviews, this paper shows that there were different interpretations and framings among the MP experts concerning environmental impacts and risks of the project. This study also discusses MP's influence on the decisions of the federal environmental agency about the Mexilhão Project. ; The constitutional role and authority of the Public Prosecutor's Office (MP) as an enforcer of law warranted the MP protagonism in the enforcement of environmental legislation and accountability of environmental agencies in Brazil. The MP instituted regional offices to tackle the environmental issue and established a team of experts to provide technical support. This research analyzes the participation of the São Paulo State Public Prosecutor's Office (MPSP) and the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (MPF) experts in the environmental licensing of the Mexilhão Project. The project was located in the coastal region of the state of São Paulo and initially aimed to reduce by half the volume of natural gas imported by the country. Based on the analysis of documents and interviews, this paper shows that there were different interpretations and framings among the MP experts concerning environmental impacts and risks of the project. This study also discusses MP's influence on the decisions of the federal environmental agency about the Mexilhão Project.
BASE
In: Historamericana Band 34
World Affairs Online
Studies on ministerial recruitment have identified the presence of professional politicians as well as technicians within the Brazilian ministerial cabinet. However, career analyses are restricted to technicians, while studies on political ministers have largely focused on party recruitment criteria. The objective of this article is twofold: to empirically demonstrate the differences and similarities between the careers of political and non-political ministers "technicians" during PSDB and PT presidential administrations between 1995 and 2014; and to explore the main aspects regarding the professionalization of politician ministers based on their experiences in elective and high-ranking positions in county and municipal administrations. The results indicate that both politicians and non-politicians have extensive professional experience, including administrative experience, although non-politicians have greater affinity with the ministerial area for which they were appointed as do ministers affiliated with the president's party when compared to politicians of the allied base. Notwithstanding these nuances, no significant differences were found between PSDB and PT administrations regarding the expertise of their ministers. ; Estudios sobre el reclutamiento ministerial han identificado la presencia tanto de políticos profesionales, cuanto de cuadros técnicos como parte de los gabinetes ministeriales brasileños. Sin embargo, los análisis de carrera se han restringido únicamente a los cuadros técnicos; mientras que los estudios sobre los ministros de carácter político se han centrado mayoritariamente en el criterio partidario de reclutamiento. El presente artículo sigue dos objetivos: demostrar empíricamente las diferencias y similitudes entre las carreras de los ministros políticos y los no políticos ("técnicos") durante los gobiernos del Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (PSDB) y del Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), entre 1995 y 2014; y explorar los principales aspectos relativos a la profesionalización de los ministros políticos, a partir de sus experiencias en cargos electivos y de alto escalón como parte de gobiernos provinciales y municipales. Los resultados muestran que tanto los ministros políticos como los no políticos poseen una larga experiencia profesional, e inclusive administrativa; más allá de que los no políticos posean una mayor afinidad con el área ministerial para la cual han sido nombrados, así como los ministros afiliados al partido de gobierno cuando comparados con los de la base aliada. A pesar de esas particularidades, no fueron constatadas diferencias significativas entre los gobiernos del PSDB y del PT en lo que se refiere al nivel de especialización de sus ministros. ; Estudos sobre recrutamento ministerial têm identificado a presença tanto de políticos profissionais quanto de técnicos no gabinete ministerial brasileiro. Todavia, análises de carreira têm se restringido apenas aos técnicos, enquanto estudos sobre ministros políticos focam majoritariamente o critério partidário de recrutamento. Este artigo possui dois objetivos: demonstrar empiricamente as diferenças e semelhanças entre as carreiras dos ministros políticos e dos não políticos ("técnicos") durante os governos do Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (PSDB) e do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), entre 1995 e 2014; e explorar os principais aspectos relativos à profissionalização dos ministros políticos, a partir de suas experiências em cargos eletivos e de alto escalão de governos estaduais e municipais. Os resultados indicam que tanto políticos como não políticos possuem larga experiência profissional, inclusive administrativa, embora os não políticos possuam maior afinidade com a área ministerial para a qual foram nomeados. Por sua vez, ministros filiados ao partido do presidente possuem maior afinidade com a área de jurisdição ministerial quando comparados com os ministros filiados a partidos da base aliada. A despeito dessas nuanças, não foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre os governos peessedebistas e petistas quanto à expertise dos seus ministros.
BASE
In: https://archives.au.int/handle/123456789/6493
Executive Council Thirty-Fourth Ordinary Session 7 – 8 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; The Decision of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union (Assembly/AU/Dec.695 (XXXI) to establish, in Morocco, an African Migration Observatory, as an AU organ, addresses the real and pressing need of Africa to generate a better knowledge, understanding and expertise of the migratory phenomenon.
BASE
The Good Practices Guide on South-South and Triangular Cooperation is part of the ILO's commitment to the promotion of South-South and triangular cooperation, and is targeted at governments, workers, employers, and civil society to help them learn from initiatives based on southern solutions that have proven effective in promoting decent work. SSTC provides an important mechanism to leverage resources and expertise - in particular by facilitating the transfer of knowledge and experience of the world of work in the Global South. It is necessary to systematize the collection and dissemination of
Introduction: intrafamilial sexual abuse of children is a social and public health problem. The investigation of crimes of this nature shows widespread and often irreversible psychological harm to the victims. The harmful effects arise from the act itself as well as the absence of special care for children, whose development is gradual and whose condition of being subjects with rights is often ignored. Interdisciplinary coordination among the fields of Law, Psychology, and Social Work is essential to reduce the extent of the damage. The coordination of these areas of expertise when put into practice leads to the non-victimization of the child. This interdisciplinary effort has gained prominence in the discussions of children's rights, and the possibility of its implementation in the project "Testimony without harmful effects" (DSD, acronym in Portuguese). Objective: to analyze the DSD (Depoimento Sem Dano) from the perspective of the full protection of the child. Methods: a qualitative approach, with a literature review, legislation review and semi-structured interviews. Results: there was a shortage of national literature on DSD. The interviews enabled the designation of four categories based on the analysis of the different points of view of DSD according to those interviewed: the actions of the legal professionals and the care for children; the need for change in the dynamic of listening to the child victim; positivity of the "DSD" project proposal; the effectiveness of the technique. Discussion: the most characteristic aspects of intrafamilial sexual abuse of children justify the use of the DSD technique and its integrative phases. Conclusion: there is an imminent need for an extensive discussion of the guarantee of and effectiveness of the human rights of the child victim of intrafamilial sexual abuse, of the child victim's treatment and of listening to the child in a judicial proceeding. Dialogue among the different areas of expertise involved in the protection of the child is essential for the effective success of new possibilities.
BASE
Investigación documental acerca de la trayectoria de un hospital público de enseñanza en la elaboración de Programa de Seguridad del Paciente. Doscientos documentos fueron consultados en el periodo de 2004 a 2012, en un hospital público federal del sur de Brasil. Los datos fueron obtenidos entre mayo de 2012 y abril de 2013. El análisis documental muestra estrategias esenciales a la implantación de un programa. Entre ellas, la del diagnóstico situacional con utilización de herramientas de cualidad; auditorías internas con instrumentos customizados; profesionales con dedicación exclusiva y expertise en el área da cualidad; capacitaciones direccionadas el equipo multiprofesional; incentivo a la construcción colectiva, apoyo de la dirección y participación de liderazgos. El programa fue de vanguardia entre hospitales públicos federales. Desarrollado antes de la legislación brasileña que normatiza la materia, ayudó en las demandas de la Resolución de Directoría Colegiada n° 36 de 25 de julio de 2013 del Ministerio e la Salud. ; Documentary research on the trajectory of a public teaching hospital in the construction of a Patient Safety Program. Twohundred documents were consulted from the period between 2004 and 2012, at a federal public hospital in the South of Brazil, using data collected between May 2012 and April 2013. The documentary analysis evidences strategies essential for the implementation of a program. These include: situational diagnosis with use of quality tools; internal audits using customized tools; professional with exclusive dedication and expertise in the field of quality; multiprofessional team training; encouragement of collective construction, support from management and involvement of leaderships. The program was a forerunner among federal public hospitals. Developed before the Brazilian legislation that regulates the matter, the hospital complied with most of the requirements of Board Resolution 36 from July 25th 2013. ; Pesquisa documental sobre a trajetória de um hospital público de ensino na construção de Programa de Segurança do Paciente. Foram consultados 200 documentos do período de 2004 a 2012, em um hospital público federal do sul do Brasil, com dados coletados entre maio de 2012 a abril de 2013. A análise documental evidencia estratégias essenciais à implantação de um programa. Entre elas, diagnóstico situacional com utilização de ferramentas da qualidade; auditorias internas com instrumentos customizados; profissionais com dedicação exclusiva e expertise na área da qualidade; capacitações direcionadas à equipe multiprofissional; incentivo à construção coletiva, o apoio da direção e o envolvimento de lideranças. O programa foi vanguardista entre os hospitais públicos federais. Desenvolvido previamente à legislação brasileira que normatiza a matéria, cumpriu em grande parte com as demandas da Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada n° 36 de 25 de julho de 2013 do Ministério da Saúde.
BASE
O Primeiro Programa Internacional de Capacitação para Enfermeiros no Estudo do Fenômeno das Drogas nas Américas é resultado de uma parceria entre a Comissão Interamericana para o Controle do Abuso das Drogas (CICAD) da Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA) e a Faculdade de Enfermagem da Universidade de Alberta, com apoio financeiro do Governo do Canadá. O programa foi dividido em duas partes. A primeira parte do programa foi realizada na Universidade de Alberta em Edmonton, Alberta, Canadá. Compreendeu a capacitação em metodologias de pesquisa na Faculdade de Enfermagem, que levou à preparação de quatro propostas de pesquisas multicêntricas para a redução da demanda de drogas nos países de origem dos onze participantes no programa. A segunda parte do programa estava relacionada à implementação de propostas de pesquisa multicêntricas em sete países da América Latina e no Canadá. Este programa apresentou expertise em metodologias de pesquisa a membros de Escolas de Enfermagem latino-americanas e introduziu expertise latino-americana a membros de uma Faculdade de Enfermagem canadense. O Primeiro Programa Internacional de Capacitação para Enfermeiros no Estudo do Fenômeno das Drogas nas Américas estimulou o tipo de respeito intercultural e apreço mútuo necessário para confrontar o problema de saúde global do abuso das drogas lícitas e ilícitas. ; El Primer Programa Internacional de Capacitación en Investigación para Enfermeros en el Estudio del Fenómeno de las Drogas en las Américas resultó de una colaboración entre la Comisión Interamericana para el Control del Abuso de Drogas (CICAD) de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA) y la Facultad de Enfermería en la Universidad de Alberta, con apoyo financiero del Gobierno de Canadá. El programa fue dividido en dos partes. La primera parte del programa se organizó en la Universidad de Alberta en Edmonton, Alberta, Canadá. Abarcó la capacitación en metodologías de investigación en la Facultad de Enfermería, que llevó a la preparación de cuatro propuestas de investigación multicéntrica con vistas a la reducción de la demanda de drogas en los países de origen de los once participantes en el programa. La segunda parte del programa estaba relacionada a la implementación de propuestas de investigación multicéntrica en siete países de América Latina y en Canadá. Este programa presentó conocimientos especializados en metodologías de investigación a miembros de Escuelas de Enfermería latinoamericanas e introdujo los conocimientos especializados latinoamericanos a miembros de una Facultad de Enfermería canadiense. El Programa Internacional de Capacitación en Investigación para Enfermeros en el Estudio del Fenómeno de las Drogas en las Américas estimuló el tipo de respecto intercultural y apreciación mutua necesario para confrontar el problema de salud global del abuso de drogas lícitas e ilícitas. ; The First International Research Capacity-Building Program for Nurses to Study the Drug Phenomenon in the Americas is a result of a partnership between the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) of the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Faculty of Nursing in the University of Alberta, with financial support from the Government of Canada. The program was divided into two parts. The first part of the program was held at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It involved capacity-building in research methodologies at the Faculty of Nursing, which lead to the preparation of four multi-centric research proposals for drug demand reduction in the home countries of the eleven participants in the program. The second part of the program was related to the implementation of multi-centric research proposals in seven countries in Latin America and in Canada. This program presented expertise in research methodology to members of Latin American Schools of Nursing and introduced Latin American expertise to members of a Canadian Faculty of Nursing. The International Research Capacity-Building Program for Nurses to Study the Drug Phenomenon in the Americas has fostered the kind of inter-cultural respect and mutual appreciation necessary to confront the global health problem of the abuse of both licit and illicit drugs.
BASE
The state capacity to formulate, supervise, and implement (and in some cases to evaluate) science, technology, and innovation policy is the subject of the present work. The goal is to compare state and policy capacity in Brazil, China, and Argentina to point out comparative institutional advantages and disadvantages. One of the study's main conclusions is the existence of a structured consensus on what sectors the enterprising state should incentivize and promote, on where the frontier is located, and whether these countries are at the frontier of innovation depends on: the existence of a rearguard of institutions capable of undertaking prospective (and retrospective) studies that are effectively considered in the decision-making process; the continuous exercise of foresight or technological foresight, subject to processes of periodic revision; the capacity to take account of conflicts of interest, but equally to neutralize them when building structured consensus; and finally to count on a well-established but effective financial innovation system. Two conditions seem important as far as the governance of the modernization process is concerned: visions of the future and state capacities to implement them. What is at issue is not a continuous set of abilities or expertise but a variety of decision-making processes on long-term strategy and coordination in the development and implementation of technology policies.
BASE
What explains the legislative production of Brazilian ministries? The article explores the relationship between ministerial instability and the performance of ministries measured by the number of legislative proposals they produced between 1999 and 2014. Using an exponential average model with endogenous regressors, we argue that the change of ministers negatively affects the entities' legislative production. The ideological distance between the minister's and president's parties and the prior legislative expertise of the ministers, have a pronounced impact on the level of legislative production on the government's political agenda. The results corroborate the perception of the negative effect of ministerial instability on the efficiency of the conception and formulation of public policies and contribute to the understanding of legislative production and bureaucratic performance of Brazilian presidentialism. ; ¿Qué explica la producción legislativa de los ministerios federales en Brasil? El artículo explora la relación entre la inestabilidad ministerial y el desempeño de los ministerios medido por el número de propuestas legislativas producidas entre 1999 y 2014. Utilizando un modelo de promedio exponencial con regresores endógenos, argumentamos que el cambio de ministros afecta negativamente la capacidad de producción legislativa de los ministerios. Aun así, la distancia ideológica entre los partidos del ministro y del presidente, así como la experiencia legislativa previa de los ministros, tienen un impacto más pronunciado en el nivel de producción de propuestas legislativas en la agenda política del gobierno. Los resultados corroboran la percepción del efecto negativo de la inestabilidad ministerial sobre la eficiencia de la concepción y formulación de políticas públicas, además de contribuir a la comprensión de la producción legislativa y desempeño burocrático del presidencialismo brasileño. ; O que explica a produção legislativa dos ministérios federais no Brasil? O artigo explora a relação entre a instabilidade ministerial e o desempenho dos ministérios mensurado pela quantidade de propostas legislativas produzidas entre 1999 e 2014. Por meio de um modelo de média exponencial com regressores endógenos, argumentamos que a troca de ministros e ministras afeta negativamente a capacidade de produção legislativa das pastas. Ainda assim, o distanciamento ideológico entre os partidos do ministro e o presidente, bem como a expertise legislativa prévia dos ministros, tem impacto mais pronunciado no nível de produção de propostas legislativas dentro da agenda política do governo. Os resultados corroboram a percepção do efeito negativo da instabilidade ministerial na eficiência da concepção e da formulação de políticas públicas, contribuindo para o entendimento da produção legislativa e do desempenho burocrático do presidencialismo brasileiro.
BASE
Criticism of common thought on politics is indispensable when pondering the interface established with academic knowledge, which is constructed on the grounds of the uncertainty of the sciences and of the dialectical interlocution between convergences and divergences in the formulation and/or reformulation of concepts, in addition to the construction of a possible field of studies on public policies and their applicability. In the context of health promotion, it is essential to disseminate the broad idea that this field cuts across the core human needs; therefore, promoting health nowadays presupposes understanding public policies and their constant conflicts and convergences in search of models that meet the intangible social demands. Because of this dual construction that originates from the common sense and the epistemic bulge, the study of public policy is not restricted to a single academic subject, which brings to the fore the importance of understanding the field as a constructor of academic knowledge in multiple subjects. This premise can be proven by the challenges in presenting theories, methods and tools exclusively designed to study the theme(1). This polarization has gained great importance due to the urgency of decision making by public managers and reverberates in current context of health education, particularly regarding its promotion. There has been an attempt to optimize "expertise" as one that is developed under the auspices of "best scientific evidence". In this logic, if scientific evidence is needed for teaching in general, one can use syllogism and think that the same holds true for the teaching of public policies aimed at promoting health. However, questions about the teaching of public policies emerge in overwhelming ways and require reflection on the concepts inherent to the field in order to decide what to teach, how to teach and when to teach. The teaching of health promotion demands a discussion about the contradictions of the contexts and the particularities of the different ...
BASE
This article seeks to understand the circumstances that culminated in the formulation and implementation of the National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (PNSR) in the 1980s, using the Multiple Streams Model as its theoretical reference. The results show that the theme's ascension to the government agenda stemmed from a conjuncture marked by intense transitions that contributed to opening a policy window. The struggle to guarantee social rights in the Brazilian re-democratization process; the activities of social movements like the grassroots public health movement; the large sanitary deficit and its consequences for public health; the joint involvement of institutions with considerable expertise like Economic and Social Planning Institute (IPEA), Public Health Special Service Foundation (FSESP) and Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) and the availability of financial resources stemming from a partnership arrangement with the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) provided a favorable environment for the elaboration of the PNSR. ; Este documento tiene como objetivo comprender las circunstancias que condujeron a la formulación e implementación, en la década de 1980, del Proyecto Nacional de Abastecimiento de Agua y Saneamiento Rural (PNSR), adoptando como marco teórico el modelo de flujos múltiples. Los resultados muestran que su ascenso a la agenda del gobierno se debe a una coyuntura marcada por intensas transiciones, que contribuyeron a la apertura de una ventana de oportunidad. La búsqueda de la garantía de los derechos sociales en el proceso de redemocratización brasileña; el desempeño de movimientos sociales, como el movimiento sanitario; el gran déficit de saneamiento y sus consecuencias en la salud pública; la participación conjunta de instituciones con experiencia, como el Instituto de Planificación Económica y Social (IPEA), la Fundación del Servicio Especial de Salud Pública (FSESP) y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), y la disponibilidad de recursos financieros de una asociación con el Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento (BIRF) proporcionó un entorno favorable para la elaboración del PNSR. ; O presente artigo busca compreender as circunstâncias que culminaram na formulação e implementação, na década de 1980, do Projeto Nacional de Saneamento Rural (PNSR), adotando como marco teórico o Modelo de Múltiplos Fluxos. Os resultados evidenciam que sua ascensão à agenda governamental é decorrente de uma conjuntura marcada por intensas transições, que contribuíram para a abertura de uma janela de oportunidades. A busca pela garantia de direitos sociais no processo de redemocratização brasileiro; a atuação de movimentos sociais, como o movimento sanitarista; o grande déficit sanitário e suas consequências na saúde pública; o envolvimento conjunto de instituições com expertise, como o Instituto de Planejamento Econômico e Social (IPEA), a Fundação Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública (FSESP) e a Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde (OPAS) e a disponibilidade de recursos financeiros, provenientes de parceria com o Banco Internacional para Reconstrução e Desenvolvimento (BIRD), proporcionaram um ambiente favorável para a elaboração do PNSR.
BASE