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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) stands out as a major mental illness; however, little is known about effective policies for mitigating the problem. The importance and complexity of PTSD raise critical questions: What are the trends in the population of PTSD patients among military personnel and veterans in the postwar era? What policies can help mitigate PTSD? To address these questions, we developed a system dynamics simulation model of the population of military personnel and veterans affected by PTSD. The model includes both military personnel and veterans in a "system of systems." This is a novel aspect of our model, since many policies implemented at the military level will potentially influence (and may have side effects on) veterans and the Department of Veterans Affairs. The model is first validated by replicating the historical data on PTSD prevalence among military personnel and veterans from 2000 to 2014 (datasets from the Department of Defense, the Institute of Medicine, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and other sources). The model is then used for health policy analysis. Our results show that, in an optimistic scenario based on the status quo of deployment to intense/combat zones, estimated PTSD prevalence among veterans will be at least 10% during the next decade. The model postulates that during wars, resiliency-related policies are the most effective for decreasing PTSD. In a postwar period, current health policy interventions (e.g., screening and treatment) have marginal effects on mitigating the problem of PTSD, that is, the current screening and treatment policies must be revolutionized to have any noticeable effect. Furthermore, the simulation results show that it takes a long time, on the order of 40 years, to mitigate the psychiatric consequences of a war. Policy and financial implications of the findings are discussed. ; United States. Dept. of Defense. Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs (W81XWH-12-0016)

A large number of factors have an impact on leadership effectiveness. One of the most commonly cited is the leadership potential of the leaders themselves. Leaders as individuals are defined in this manner by their inherited qualities and the personality-trait development they have either received or actually achieved themselves. Furthermore leadership (the conduct of leaders) is closely connected to leaders' motivation, values and work ethic, and the power and authority that leaders acquire or build. To determine the extent to which leadership effectiveness is related to personality-trait based leadership potential, the paper presents a proposed model of effective leadership in the public sector, which covers the formation of personal leadership potential and identifying leadership effectiveness. The paper presents a trial application of the model in Slovenia, which offers a realistic representation of leadership potential and leadership effectiveness, which are at a relatively low level due to past neglect of this field in Slovenian central government units.

AbstractThe public sector as a whole has long been criticized for its lack of productivity and its emphasis on procedures, rather than judgement. Based on numerous carefully selected published examples from Canadian and American public‐organizations, the authors have developed a productivity model grounded in ten attributes determined from the studied examples. This model might help pave the way for future research regarding the opportunities available for improving productivity in the public sector. At a practical level, it might be helpful to managers in the public sector.RésuméOn a souvent critiqueé le secteur public pour son manque de productivité et l'accent mis sur les procédures plutôt que sur le jugement. S'appuyant sur plusieurs exemples soigneusement choisis parmi les organismes publics canadiens et américains, les auteurs ont développé un modèle de productivité en dix points. Ce modèle pourrait à la fois contribuer à faciliter la recherche ultérieure sur les opportunités d'amélioration de la productivité dans le secteur public et aider les gestionnaires oeuvrant dans ce secteur.

Intro -- The Logic Of Organizational Disorder: An Introduction -- Introduction -- The Emergence Of Organizational Disorder: The Garbage Can Model'S Messing With Tradition -- Parallel, Emergent Behavior -- Formal Structures And Emergent Behaviors -- Ambiguity And Loose Coupling -- Modeling Organizational Disorder -- This Book -- References -- Sifting The Garbage: Conceptualizing And Explaining Processes Of Strategic Decision Making -- Introduction -- Topics Of Decision -- The Settings For Decision -- Sample And Data Collection -- Three Types Of Decision Making Process -- Sporadic Processes -- Fluid Processes -- Constricted Processes -- Which Way Will A Decision Move? -- Differences Between Organizations -- In Conclusion -- References -- Organized Anarchies: A Reconsideration Of Research Strategies -- Introduction -- Presentation Of The Garbage Can Model -- Questions Raised By The Use Of The Garbage Can Model In Empirical Studies -- Most Of These Empirical Studies Deal With Exceptions -- The Organizational Context Is Ignored -- The Actors' Rationality Is Put Into Doubt -- The Interpretation Of Data Emphasizes Ambiguity And Neglects Any Kind Of "Regulation" -- Our Research Strategy For The Study Of French And German Universities -- Priority To The Whole System Rather Than To Isolated Decision Processes -- Priority To Actors -- Results And What We Learned From Them -- References -- The Diffusion Of Innovation In The Judicial System -- Introduction -- Uniformity And Diversity In The Judicial System -- The Tribunaux De Grande Instance -- High Organizational Diversity -- Limited Management Discretion -- The Two Dimensions Of The Diffusion Of Innovations -- Judges Have Their Own "Toolbox" -- Courts Have Their Own History -- Different Types Of Innovations -- The Judges' Itinerary -- Judges And Their New Assignments -- The Problem Of Succession.

Punctuated equilibrium is supposed to be a viable alternative to incrementalism, &, indeed, the authors of the model have sometimes made such claims. But punctuated equilibrium was developed to explain change in policy subsystems & does not serve as a complete model of policy choice in the same way that incrementalism has served. This article develops a full-blown & viable model of choice for public policy based on disproportionate information processing. Its dynamics are based in the allocation of political attention to policy topics & the manner in which political systems process information. The model leads directly to outcomes that are consistent with punctuated equilibrium & are not generally consistent with incrementalism. Incrementalism, however, may be deduced from the model as a special case. The model is best tested using stochastic process approaches. Incrementalism logically must yield a normal distribution of outcomes, but disproportionate information processing yields leptokurtic outcomes. Adding institutional constraints only makes the stochastic process implications more severe. To support our arguments, we present both static & dynamic simulations of these processes. We also show that these simulations are consistent with observations of U.S. government budgets. 1 Table, 8 Figures, 36 References. Adapted from the source document.