Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Popularisé par Donald Trump durant la campagne électorale de 2016 pour qualifier ses opposants et également les journaux qui lui sont critiques, la formule de « fake news » – fausses nouvelles – s'est diffusée au travers des réseaux sociaux et des médias à partir de l'année 2017 pour atteindre un pic d'attention en 2018 (GoogleTrends, 2019). La campagne présidentielle française de 2017 véhiculera également son lot de « fake news » dont nombre de personnalités politiques deviennent cette fois-ci les cibles : entre la prétendue Rolex de Jean-Luc Mélenchon au compte dans les Bahamas d'Emmanuel Macron, des campagnes de dénigrement et désinformation se multiplient et circulent rapidement sur les réseaux.

International audience ; Popularisé par Donald Trump durant la campagne électorale de 2016 pour qualifier ses opposants et également les journaux qui lui sont critiques, la formule de « fake news » – fausses nouvelles – s'est diffusée au travers des réseaux sociaux et des médias à partir de l'année 2017 pour atteindre un pic d'attention en 2018 (GoogleTrends, 2019). La campagne présidentielle française de 2017 véhiculera également son lot de « fake news » dont nombre de personnalités politiques deviennent cette fois-ci les cibles : entre la prétendue Rolex de Jean-Luc Mélenchon au compte dans les Bahamas d'Emmanuel Macron, des campagnes de dénigrement et désinformation se multiplient et circulent rapidement sur les réseaux.

In the last decade, social media and the Internet have amplified the possibility to spread false information, a.k.a. fake news, which has become a serious threat to the credibility of politicians, organizations, and other decision makers. This paper proposes a framework for investigating the incentives to strategically spread fake news under different institutional configurations and payoff structures. In particular, we show under what conditions institutions that foster transparency in the media cause more fake news. Complementary, we study what kind of environments are particularly susceptible to the production of fake news.

Fake News, Filterblasen und Echokammern sind Chiffren der digitalen Gesellschaft und ihrer Schwierigkeit, der Wahrheit zu ihrem Recht und ihrer Geltung zu verhelfen. Die Beiträge fragen aus der Perspektive der Rechts-, Politik- und Kulturwissenschaften nach den Folgen für die gesellschaftliche Selbstverständigung, wenn Bilder nicht mehr von Fälschungen zu unterscheiden sind und Falschmeldungen die Nachrichtenwelt zu fluten scheinen. Der Aufsatz von G. Lauer befasst sich mit der Frage, wie weit Fake News tatsächlich eine gesellschaftliche Wirkung entfalten können, wieweit andere Medien an der Herstellung von Aufmerksamkeit beteiligt sind, und welche Folgen das alles für unsere Gesellschaft hat. A. Busch fragt in seinem Beitrag, ob "Fake News" eine Gefahr für die Demokratie darstellen. Ausgehend von der Beobachtung, dass "falsche Nachrichten" nichts Neues sind, werden die Rolle von social media bei ihrer Verbreitung in den Blick genommen, die Frage gesellschaftlicher Polarisierung diskutiert und empirische Ergebnisse präsentiert. Der Beitrag von G. Spindler befasst sich mit dem Netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetz und dem europaweiten Digital Services Act, die mannigfaltige Regulierungen einführen, um mit Fake News und Hate Speech im Internet umzugehen – mit der Frage, ob diese dann tatsächlich dazu beitragen, der Phänomene Herr zu werden

With anchors in feminist theory, queer discourse, and digital politics, Really Fake rescues "fakeness" from the morass of "fake news" and rejuvenates "fake" as a material and tactical reality. This book treats fakeness as a media object itself: "Fakes" are things that travel and circulate through our bodies, sociality, and the technologies that envelop them. Punctuated with anecdotes, experiences, poetry, stories, and a strong feminist ethic and ethos of care, intimacy, and collectivity, Really Fake offers a series of entry points into reframing the debates of fakeness beyond polarized positions of performative outrage.

The early 2020s commonplace that everything seems a bit unreal is a material truth. Not only our shoes and handbags, but our makeup, phone chargers, glassware, and medications; our oven mitts and bike helmets and airplane parts; the components in our intravenous drip machines and defibrillators, the brakes of our high-speed trains - all may be counterfeit. Counterfeit goods are generally substandard ones that infringe intellectual property rights. The iconic examples are fake Louis Vuitton handbags and Nike Air Jordan sneakers, but fakes can now be found across the whole spectrum of retail and wholesale consumption (Suthivarakom, 2020). Advances in logistics are generating more counterfeits. The burgeoning volume of containerized shipping is increasing the trade in fakes, since the greater surveillance that would detect them would also slow down the flow of legitimate goods. Beginning around 2018, the rise in online shopping, small parcel delivery, and social media shopping multiplied the sales of counterfeits on platforms such as Amazon, Alibaba, Instagram, and TikTok, ushering in a new era of indiscernible copycats of non-luxury products. Pandemic lockdowns exacerbated the problem, creating demand for counterfeit semiconductors and personal protective equipment. Logistics - typically understood to move existing products - creates markets for new, criminal ones. The desire for speed and convenience has given us a counterfeit world of goods. The glib twentieth-century notion of phoniness in The Graduate's ironic advice to Benjamin Braddock ("there's a great future in plastics") has taken a darker turn. Now even the plastic is not really plastic.

Abstract
We propose a model of product reviews in which some are genuine and some are fake in order to shed light on the value of information provided on platforms like TripAdvisor, Yelp, etc. In every period, a review is posted which is either genuine or fake. We characterise the equilibrium of the dynamic model and prove that it is unique. In equilibrium, valuable learning takes place in every period. Fake reviews, however, do slow down the learning process. It is established that any attempt by the platform to manipulate the reviews is counterproductive.

A mídia e a democracia, assim como Cagney e Lacey ou Starsky e Hutch, são inseparáveis. Não se pode ter um sem ter o outro. A livre troca de ideias, informações e símbolos que alimentam os cidadãos e reconstitui o sistema como um todo tem sido há muito vista como uma das bases de sociedades democráticas. De fato, uma parafernália normativa complexa emergiu para descrever as principais responsabilidades dadas à mídia no surgimento e manutenção da democracia: como um vigilante de poderes desconhecidos, uma tribuna para a população, um defensor das minorias, um quarto poder e uma esfera pública. Diz-se que a mídia livre fornece o oxigênio, a lubrificação ou, mesmo, que é os tendões de uma democracia funcional e robusta. ; Media and democracy, like Cagney and Lacey or Starsky and Hutch, are inseparable. You just cannot have one without the other. The free exchange of ideas, information, and symbols that nourish citizens and replenish the system as a whole has long been seen as a central foundation of democratic societies. Indeed, a complex normative paraphernalia has emerged to describe the key responsibilities placed on media in the emergence and sustenance of democracy: as an independent watchdog and monitor of unchecked power, a tribune of the people, a defender of minorities, a fourth estate, and a public sphere. The free media is said to provide the oxygen, the lubrication or indeed the sinews of a fully functioning and robust democracy.

Intro -- Title Page -- PROLOGUE: 1968 -- CHAPTER ONE: Competition -- CHAPTER TWO: Girls -- CHAPTER THREE: Ham Radio -- CHAPTER FOUR: Ping-Pong -- CHAPTER FIVE: Dale -- CHAPTER SIX: The Rhythm Rockers Go To Europe -- CHAPTER SEVEN: I Meet John Coltrane -- CHAPTER EIGHT: Sometimes You Have To Yell -- CHAPTER NINE: Plato -- CHAPTER TEN: Mowing -- CHAPTER ELEVEN: Heartland -- CHAPTER TWELVE: Plowing -- CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Europe -- CHAPTER FOURTEEN: The Law -- CHAPTER FIFTEEN: Paris -- CHAPTER SIXTEEN: Paris II -- CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: Assassinations -- CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: Odd Jobs -- CHAPTER NINETEEN: Jeff Joins The Navy -- CHAPTER TWENTY: Secretary Of State -- CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: Violence -- CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: Exit State -- CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: Fake Smiles -- CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR: Strong Women -- CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE: Essences -- CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX: The William P. Rogers Building -- CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN: The Norfolk Historical Society Museum -- AUTHOR'S POSTSCRIPT.