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Big Government i nacelo ogranicenja sredisnje vlade. Problem uporade sredstava prikrivenoga djelovanja u vanjskoj politici Sjedinjenih Drzava
In: Politicka misao, Band 39, Heft 3, S. 163-172
The US governance model created in the 1930s & known as Big Government is analyzed within the context of its application in foreign policy. The author looks into the foreign policy role of the American federal government, the dynamics of the relationship between the executive & the legislative branches during & following the Cold War period, & the changes occurring after the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001. Emphasis is on analysis of the Cold War legacy of the so-called nontraditional instruments of foreign policy interventions or the resources & techniques of covert activity. The author concludes that the extensive utilization of these instruments has significantly undermined the principle of limited federal government as one of the fundaments of American politics. However, in light of the new mobilization of resources in the fight against terrorism, it is necessary once again to evaluate the means of covert activity. 14 References. Adapted from the source document.
Znanost o drustvu na americki nacin i primjena modela u javnoj upravi
In: Politicka misao, Band 34, Heft 3, S. 149-162
Considers the application of formalized models in the study of public administration in the federally structured American administration. The theory of American federalism has taught us that the expenses of the implementation of political decisions are inversely proportionate to the administrative level of their application: the expenses are bigger if the implementation is done at lower administrative levels, ie, state or local, instead of by federal authorities. On the other hand, this theory claims that decision-making expenses are proportionate to the level of decision making: the lower the decision-making level, the smaller the expenses. The American experience in the arena of energy policy -- oil & gas -- confirms the model's rationale, & it is applicable to other fields: the optimal effect & the minimal expenses have been achieved in the situation in which political regulations are decided on at the state level, while their implementation lies in the domain of federal government. 1 Table, 3 Figures, 10 References. Adapted from the source document.
Geoportal.DE
Geopotal.DE, a mutual project of the German Federal Government and governments of all federal states, enables insight into the German geodata infrastructure (Geodateninfrastruktur Deutscgland - GDI-DE). ; Geoportal.DE, zajednički projekt njemačke Savezne vlade i vlada svih saveznih država, omogućuje uvid u Infrastrukturu geopodataka Njemačke (Geodateninfrastruktur Deutschland - GDI-DE).
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Kako objasniti vanjsku politiku Sjedinjenih Americkih Drzava? Razliciti pristupi u objasnjavanju americke uloge u svijetu
In: Politicka misao, Band 41, Heft 4, S. 122-145
This essay comparatively examines explanations of American foreign policy after 9/11. After introductory reviewing chronology of events, concurring evaluations of American foreign policy & justifications given by the public officials of the Bush administration, author describes six different approaches in explaining american foreign policy & position of USA in the world. Explanations search for causes of current American foreign policy in: myths of American culture, crusading mentality of Americans paired with legitimacy problem of American federal government, ideology of American neoconservatives, war for oil & attempt to geopolitically control the Middle East, logic of capitalist imperialism, & the decline of the capitalist world system. 27 References. Adapted from the source document.
Thomas Jefferson i temelji americke vladavine
In: Politicka misao, Band 31, Heft 2, S. 27-44
Political attitudes & activity of Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of American democracy, are described in this text. The author describes Jefferson's role in political activities of major importance for the creation of the US: compiling the Declaration of Independence, operating the Legislative Assembly of the state of Virginia, enacting of the separation of church & state, creating American foreign policy & the policy of Western colonization, introducing the first ten Constitutional amendments as a guarantee of human & civil rights, & elaborating on the principles of the organization of federal government. Jefferson fought against excessive legislation on powers of central political institutions. He established the tradition of Republicans versus Federalists led by Hamilton. That opposition gave birth to the modern American two-party system. Jefferson's presidency was also significant due to the elimination of centralist & oligarchic tendencies of previous Federalist governments. The author suggests that Jefferson's political theory & practice have left a permanent mark on the contemporary theory of democratic republicanism. 45 References. Adapted from the source document.
Prilog povijesti institucija: Prezidijum Sabora Narodne Republike Hrvatske 1945.–1953. ; A Contribution to the History of Government in Croatia: The Presidium of Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia 1945–1953
Na osnovu analize izvornih arhivskih dokumenata i propisa objavljenih u službenim listovima, opisuje se djelokrug, ustroj i sastav Prezidijuma Sabora NRH. Njegovi temelji postavljeni su u radu Zemaljskog antifašističkog vijeća narodnog oslobođenja Hrvatske (ZAVNOH), odnosno njegova Predsjedništva, koje je kao uže tijelo plenuma osnovano 9. svibnja 1944. godine. Na Četvrtom zasjedanju održanom 24. i 25. srpnja 1945. u Zagrebu, ZAVNOH je promijenio naziv u Narodni sabor Hrvatske, a njegovo Predsjedništvo od tada djeluje kao Predsjedništvo Narodnog sabora Hrvatske. U razdoblju 1945.–1953. njegovo djelovanje može se podijeliti u četiri mandatna razdoblja: Predsjedništvo Narodnog sabora Hrvatske/Prezidijum Sabora NRH (25. srpnja 1945.–30. studenoga 1946.), Prezidijum Ustavotvornog sabora NRH (30. studenoga 1946.–20. siječnja 1947.), Prezidijum Sabora NRH prvoga saziva (20. siječnja 1947.–4. prosinca 1950.) i Prezidijum Sabora NRH drugoga saziva (4. prosinca 1950.–6. veljače 1953.). U prvom dijelu rada opisuje se osnivanje i prestanak rada Prezidijuma Sabora, u drugom njegov djelokrug, a u trećem ustroj i sastav po mandatnim razdobljima. Njegov ustroj i djelokrug uspoređeni su s ustrojem i djelokrugom Prezidijuma Narodne skupštine FNRJ i prezidijuma drugih jugoslavenskih republika. Rezultati istraživanja prezentirani su kombinacijom tematskog i kronološkog pristupa, a dijelom su sistematizirani u obliku tabelarnih prikaza. ; This paper describes the scope, structure and the composition of the Presidium of Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia (PRC) which was active as a political governmental body in Croatia from 1945 to 1953. According to the Yugoslav constitutional system of government, the same political body existed on the federal level as the Presidium of the People's Assembly of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY), as well as in every republic-member of the Yugoslav federation and the scope, organization and composition of the Presidium of Parliament are compared with the scope, organization and composition of those bodies. The foundations of the activities of the Presidium of Parliament, as well as other central governmental institutions in Croatia (namely, Parliament, Government, and Supreme Court) were laid in the work of the State Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH) i.e. its Presidency, since until the end of the war they together performed the legislative, executive and judiciary government. During the 4th session that took place in Zagreb from 24 to 25 July 1945 ZAVNOH changed is title to the People's Parliament of Croatia and since then its Presidency worked as the Presidency of the People's Parliament of Croatia. In the period from 1945 to 1953 its activity can be divided into four mandate periods: the Presidency of the People's Parliament of Croatia/the Presidium of the Parliament of the PRC (25 July 1945–30 November 1946), the Presidium of the Constituent Parliament of the PRC (30 November 1946–20 January 1947), the Presidium of the 1st Session of the Parliament of the PRC (20 January 1947–4 December 1950) and the Presidium of the 2nd Session of the Parliament of the PRC (4 December 1950–6 February 1953). Its existence in the system of governmental power is the result of taking over the Soviet constitutional solutions about organizing the state and governmental institutions in the 1946 constitution of the FPRY and through it also in the constitutions of each federal unit. It was the main legislative body in the period until the constituting of the Constituent Parliament of the PRC, since the Parliament of the PRC only had a single short five-day session in late August 1946. This is confirmed by the information about 29 laws passed by the Presidium of Parliament in the period from 8 September 1945 to 20 November 1946. Besides legislative, it also performed other functions from the jurisdiction then belonging to the Parliament. The constitution of the PRC from 1946 bestowed upon it performing tasks that are usually given to the president of the state (representing in the country the people's and state sovereignty of the PRC, calling the general elections, granting pardons, awarding medals and recognitions), as well as other executive tasks partly closely linked to the legislative activities. The special function pertained to supervising the people's committees. The important difference in the scope in relation to the Presidium of the People's Assembly of the FPRY was that it did not have the authority in the area of foreign affairs. Even though the constitution of the PRC from January 1947 lists it together with the Parliament in the chapter on the highest bodies of the governmental power in Croatia, the sources and constitutional-legal texts of the time, in accordance with the principle of unity of power, define it as a body which "stems from the Parliament" and is subordinated to it. Also, despite being formally constitutionally defined as one of the highest bodies of governmental power in Croatia, in reality it was the Party's transmission, since the actual power and monopoly in decisionmaking was in the hands of the bodies of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia/the League of Communists of Yugoslavia i.e. the Communist Party of Croatia/the League of Communists of Croatia. It was a collegiate body comprised of members of the Parliament. The decision of its composition was formally passed by the Parliament, but based on the conclusions reached during sessions of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Croatia. It was elected for the same term as the Parliament, but it continued to perform its duties after the dissolution of the Parliament, until the election of the new Presidium of Parliament. From 1945 to 1953 the total of 45 MPs were included in its activities. 13 of them were members during all four mandate terms, 11 during two and 14 during only one. The structure and the way of work were determined by the Rulebook dated from 7 August 1947. They were the exact copy of the structure and the way of work of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of the FPRY, with differences deriving from different jurisdictions (federal, republic) of these two bodies.
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Politicka ekonomija reformiranja samoupravnog socijalizma - od europeizacije Jugoslavije do balkanizacije danasnjeg EU-a
In: Politicka misao, Band 49, Heft 3, S. 74-91
In the 1960s, the golden age of development in Europe came to an end, the socialist economies failed to adapt to the new situation and began to reform their economic system. The Yugoslav federal leadership announced economic reforms in 1961 and 1965, considered to be the best programme of economic reform and modernization during the institutional development of the Second socialist Yugoslavia. The self management system was based on the premises that the state control of the economy and planning should be replaced by contractual bargains among socially-owned enterprises, indicative planning and market mechanism. Kraigher's reform (1965) strengthened the developmental principles and the position of industry as the leading economic activity on the one hand and stabilisation programme on the other. However, the stabilisation policy failed to live up to expectations, and its restrictive measures created new imbalances. Kraigher's reform deepened the economic volatility, economic growth declined, while inflation and foreign debt swelled rapidly. The federal government made no particular efforts to remedy the situation and resolve the problems. In the late 1960s, the Yugoslav economic miracle came to an end. The communist authorities were preparing the grounds for constitutional ammendments, and enforced the adoption where federal communist leadership disciplined the proponents of economic reform and liberal market policies. The socialist economies, like modern EU states (Great Recession 2008-2013), failed to respond to the crisis immediately and with resolute action. This was a key reason for the disintegration of the Second Yugoslavia and could be the new form of balkanisation of EU. Adapted from the source document.
Uloga i značaj državnih službenika u ostvarivanju prava građana na lokalnu samoupravu u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine ; The Role and Importance of Civil Servants in the Exercise of the Citizens Right to Local Self-Government in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
U radu se daje kratak pregled ustavnog uređenja Bosne i Hercegovine i Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine te položaja lokalne samouprave u vertikalnom ustroju vlasti. Pored toga, tretira se pitanje organizacije i nadležnosti jedinica lokalne samouprave. U radu se obrađuje pitanje prava na lokalnu samoupravu koju garantira Ustav Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine. Fokus istraživanja je usmjeren na službeničko pravo u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine, odnos političkih struktura prema službeničkoj profesionalnoj neovisnosti i ulogu i značaj koji državni službenici treba da imaju u postupcima ostvarivanja građanskih prava, odnosno prava na lokalnu samoupravu. Autor ukazuje na nužnost harmonizacije kantonalnog zakonodavstva iz oblasti službeničkog prava sa federalnim zakonodavstvom, te potrebu utemeljenosti službeničkog prava na načelima i dostignutim standardima u Europskoj uniji. ; A brief overview of the constitutional order of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the position of local self-government in the vertical structure of government is provided in the paper. In addition, the issue of the organization and jurisdiction of local self-government is treated. The issue of the right to local self-government guaranteed by the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is addressed in this paper. The right of civil servants in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the attitude of political structures to professional independence of civil servants and the role and importance that civil servants should have in the processes of exercising civil rights, and the right to local self-government is what the research is focused on. The necessity of harmonization of cantonal legislation on civil service law with federal legislation, and the need to base the civil service law on the principles and standards achieved in the EU is what the paper points out.
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Problemi novije komparativne politike u Njemackoj
In: Politicka misao, Band 45, Heft 2, S. 133-151
The first part of the article is a review of contemporary comparative politics research in Qennany. The conclusion of the first part is that serious attempts to-overcome the structural weaknesses of this political science sub discipline are made only from the 1990's on. The biggest credit for it goes to the research on political & social transformation that has also contributed substantially to the development of regional comparative studies. In the second part, the author shows both the structural weaknesses & the new positive developments by reviewing five recently published comparative studies. The most important among the weaknesses is the "lockedness" into the traditional framework of studying systems of government, as well as a lack of methodological consciousness, theoretical eclecticism, strong descriptive normativism & a bias in the selection of study cases. References. Adapted from the source document.
Buducnost diplomatske sluzbe
In: Politicka misao, Band 40, Heft 2, S. 114-130
The author analyzes the future prospects of diplomatic service in the era of globalization. In his analysis, he draws from the German experience & the book Wem dient der auswartige Dienst? The author claims that foreign policy is determined by economic issues so it is pointless to separate the security/political & the economic/political aspects & competences of a government. The same applies to diplomatic corps: they cannot be exempted from economic tasks. Heads of diplomatic offices today have to be partners regarding economic topics when discussing politics & economy of the host country. Concerning the role of nongovernmental organizations, the author thinks that they cannot replace the state & its civil servants. For communicating with them, foreign service needs "generalists" more than "specialists." The key value of the future foreign service includes an overall review of the bilateral relations with the host country; this envisages that diplomats are to retain their central role in the networking of various actors & areas. Besides the legal/consular, economic, cultural & security/political tasks, diplomatic offices regularly maintain contacts & cooperate with the host country in specialized fields such as defense, science, social issues, & agriculture. 16 References. Adapted from the source document.
Shema za obranu od krađe IP prefiksa bez repozitorija utemeljena na DSA ; A DSA-based scheme for defending against IP prefix hijacking without repositories
Krađa IP prefiksa predstavlja ozbiljnu prijetnju za sigurnost Interneta. Kriptografsko ustanovljavanje autentičnosti porijekla ASes (Autonomnih Sustava) oglašenog prefiksa, što predstavlja učinkovit način sprećavanja krađe IP prefiksa, široko je prihvaćeno. Međutim, postojećim se shemama upućuju različiti kritički komentari vezani za njihovu neučinkovitost kod kriptografskog ustanovljavanja autentičnosti porijekla ASes. U svrhu poboljšanja učinkovitosti, koristimo prednosti specifičnih obilježja DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm) te predstavljamo shemu za sprećavanje krađe IP prefiksa. Postoje dva obilježja predložene sheme, temeljena na DSA i učinkovita. Prvo, budući da je DSA standard za digitalne potpise federalne vlade SAD, DSA temeljeno obilježje može zadržati kompatibilnost s DSA i njegovim analitičkim alatima te je na taj način olakšano široko prihvaćanje i primjena u praksi predložene sheme. Drugo, državni ključni certifikati (key certificates) nisu potrebni jer se mogu izračunati pomoću formule. Odvojeni potpisi za verifikaciju u tim certifikatima, koji su neizbježni u gotovo svim postojećim shemama temeljenim na kriptografiji, mogu se zamijeniti računanjem multi-eksponencijalne formule. Na taj je način postignuta učinkovitost. ; IP prefix hijacking poses a serious threat to the security of the Internet. Cryptographic authenticating origin ASes (Autonomous Systems) of advertised prefix, which is an effective way of preventing IP prefix hijacking, has received wide acceptance. However, these existing schemes received various critical comments on their inefficiency when cryptographic authenticating origin ASes. For improving efficiency, we take full advantage of specific characteristics of DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm) and thus present a scheme for preventing IP prefix hijacking. There are two characteristics, which are DSA-based and efficient, in the proposed scheme. Firstly, because DSA is a United States Federal Government standard for digital signatures, the DSA-based can maintain compatibility with the DSA and its analytical tools, and thus it is easier for proposed scheme to be widely accepted and applied into practice. Secondly, public key certificates are not necessary because public keys can be computed by using a formula. Separated verifying signatures in these certificates, which are inevitable in almost all existing cryptography-based schemes, can be replaced with computing of a multi-exponentiation formula. Thus, the efficiency is achieved.
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Građevni i urbanistički propisi u Hrvatskoj od 1956. do 1971. godine ; Building and Town-Planning Regulations in Croatia from 1956 to 1971
U članku se opisuju i komparativno analiziraju građevni i urbanistički propisi u Hrvatskoj od 1956. do 1971., kad je načelno dovršen zakonodavni okvir jugoslavenskih i hrvatskih građevnih propisa. Analizirani propisi, koji su prvi put bili stručno publicirani u repetitoriju 1956. godine, ambivalentno su nastajali na službenoj negaciji građevnoga zakonodavstva Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1946. i neslužbenom korištenju većine ukinutih propisa sve do kraja 1960-ih. Kolokvijalno poznati pod suvremenim pojmom građevinska regulativa, analizirani propisi pokazuju određenu tehničku kompetentnost u člancima koji nisu zadirali u socijalističko društveno uređenje, ali i potpunu ovisnost o tom uređenju u ostalim paragrafima, poput procedura upravnoga postupka ili toleriranja bespravne izgradnje. ; The building regulation system that was initiated in 1850 with the adoption of the 'Regulation on the Admission of Civil Engineering Students and the Introduction of State Examinations in Civil Engineering' in the Austrian Empire was repealed in 1946, through the 'Law on the Invalidity of Legal Regulations Adopted Before 6 April 1941 and During the Enemy Occupation'. The new socialist building regulation system was created through the regulations of the Yugoslav government from 1947 on; it was acceptable to use certain repealed regulations until new ones were enacted, provided they did not conflict with the newly-created socialist legal system of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. After the Federal Ministry of Construction was abolished in 1950, the technical regulations and standards were regulated at the federal level, while the administrative procedures and other legal regulations were gradually lowered to the level of the republics, including Croatia. So as to help architects, spatial planners, and other experts in the building process orient themselves in this jungle of regulations, architect Vladimir Šilhard (Schilchard) published the Revision Book of Building Regulations and Procedure in the P. R. of Croatia in the professional journal Čovjek i prostor (Man and Space) in 1956. This article also exhaustively presents and analyses the building regulations in the period from 1946, through Šilhard's unified compendium, to the enactment of the Zagreb City Master Plan in 1971. On the one hand, the 1960s period was a great challenge for adopting regulations, primarily due to the new way of building residential buildings, which were not encompassed by the then existing regulations. On the other hand, new urban legislation was needed after Zagreb spread over the river Sava to the south, where the Zagreb Fair and the first residential neighbourhoods were built, so that the city could maintain a sustainable appearance of modernity. In this sense, the master plan of 1971 represented the peak of city planning that had begun with a competition for the for the General Regulatory Basis in 1930–1931 and the enactment of the Building Regulations of 1940. The system of technical regulations and building regulation standards on the federal level was mostly complete by late 1971, and remained partially in force even after the Republic of Croatia declared its independence on 8 October 1991, lasting until Croatia joined the European Union on 1 July 2013.
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